Puccinellia distans, common alkali grass, is found throughout the world and can survive in soils with boron concentrations that are lethal for other plant species. Indeed, P. distans accumulates very high levels of this element. Despite these interesting features, very little research has been performed to elucidate the boron tolerance mechanism in this species. In this study, P. distans samples were treated for three weeks with normal (0.5 mg L-1) and elevated (500 mg L-1) boron levels in hydroponic solution. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from shoot tissue were analyzed by RNA sequencing to identify genes up and down-regulated under boron stress. In this way, 3312 differentially expressed transcripts were detected, 67.7% of which were up-regulated and 32.3% of which were down-regulated' in boron treated plants. To partially confirm the RNA sequencing results, 32 randomly selected transcripts were analyzed for their expression levels in boron-treated plants. The results agreed with the expected direction of change (up or down-regulation). A total of 1652 transcripts had homologs in A. thaliana and/or O. sativa and mapped to 1107 different proteins. Functional annotation of these proteins indicated that the boron tolerance and hyperaccumulation mechanisms of P. distans involve many transcriptomic changes including: alterations in the malate pathway, changes in cell wall components that may allow sequestration of excess boron without toxic effects, and increased expression of at least one putative boron transporter and two putative aquaporins. Elucidation of the boron accumulation mechanism is important in developing approaches for bioremediation of boron contaminated soils. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Boron is an essential plant micronutrient; but is toxic at high concentrations. Boron toxicity can severely affect crop productivity in arid and semi-arid environments. Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Par1. , common alkali grass, is found throughout the world and can survive under boron concentrations that are lethal for other plant species. In addition, P. distans can accumulate very high levels of this element. Despite these interesting features, very little research has been performed to elucidate the boron tolerance mechanism in this species. In this study, P. distans samples were analyzed by RNA sequencing to identify genes related to boron tolerance and hyperaccumulation. Abundance levels of selected differentially expressed transcripts were validated by real-time PCR. The results indicated that the hyperaccumulation mechanism of P. distans involves many transcriptomic changes including those that lead to: alterations in the malate pathway, changes in cell wall components that allow sequestration of excess boron without toxic effects, and increased expression of at least one putative boron transporter and two putative aquaporins. Elucidation of the boron accumulation mechanism is important to develop approaches for bioremediation of boron contaminated soils.

Turkiyenin su kaynaklari bakimindan en yetersiz bolgesi Konya, Karaman, Aksaray ve Nigde illerinden olusan KOP bolgesidir. Yagislarin ve sulama suyunun etkin kullanimi icin cogunlukla one cikan faaliyetlerin yaninda kamuoyunda fazla yer almayan onemli tedbirler de mevcuttur. Bu konuya su ana kadar yeterli onem verilmedigi gorulmektedir. Bu tedbirlerin en onemlilerinden birisi “Dogrudan Ekim Sistemi”dir. Sulu tarimda da onemli katkisi olmakla birlikte tarim alanlarinin yaklasik %70’inde kuru tarim yapilmak zorunda olunan bolge icin dogrudan ekim sisteminin yayginlasmasi onem arz etmektedir. Dogrudan Ekim Sistemi'nin ozel bir destekleme programi ile bolgede yayginlastirilmasiyla yillik yaklasik 900 milyon m3 su tasarrufu; 745 milyon TL’de ekstra kazanc saglanabilecegi mumkun gozukmektedir. Dogrudan ekim sisteminin bolgede tum alanlarda yayginlasmasi dusunuldugunde, 2014 yili verilerine gore yillik 603.3 milyon TL’lik destekleme butcesi gerektirmektedir. Devlet tarafindan yapilan yillik tarim desteklerinin 804,9 milyon TL civarinda oldugu dusunuldugunde bolgenin gelecegi icin bu miktarda bir butce harcanilabilinir gorulmemektedir. Bolge'ye yillik ortalama 330 mm hesabindan toplam 21 milyar m3 (ton) civarinda yagis dusmektedir. Bu yagisin Bolge'nin tarim alanlarina isabet eden kismi ise yillik yaklasik 9.4 milyar m3'tur. Bolge yagislarinin yaklasik %45'inin tarim alanlarina dusmesi, bu yagislardan faydalanmayi artirmanin ne kadar onemli oldugunu gostermektedir

This study aimed to determinate the genetic relationship among 29 chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes in Turkey using SSR markers. A total of 13 SSR primers were used for PCR amplifications, but the study was conducted with the data obtained from 10 SSR primers that yielded good results. PCR products were separated by the Beckman Coulter CEQ-8000 genetic analysis system with capillary electrophoresis and peak values of each primer were scored as presence (1) or absence (0) for all genotype. The dendrogram was constructed based on the genetic similarity coefficient using the UPGMA (unweighted pair group with arithmetic average) method with the computer software NTSYS-pc. Also, polymorphism rates, heterozygosity and polymorphic informaiton content were calculated using statistical formula. A total of 134 alleles were obtained from 10 primers and 122 of them were turned out to be polymorphic and the allele numbers obtained with SSR primers varied between 4 and 28. Heterozygosity also ranged between 0.23 and 0.42. Polymorphic information contents (PIC) varied between 0.70 and 0.89. Genetic similarity coefficients changed between 0.45 and 0.87. Chickpea genotypes identified among the very high level of similarity to that obtained from the dendogram branches intertwined. As a result, Turkish chickpea genotypes can be expressed in a very narrow genetic base.

The Turkish ecotype of Puccinellia distans displays exceptional boron (B) tolerance, >1,250 mg B L−1, compared to <50 mg B L−1 for Gypsophila arrostil. In the present study, we compare the molecular basis for the difference in B tolerance between the two species by constructing high B-responsive suppression subtractive hybridization libraries to identify the upregulated genes. A total of 219 and 113 unique non-redundant expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were identified and functionally classified in P. distans and G. arrostil, respectively. In addition, 63 ESTs were down-regulated in P. distans in response to high B. The majority of the high B upregulated genes belong to four categories: metabolism, protein synthesis, cellular organization, and stress/defense. We hypothesize that the superior B tolerance exhibited by P. distans may be due to its ability to restrict the accumulation of B in plant tissues through the upregulated expression of efflux transporters comparable to the Bot1 transporter of barley. In addition, our results are consistent with the view that other molecular mechanisms involved in stress/defense, such as detoxification, anti-oxidative, and signaling pathways, are needed to tolerate B-toxicity stress.

Although many states recommend boron (B) fertilizer for many field crops, information about B toxicity of canola is lacking. This experiment was carried out at Central Anatolia, Turkey from 2002 to 2003, to determine genotypic range in B efficiency of eight spring canola cultivars, to identify the B-inefficient cultivars and to identify specific responses. The cultivars were grown under B moderate deficiency (extractable B 0.56 mg kg-1) and toxic B applied (15 kg B ha-1) conditions. According to the results, seed yield varied significantly among the cultivars and B application decreased the seed yield by 31% on average. Also, toxic B application reduced protein and oil contents similar to seed yield, and increased leaf B concentration in all varieties. This study has shown that leaf B concentration has increased considerably when B is applied to Pactol and Star cultivars, but seed yield of +B and -B has not shown significantly a change. It is possible to say that Star and Pactolwhich have not been affected by the toxic B applicationare genotypes that are tolerant to B toxicity and may be cultivated at B toxic lands.

Prolific shoot regeneration via organogenesis was induced from leaf and leaf petiole explants of the endemic Astragalus cariensis species on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and benzyladenine (BA) within 8 week. The highest number of shoots (23/explants) was obtained from leaf explants cultured on MS with 0.5 mg/l NAA and 4 mg/l BA. Elongated shoots were successfully rooted in MS medium with 0.5 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid. Rooted plantlets were acclimatized in pots containing 1:1 mixture of peat and perlite.

The physiological characteristics of the extremely boron (B)-tolerant plant species, Puccinellia distans, were compared with those of the moderately tolerant Gypsophila arrostil, two species collected from a B-mining area of Eskişehir, Turkey. Boron was supplied to plants hydroponically at B concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 50 mg B/L for G. arrostil, and from 0.5 to 2000 mg B/L for P. distans. The results show that P. distans has a strikingly greater tolerance to B than G. arrostil. While G. arrostil was unable to survive B supply concentrations greater than 50 mg B/L, P. distans grew at B supply concentrations exceeding 1250 mg B/L. Our research supports the conclusion that from 0.5 to 50 mg B/L, P. distans is better able to restrict the accumulation of B in the whole plant, and the transport of B from root to shoot, than G. arrostil. We propose that P. distans uses several strategies to achieve B tolerance including the ability to restrict the accumulation of B relative to its accumulation of biomass, the ability to restrict the transport of B from root to shoot, and, to a lesser extent, the ability to tolerate high concentrations of B in its shoot and root tissues.

A callus induction and plant regeneration protocol was developed from leaf and petiole explants of the endemic Astragalus nezaketae. Explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with different plant growth regulators (PGRs) [α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), benzyladenine (BA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), kinetin (Kin), thidiazuron (TDZ)]. The combinations and concentrations of PGRs were shown significant variations for the frequency of callus formation, appearence of callus and the potential of callus differentiation. NAA x BA have been found highly affective in callusing and plant regeneration. Other PGRs have not resulted in callus differentiation for shoot formation. The highest number of shoots (6/explants) was obtained from leaf explants cultured on MS with 0.5 mg/l NAA and 4 mg/l BA. The regenerated shoots transferred to rooting medium (MS with 0.5 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid) were successfully rooted (100%) and showed rapid elongation. Rooted plantlets were acclimatized in pots containing 1:1 mixture of peat and perlite.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of boron (B) and zinc (Zn) applications on biomass, dry weight content and grain yield of 25 registered and local populations of dwarf bean genotypes tested. Plants were grown for 3 B and 3 Zn doses (0, 5, 10 mg kg-1 each). The trial was conducted in three replicates within a controlled glasshouse according to randomized plots factorial design. Results have shown that B and Zn applications considerably effect on the dwarf dry bean varieties in terms of biomass, dry weight and grain yield. From the genotypes used, Eskisehir-855, Karacasehir-90, Noyanbey, Terzibaba, Yakutiye, Fasulye sira, Yalova-17, Romano, Nazende, Seminis Gina, Yunus-90, Akman-98, Z¨ulbiye, Horoz fasulye and Kanada were found to be resistant to B deficiency while Sehirali-90, G¨oyn¨uk-98, Akdag, Sahin-90, ¨Onceler-98, Aras-98, Sarikiz, Magnum, May Gina and Efsane were the sensitive ones. The highest grain yield at 10 mg B kg-1 application was attained from the species Aras-98 and Kanada, hence they were classified as resistant to B toxicity. Zinc x genotype interaction was found significant from the stand point of biomass, dry weight and grain yield. Akman-98, Karacasehir-90, Noyanbey, Terzibaba, Sahin-90, Horoz fasulye, Nazende and Efsane were tolerant to Zn deficiency, while G¨oyn¨uk-98, Aras-98 and Fasulye sira were moderately tolerant. On the other hand, the varieties Eskisehir-855, Yunus-90, Sehirali-90, ¨Onceler-98, Z¨ulbiye, Yakutiye, Romano and Kanada were moderately sensitive to Zn deficiency, while the species of Akdag, Sarikiz, Magnum, Seminis Gina, May Gina and Yalova-17 were highly sensitive.

Eight spring canola cultivars (Brassica napus L. cvs. Marinka, Briol, Pactol, Helios, Star, Prota, Spok and Semu 209/82) were studied in field experiments for their responses to toxic B application at Central Anatolia, Turkey during the 2002 and 2003 growing seasons. The canola cultivars were grown under B moderate deficiency (extractable B 0.56 mg kg-1) and toxic B applied (15 kg B ha-1) conditions. In this study, oil yield and protein yield were investigated. According to the results, oil yield and protein yield varied significantly among the cultivars and B application decreased the oil yield and protein yield by 37.5 % and 38.6 % on average, respectively. Among canola cultivars, Briol, Marinka, and Spok were the most sensitive to B toxicity applications that had the highest oil yield and protein yield decrease when treated with B. On the other hand, Star and Pactol cultivars showed tolerance to B toxicity applications.

Bu arastirma, Konya Bolgesi’nde ekimi yapilan, geleneksel yontemlerle acilastirici alkaloitleri uzaklastirilarak kis aylarinda yogun olarak tuketilen, halk arasinda termiye olarak bilinen lupen (Lupinus albus L.) tohumlarinin mineral iceriginin belirlenmesi amaciyla yapilmis, insan ve hayvan beslenmesindeki onemi de ayrica degerlendirilmistir. ICP-AES ile analiz edilen ic ve kabuk degerlerinden tanenin toplam mineral icerigi oransal olarak hesaplanmistir. Termiye tanesinde (ic+kabuk) kuru agirlikca fosfor 4797 mg kg -1 , potasyum 249 mg kg -1 , kalsiyum 5514 mg kg -1 , magnezyum 936 mg kg -1 , sodyum 691 mg kg -1 , bor 36 mg kg -1 , bakir 7 mg kg -1 , demir 39 mg kg -1 , mangan 1109 mg kg -1 ve cinko 53 mg kg -1 olarak belirlenmistir. Termiye tanesinde fosforun % 94’nu ic’te %6’sini kabukta, potasyumun %74’unu icte %26’sini kabukta, kalsiyumun %55’ini icte %45’ini kabukta, magnezyumun %70’ini icte %30’unu kabukta ve sodyumun %77’sini icte %23’unu kabukta, borun %81’in icte %19’nun kabukta, bakirin %91’nin icte %9’nun kabukta, demirin %92’sinin icte %8’nin kabukta, manganin %80’in icte %20’sinin kabukta, cinkonun %91’nin icte %9’nun kabukta biriktigi tespit edilmistir. Sonuclara gore termiye tanesinde manganin oldukca yuksek olmasi dikkat cekmistir. Bu durumun yetistirilen topraklarin yuksek mangan icerigine sahip olmasi veya lupen bitkisinin bunyesine yuksek miktarda mangan aldigi ve biriktirdigi sonucunu da ortaya koyabilir. Bu bakimdan yeni arastirmalara ihtiyac vardir.

Kontrollu sera kosullarinda saksi denemesi seklinde yurutulen bu calismada materyal olarak 20 tescilli nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) cesidi, 6 hat ve 3 koy populasyonu kullanilmistir. Noksan seviyede (0.9 mg Fe.kg -1 ) demir iceren toprakta yetistirilen kontrol grubuna demir uygulamasi yapilmazken, uygulama grubundaki tum saksilara nohut icin yeterli seviyede demir (10 mg Fe kg -1 ) sequestrin formunda verilmistir. Fe uygulamasinin aktif demir (Fe +2 ) miktarina etkisi %1 seviyesinde onemli cikmistir. 8.60 mg Fe kg -1 olan kontrol grubuna ait genel ortalama, Fe uygulamasi ile %26’lik bir artisla 10.85 mg Fe kg -1 degerine ulasmistir. Aktif Fe miktarina Fe uygulamasi x genotip interaksiyonu da %1 seviyesinde onemli etki yapmistir. Aktif Fe icerigi bakimindan uygulama gruplari genotip bazinda incelendiginde en yuksek aktif demir icerigine Er-99 cesidinin Fe uygulamasi yapilmis bitkilerinde (13.31 mg Fe kg -1 ), en dusuk icerige de 46 nolu hattin kontrol grubu bitkilerinde (7.44 mg Fe kg -1 ) rastlanmistir. Uygulama grubunda yer alan Er-99, Gokce, Menemen-92 ve Izmir-92 cesitlerinde aktif Fe icerigi yuksek cesitler olarak on plana cikmaktadir. Fe uygulamasinin toplam demir (Fe +2 + Fe +3 ) miktarina etkisi de %1 seviyesinde onemli cikmistir. 43.28 mg Fe kg -1 olan kontrol grubuna ait genel ortalama Fe uygulamasi ile %146’lik bir artisla 106.36 mg Fe kg -1 degerine ulasmistir. Toplam Fe miktarina Fe uygulamasi x genotip interaksiyonu %1 seviyesinde onemli bir etki yapmistir. Toplam Fe icerigi bakimindan uygulama gruplari genotip bazinda incelendiginde en yuksek toplam Fe icerigi Kusmen-99 cesidinin Fe uygulama yapilmis bitkilerinde (136.30 mg Fe kg -1 ), en dusuk icerik ise Kadinhani koy populasyonunun kontrol grubu bitkilerinde (37.49 mg Fe kg -1 ) belirlenmistir.

Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA ( RAPD) and Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers were used to determine the genetic relationships among 20 Old World lupin genotypes from 3 lupin species (Lupinus albus, L. angustifolius, L. luteus) using 15 primers in each case. Polymorphism was observed in reactions with 9 out of 15 tested RAPD primers, and 11 out of 15 tested ISSR primers. Relationship was determined on the basis of polymorphic products analysis which was shown in the form of dendrograms by UPGMA method. Both RAPD and ISSR markers worked well to identify distinct grouping among three species and among genotypes within a species. The parallel use of both data set seems to allow precise estimation of cultivars relationship and diminishing mistakes connected with method's technical limitations. Such marker systems may potentially be used in the development of new lupins cultivars.

Bu calisma, nohut yetistiriciliginde buyuk bir paya sahip olan Konya’daki farkli lokalitelerden toplanan nohut populasyonlarinin sahip oldugu genetik cesitliligin tespit edilmesi icin yapilmistir. Ulkemiz acisindan ekonomik degeri olan, bolgeye uygun nohut cesitleri gelistirmeye yonelik islah programlarina katkida bulunmak hedeflenmistir. Calismada, Konya Bolgesi’nden toplanmis olan 23 nohut populasyonu ve 2 nohut cesidi (Gokce, Er 99) kullanilmis ve basit dizi tekrarlar arasi (ISSR) molekuler markor teknigi ile populasyonlarin aralarindaki genetik uzakliklar belirlenmistir. Farkli yerlerden temin edilen tohumlarin ekimi saksilarda kontrollu sera sartlarinda gerceklestirilmis, yetistirilen fidelerden alinan genc yaprak orneklerinden 2x CTAB metoduna gore DNA’lari izole edilmis ve secilmis ISSR primerleri ile yapilan PCR islemleri sonucunda olusan bantlardan populasyonlarin ortalama polimorfizm orani %88.23 olarak belirlenmistir. Elde edilen veriler NTSYS-pc 2.1 programi ile analiz edilmis ve genetik iliski dendogrami olusturulmustur. Calisma sonucunda Konya Bolgesine ait nohut gen kaynaklarinin sahip oldugu genetik cesitlilik molekuler markorler ile ortaya konmustur.

Tissue cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations of agricultural crops grown in and around Corlu district in the vicinity of an industrial zone and main highway leading from Istanbul to Europe were investigated. Plant samples were taken from 11 locations and were analysed by ICP (inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry). The concentrations of lead were between 0.221-0.383 mg kg(-1) in wheat, 0.526-0.754 mg kg(-1) in sunflower, 5.865-0.223 mg kg(-1) in corn, 1.469-3.517 mg kg(-1) in lettuce, 2.013-2.323 mg kg(-1) in parsley, 0.587 mg kg(-1) in peppers, 2.672 mg kg(-1) in potatoes and 1.367-4.586 mg kg-1 in onions. The samples contained cadmium concentrations between 0.026-0.048 ppm in wheat, 0.072-0.093 ppm in sunflower, 0.452-0.025 ppm in corn, 0.501-0.621 ppm in lettuce, 0.209-0.396 ppm in parsley, 0.014 ppm in pepper, 0.462 ppm in potato and 0.213-0.513 in onion. Accordingly, heavy metal pollution was detected in the plants growing in and in the surroundings of Corlu according to the Turkish Food Codex requiring measures against the pollutant sources.

Bu arastirma kontrollu sera kosullarinda farkli seviyelerde uygulanan bor dozlarina yabani bugday turlerinin tepkilerini belirlemek amaciyla yapilmistir. Tesaduf parsellerinde faktoriyel deneme desenine gore uc tekerrurlu olarak kurulan denemede, 19 adet yabani bugday genotipine bor uc farkli seviyede(0, 2.5,10 mg kg -1 ) uygulanmistir. Bu calismamizda Anadolu kaynakli yabani bugday turlerinin yuksek dozlarda bora toleranslari ele alinmis ve B birikimi bakimindan cok genis bir varyasyonun varligi gozlenmistir. B toleransinda bugun hakim olan bilimsel anlayisa gore toleransi yuksek olan genotip boru daha az almakta ve biriktirmektedir. Bu baglamda, D genomu progenitoru olan Triticum tauschii’nin ekmeklik bugdaya B toleransi kazandirabilecek genetik mekanizmaya sahip yabani bugday genetik kaynagi oldugu gorulmektedir. Bu turun ayrica bircok biyotik ve abiyotik streslere karsi dayanikli oldugu da bilinmektedir.