This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Delinearized history of Modern Age Insufficiency of conventional economics models The New Synthesis The new investment model, conforming to the Information Age Economics of Zero waste engineering projects Conclusions

This chapter discusses the challenges in the joining of Nitinol (i.e. NiTi alloys) shape-memory alloys (SMAs) which are becoming increasingly popular in medical-device applications due to their unique shape-memory effect and pseudoelastic (i.e. superelastic) functional properties. The chapter starts by providing a brief introduction to the properties of SMAs followed by a review of how different micro-welding techniques affect the alloy microstructure and properties. Fundamentals for key micro-welding processes used in joining Nitinol SMAs are detailed, including resistance and laser micro-welding (i.e. RMW and LMW).

Ring opening of phthalic anhydride has been carried out in acetic acid with glycine, β-alanine, L-phenylalanine, and 4-aminobenzoic acid to yield, respectively, 2-{[(carboxymethyl)amino]carbonyl}benzoic acid (I), 2-{[(2-carboxyethyl)amino]carbonyl}benzoic acid (II), 2-{[(1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl)amino]carbonyl}benzoic acid (III), and 2-[(4-carboxyanilino)carbonyl]benzoic acid (IV). Compounds I-IV have been employed as ligands for Sb(III) center (complexes V-VIII) in aqueous medium. FTIR and 1H NMR spectra proved the deprotonation of carboxylic protons and coordination of imine group and thereby tridentate behaviour of the ligands as chelates. Elemental, MS, and TGA analytic data confirmed the structural hypothesis based on spectroscopic results. All the compounds have been assayed in vitro for anti-leishmanial and anti-fungal activities against five leishmanial strains L. major (JISH118), L. major (MHOM/PK/88/DESTO), L. tropica (K27), L. infantum (LEM3437), L. mex mex (LV4), and L. donovani (H43); and Aspergillus Flavus, Aspergillus Fumigants, Aspergillus Niger, and Fusarium Solani. Compound VII exhibited good anti-leishmanial as well as anti-fungal impacts comparable to reference drugs.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Global Energy Scenario Solar Energy Hydropower Ocean Thermal, Wave, and Tidal Energy Wind Energy Bio-energy Fuelwood Bioethanol Biodiesel Nuclear Power Geothermal Energy Hydrogen Energy Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming Nuclear Energy and Global Warming Impact of Energy Technology and Policy Energy Demand in Emerging Economies Conventional Global Energy Model Renewable vs. Non-renewable: No Boundary as Such Knowledge-based Global Energy Model Concluding Remarks

AbstractEnergy policies have defined modern civilization, One side supports petroleum production and usage and the other side supports the injection of various of other energy sources. Both sides agree that there is no sustainable solution to the energy crisis. This article presents another view. There is a sustainable solution to petroleum production and operations. Sustainable technology is based on the zero‐waste concept, which states any chemical or industrial process should be designed in such a way that a closed‐loop system is maintained and all wastes are absorbed within assimilation capacity of the earth. Practically all aspects of petroleum operations are accompanied by undesirable discharges of liquid, solid, and gaseous wastes. Crude oil is nontoxic, but becomes so when it is processed and no longer in its natural state. This article covers drilling and exploration, enhanced oil recovery, petroleum refining, and waste management. Major steps currently used are discussed and sustainable alternatives are presented. Some examples of these alternatives are use of wood ash in place of alkalies, natural catalysts such as zeolites, silica enzymes, etc, in place of heavy metal catalysts used that are hazardous to the environment in the refining process, a no‐flaring process is given that will do away with the burning off of low quality gas during refining. Bacteria can be used to break down the crude oil into its various components. This article propose a paradigm shift in energy management and shows that fossil fuels production and utilization are inherently sustainable.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Natural Light Source: The Sun Artificial Light Sources Pathways of Light Light Energy Model Spectral Analysis of Light Effect of Lamp Coating on Light Spectra Effect of Eyeglasses and Sunglasses on Light Spectra Concluding Remarks

It has long been recognized that many hoverfly species (Diptera: Syrphidae) mimic the morphological appearance of defended Hymenoptera, such as wasps and bees. However, it has also been repeatedly suggested that some mimetic hoverflies respond with sounds on attack that resemble the warning or startle sounds of their hymenopteran models. In this study, we set out to quantitatively compare the spectral characteristics of the sounds produced by a range of nonmimetic flies, wasps, bumblebees, honeybees, and their hoverfly mimics when they were artificially attacked. The sounds made by wasps and honeybees after simulated attacks were statistically distinguishable from their hoverfly mimics. Bumblebee models of their hoverfly mimics share some similarities in the sound they produce on attack, but they were no closer acoustically to their model than a range of other hoverfly species that morphologically resemble other models. All the mimetic hoverflies tested in this study tended to sound similar to one another, regardless of the model they resemble morphologically. Overall, we found little evidence that mimetic hoverflies sound like their hymenopteran models on attack, and we question whether acoustic mimicry has evolved in this complex.

At present, 85 percent of Nepalese people live in remote areas with limited access to energy except fuel wood and other biomass for their energy source. This article examines the sustainable energy projects, considering socioeconomic conditions of the country. In this study, it is revealed that micro-hydro operations in remote/isolated areas are considered to be one of the most feasible options for energy development. It is demonstrated that micro-hydropower can bring energy services to the rural areas of the country as well as social changes through decentralization and community participation. This research also analyzed the sustainability of the micro-hydro project. It is found that the micro-hydro projects fulfil the technological, environmental, economic, and social sustainability criteria.

This paper addresses the present environmental misconceptions common in the oil and gas development sector. Some innovative solutions are proposed to solve the problems caused by oil and gas development activities in the marine environment. These solutions are based on the holistic environmental approach, which takes into account the complexity of natural processes and also takes advantage of these processes, rather than working against them. Some of the proposed models are marine protected areas in oil sites (MPAOS), ocean fertilization and CO(2) utilization (OFCU), integrated coastal pollution balancing (ICPB), artificial recruitment in fisheries (ARFS), and artificial rigs from oil rigs (AROR). The main goal of the proposed approach is to maintain and restore ecological sustainability and ecosystem integrity. As a result, each solution will not only stop destruction of the environment but also improve the productivity, biodiversity, and fisheries in the marine ecosystem.

Contemporary society has become dependent on energy sources for its continued development and very existence. At the same time, it is becoming increasingly clear that energy development and management techniques are unsustainable given current practices. This paper evaluates the sustainability status of community-based energy technologies. Sustainability assessments usually focus on the immediate impacts of technology. This paper introduces a new methodology to posit a broader definition of true sustainability by examining a time-tested criterion, as well as environmental, economic, and social variants, to assess the sustainability of participatory energy development techniques. This research shows that community-based energy technologies, especially biodiesel and direct solar energy, are sustainable, considering their time-tested functionality and ecological, economic, and societal considerations.

Conventional energy development and management systems are centralized and grid-connected, making the setup vulnerable and unsustainable. In this paper, a new energy development and management model is proposed. This proposed approach aims at utilizing available natural resources and considers the community as the main stakeholder to implement the model. Locally produced wastes are considered as one source for generating energy to ensure "zero-waste" living. Some sustainable energy development techniques, such as cooking stoves, biofuel cells, green biodiesel, and direct solar energy, are also proposed. To justify this model, a case study was conducted in Mineville community of Nova Scotia, Canada, to show that local people can be self-reliant in terms of supplying their energy needs. This model is also preferred as a component in improving the local economy in a sustainable manner.