Welcome to Annals of Global Health,Annals of Global Health is a peer-reviewed, fully open access, online journal dedicated to publishing high quality articles dedicated to all aspects of global health. The journal's mission is to advance global health, promote research, and foster the prevention and treatment of disease worldwide. Its goals are to improve the health and well-being of all people, advance health equity, and promote wise stewardship of the earth's environment. The latest journal impact factor is 3.64.Annals of Global Health is supported by the Program for Global Public Health and the Common Good at Boston College. It was founded in 1934 by the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai as the Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine. It is a partner journal of the Consortium of Universities for Global Health. Authors of articles accepted for publication in Annals of Global Health will be asked to pay an Article Publication Charge (APC) to cover publication costs. This charge can normally be sourced from your funder or institution. We are committed to supporting authors from all countries to publish their work in Annals of Global Health regardless of national income level, and to achieve this goal, we waive the Article Publication Charge for manuscripts where all authors are from low-income or lower-middle-income countries (as defined by the World Bank). From time to time, Annals of Global Health publishes Special Collections, a series of articles organized around a common theme in global health. Recent Special Collections have included “Strengthening Women’s Leadership in Global Health”, “Decolonizing Global Health Education”, and “Capacity Building for Global Health Leadership Training”. Global health workers interested in developing a Special Collection are strongly encouraged to contact the Managing Editor in advance to discuss the project.

Cancer progression is accompanied by increased levels of extracellular proteases that are capable of remodeling the extracellular matrix, as well as cleaving and activating growth factors and receptors that are involved in pro-cancerous signaling pathways. Several members of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family have been shown to play critical roles in cancer progression, however, the expression or function of the TTSP Human Airway Trypsin-like protease (HAT) in carcinogenesis has not been examined. In the present study we aimed to determine the expression of HAT during squamous cell carcinogenesis. HAT transcript is present in several tissues containing stratified squamous epithelium and decreased expression is observed in carcinomas. We determined that HAT protein is consistently expressed on the cell surface in suprabasal/apical layers of squamous cells in healthy cervical and esophageal epithelia. To assess whether HAT protein is differentially expressed in normal tissue versus tissue in different stages of carcinogenesis, we performed a comprehensive immunohistochemical analysis of HAT protein expression levels and localization in arrays of paraffin embedded human cervical and esophageal carcinomas compared to the corresponding normal tissue. We found that HAT protein is expressed in the non-proliferating, differentiated cellular strata and is lost during the dedifferentiation of epithelial cells, a hallmark of squamous cell carcinogenesis. Thus, HAT expression may potentially be useful as a marker for clinical grading and assessment of patient prognosis in squamous cell carcinomas. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 1476-1483, 2016. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

developing a theoretical framework for global programs in schools of nursing, calling for quality standards, identifying metrics for measuring outcomes on all partners, increasing interprofessional opportunities and addressing nursing regulation issues pertaining to credit-toward major global coursework.

Welcome to Annals of Global Health,Annals of Global Health is a peer-reviewed, fully open access, online journal dedicated to publishing high quality articles dedicated to all aspects of global health. The journal's mission is to advance global health, promote research, and foster the prevention and treatment of disease worldwide. Its goals are to improve the health and well-being of all people, advance health equity, and promote wise stewardship of the earth's environment.Annals of Global Health is supported by the Program for Global Public Health and the Common Good at Boston College. It was founded in 1934 by the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai as the Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine. It is a partner journal of the Consortium of Universities for Global Health.Authors of articles accepted for publication in Annals of Global Health will be asked to pay an Article Publication Charge (APC) to cover publication costs. This charge can normally be sourced from your funder or institution. We are committed to supporting authors from all countries to publish their work in Annals of Global Health regardless of national income level, and to achieve this goal, we waive the Article Publication Charge for manuscripts where all authors are from low-income or lower-middle-income countries (as defined by the World Bank). From time to time, Annals of Global Health publishes Special Collections, a series of articles organized around a common theme in global health. Recent Special Collections have included "Human Health and Ocean Pollution", "Building Health Research Capacity in Rwanda; A Multi-Year Journey", and "2020 Year of the Nurse". Global health workers interested in developing a Special Collection are strongly encouraged to contact the Managing Editor in advance to discuss the project.

Most functional neuroimaging studies of panic disorder (PD) have focused on the resting state, and have explored PD in relation to healthy controls rather than in relation to other anxiety disorders. Here, PD patients, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients, and healthy control subjects were studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging utilizing an instructed fear conditioning paradigm incorporating both Threat and Safe conditions. Relative to PTSD and control subjects, PD patients demonstrated significantly less activation to the Threat condition and increased activity to the Safe condition in the subgenual cingulate, ventral striatum and extended amygdala, as well as in midbrain periaquaeductal grey, suggesting abnormal reactivity in this key region for fear expression. PTSD subjects failed to show the temporal pattern of activity decrease found in control subjects.

The Attentional Blink (AB) is a visual phenomenon demonstrating an apparent limit of the visual system's ability to process individual items in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). The AB occurs when two items, the first (target) to be identified and the second (probe) to be detected, are presented among other stimuli in a RSVP. The AB describes the interval of time in which attention cannot be focused on the probe which thereby proceeds undetected. Previous research has demonstrated that an iconic happy face attenuates the AB (Mack et al, 2002). We chose to explore whether this finding was face specific or emotionally mediated. Methods: RSVP streams of face stimuli with similar emotional expressions were presented at a rate of 100/ms each to produce an AB. Ss were instructed to identify one of five blue shapes superimposed over one of the faces in the RSVP and detect a subsequent face probe presenting a different emotional expression. Conditions consisted of: 1) a smiling face probe among neutral expressions; 2) a frowning face probe among neutral expressions and; 3) a neutral expression face probe among smiling faces. Results: When Ss were asked solely to detect the probe, performance ranged between 90 & 100%. However when Ss were asked to both identify the target and detect the probe, the results demonstrated a monotonic AB with a lag effect (Awh et al, 2003) rather than the classic U-shaped AB function (Raymond et al, 1992) across all conditions. Notably, significant differences were found between detection rates of the happy face and sad face as compared to the neutral face (p Conclusions: The AB has been demonstrated reliably over numerous conditions using various stimuli. Our experiment differs from these studies in that both the distractors and probes comprised similar forms with different meaning. Our results point to the attenuation of the AB by emotion and offer additional support in the late selection processes mediating perception of the attentional blink.

Frontolimbic structures involved in fear conditioning have also been associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis modulation, including amygdaloid, hippocampal, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex regions. Although HPA-axis function and endocrine changes have been investigated in the context of stress provocation, much research has not been conducted using functional neuroimaging in the study of the HPA axis and frontolimbic function in response to emotional stimuli. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the association of blood-oxygen-level dependent signal with salivary cortisol in response to an emotional visual scene paradigm was investigated, with prescan and postscan salivary cortisol analyzed as a covariate of interest during specific conditions. Cortisol reactivity to the paradigm was positively associated with amygdalar and hippocampal activity and negatively associated with ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity in conditions involving emotional imagery.

Neural substrates of behavioral inhibitory control have been probed in a variety of animal model, physiologic, behavioral, and imaging studies, many emphasizing the role of prefrontal circuits. Likewise, the neurocircuitry of emotion has been investigated from a variety of perspectives. Recently, neural mechanisms mediating the interaction of emotion and behavioral regulation have become the focus of intense study. To further define neurocircuitry specifically underlying the interaction between emotional processing and response inhibition, we developed an emotional linguistic go/no-go fMRI paradigm with a factorial block design which joins explicit inhibitory task demand (i.e., go or no-go) with task-unrelated incidental emotional stimulus valence manipulation, to probe the modulation of the former by the latter. In this study of normal subjects focusing on negative emotional processing, we hypothesized activity changes in specific frontal neocortical and limbic regions reflecting modulation of response inhibition by negative stimulus processing. We observed common fronto-limbic activations (including orbitofrontal cortical and amygdalar components) associated with the interaction of emotional stimulus processing and response suppression. Further, we found a distributed cortico-limbic network to be a candidate neural substrate for the interaction of negative valence-specific processing and inhibitory task demand. These findings have implications for elucidating neural mechanisms of emotional modulation of behavioral control, with relevance to a variety of neuropsychiatric disease states marked by behavioral dysregulation within the context of negative emotional processing.

While limbic responses to anxiety have been extensively studied, sensory region involvement is less understood. We utilized fMRI combined with a modified instructed fear/anticipatory anxiety paradigm to test our hypothesis that secondary visual areas demonstrate differential responsivity to fear / anxiety stimuli in select neuropsychiatric patients vs. normal controls. Methods: 24 unmedicated subjects (7 PTSD, 7 Panic disorder & 10 normal) were scanned while observing one of two visual stimuli (blue or yellow squares) serially-presented within a block design paradigm. Subjects were instructed that while one color could be associated with an electrodermal stimulation (never delivered during the experiment phase), the other would not. Stimulus colors were counterbalanced across subjects and groups to control for time and order effects. EPI BOLD scans were acquired on a GE 3T MRI Scanner. Data were analyzed using SPM99+. Results: Although stronger activations in regions known to be selective for color were observed in normal subjects when contrasting the “potential threat” with “safe” condition, the opposite was observed in color selective regions for each of the patient populations. These results were reflected in patient vs. normal group comparisons, revealing greater activations in color selective regions for “safe” stimuli in patients. Conclusion: Research on color and visual recognition has mostly focused on bottom-up regulation. Our findings indicate early top-down modulation of visual processing to emotionally charged color stimuli. Results may also suggest that while normal subjects may be concerned to a greater extent with the possibility of encountering an aversive stimulus, anxiety patients appear to attend more to conditions allowing them to feel safe. These results provide additional early evidence that fear and anxiety effects are not limited to the limbic system but also involve cortical sensory areas. 1.Phelps et al.(2001) 2.Bartels et al.(2000)