On January 20 and 21, 2020, ASAPbio, in collaboration with EMBL-EBI and Ithaka S+R, convened over 30 representatives from academia, preprint servers, publishers, funders, and standards, indexing and metadata infrastructure organisations at EMBL-EBI (Hinxton, UK) to develop a series of recommendations for best practices for posting and linking of preprints in the life sciences and ideally the broader research community. We hope that these recommendations offer guidance for new preprint platforms and projects looking to enact best practices and ultimately serve to improve the experience of using preprints for all.

The congressional incumbency advantage reflects an inequity in competition-candidates receive an electoral edge simply because they hold office. Scholars have identified an array of factors that contribute to the incumbency advantage; however, the role of electoral campaigns has been largely ignored. We argue that campaigns are a mechanism through which the incumbency advantage works. All else constant, incumbents focus their campaigns on factors that reflect their standing position, such as their familiarity to voters and actions taken for their district/state. Voters consequently rely on such incumbency factors when making their decisions. The outcome is challengers are at an extreme disadvantage, and campaigns offer scant substantive engagement. We offer evidence for these dynamics with a large-scale content analysis of campaign websites and an experiment. In so doing, we highlight a challenge to theories of democratic representation that focus on equal competition and/or substantive campaign engagement.

Publishing peer review materials alongside research articles promises to make the peer review process more transparent as well as making it easier to recognise these contributions and give credit to peer reviewers. Traditionally, the peer review reports, editors letters and author responses are only shared between the small number of people in those roles prior to publication, but there is a growing interest in making some or all of these materials available. A small number of journals have been publishing peer review materials for some time, others have begun this practice more recently, and significantly more are now considering how they might begin. This article outlines the outcomes from a recent workshop among journals with experience in publishing peer review materials, in which the specific operation of these workflows, and the challenges, were discussed. Here, we provide a draft as to how to represent these materials in the JATS and Crossref data models to facilitate the coordination and discoverability of peer review materials, and seek feedback on these initial recommendations.

This paper offers an insider perspective of United States Congressional campaigning by exploring political marketing on the web. We offer theoretical frameworks that predict how campaigns view their websites (e.g., perceptions of likely audiences), how campaigns use their websites (e.g., content posted), and how these views and usages have evolved (or not) over time. We test our predictions with a unique data set from surveys of political marketers involved with the creation and maintenance of congressional campaign websites between 2008 and 2014. Consistent with our expectations, we find uniform views across campaigns about perceived website users (e.g., engaged voters). However, we also find support for our expectation of fundamental differences-between incumbent and non-incumbent campaigns-in what is posted on campaign websites. We also find some, but not many, changes in website usage over time. We conclude that differential marketing motivations result in campaigns that depart from the normative ideal of engaged dialogues that facilitate representation.

For courses in principles of macroeconomics. Guide students through the economic principles that will influence their financial decisions Foundations of Macroeconomics, 8th Edition introduces students to the economic principles they can use to navigate the financial decisions of their futures. Each chapter concentrates on a manageable number of ideas, usually 3 to 4, with each reinforced several times throughout the text. This patient approach helps guide students through unfamiliar terrain and focus them on the most important concepts. The text does four core things to help students grasp and apply economic principles: it motivates with compelling issues and questions, focuses on core ideas, offers concise points, and encourages learning with activities and practice questions. After completing this text, students will have the foundational knowledge of how the economy works and can apply it to their lives going forward. This title is a Pearson Global Edition. The Editorial team at Pearson has worked closely with educators around the world to include content which is especially relevant to students outside the United States.

This article explores congressional campaigning on the web in 2016. What impact did the unique nature of the 2016 election have on those involved with the creation and maintenance of congressional campaign websites? Did it cause them to alter their approach to online campaigning? Using data from a survey of campaign insiders, we find that the factors that influence how congressional campaigns view and use their websites were largely impervious to the unique electoral environment. Results show that, consistent with previous election years, campaigns maintained a fairly uniform view of likely visitors and target audiences, and they tended to see their campaign websites as digital hubs, best used for capturing the campaign’s overall message. We also find that, as in other years, nonincumbents continued to use their websites to campaign more aggressively than incumbents. Overall, the results suggest that congressional campaigning on the web is primarily driven by stable factors that transcend technological advancements and shifts in the political environment.

This work offers articles on the historical inflation record. They survey the current state of knowledge on the fundamental forces that cause inflation and the mechanisms that propagate it, and examine the costs of inflation and the problem of achieving price stability. The editor has provided a new introduction for this edition. Altogether, there are 20 articles, dating from 1956 to 1993. The contributors include P. Cagan, N.W. Duck, D. Laidler, B.T. McCallum and A.J. Schwartz.

My objective in reexamining opportunity cost was to draw attention to two conflicting definitions of the concept in current use and to argue the case for dropping one of them. The comments of Danie...

That something is amiss with the profession's grasp of opportunity cost was signaled when Ferraro and Taylor (2005) confronted 199 economists and PhD students with the following multiple choice que...

International evidence shows the wide economic benefits of inflation targeting, says a ground-breaking C.D. Howe Institute report. In “Mounting Evidence: Findings from Natural Experiments in Inflation Targeting,” author Michael Parkin shows how the evidence broadly supports the merits of inflation targeting as a monetary policy tool for central banks that have clear independence.

The rise of new media has transformed campaign communications. Virtually all campaigns now launch websites, post on Facebook, “tweet,” and send e-mails. How do campaigns view these technologies? What are the implications for the content of communications? The researchers address these questions with a focus on United States congressional candidate websites. They argue that, on the one hand, campaigns face clear limits since they cannot control who visits their sites; yet, on the other hand, campaigns can control the content posted. Thus, they expect homogeneity, across campaigns, in terms of target audiences, anticipated visitors, and the portrayal of overall campaign strategy, but variation when it comes to content (e.g., going negative, information about the candidate’s background, fundraising appeals etc.). Consistent with prior work, the key to this content variation lies in the candidate’s incumbency status. The researchers test their expectations with unique data from surveys of those involved with the creation and maintenance of congressional campaign websites between 2008 and 2014. The data strongly support their predictions. These results offer the first definitive portrait of how campaigns view and use websites, and what this means for congressional campaign communication.

A plan for European Monetary Union was recently proposed based on the issue of a parallel European currency, the acceptance of which would be established by a market process, not by official edicts and which would be managed to achieve stable European-wide prices. This paper examines the desirability of, and problems associated with this particular approach. It represents yet a further attempt to show that the anti-union arguments are either wrong or they are positive , not normative propositions which lead to the prediction that union will not occur and do not lead to the prescription that it shouldn’t. The inflation records of the individual countries are first examined and the reasons for national differences in that rate are analysed. Then the implications of monetary union are analysed. Finally, the political objections to monetary union are considered. JEL: F36, F33

I investigate the effects of central bank independence and inflation targeting on macroeconomic performance in 26 advanced economies during the period 1980 to 2011. I find that both improve macroeconomic performance but inflation targeting is the more effective arrangement. When a central bank becomes more independent, it lowers the inflation rate and the variability of inflation but has no effect on real GDP or unemployment. When a central bank becomes an inflation targeter, it lowers the inflation rate, the variability of inflation, the variability of real GDP growth and the output gap, and has no effect on unemployment.

A plan for European Monetary Union was recently proposed based on the issue of a parallel European currency, the acceptance of which would be established by a market process, not by official edicts and which would be managed to achieve stable European-wide prices. This paper examines the desirability of, and problems associated with this particular approach. It represents yet a further attempt to show that the anti-union arguments are either wrong or they are positive, not normative propositions which lead to the prediction that union will not occur and do not lead to the prescription that it shouldn’t. The inflation records of the individual countries are first examined and the reasons for national differences in that rate are analysed. Then the implications of monetary union are analysed. Finally, the political objections to monetary union are considered. JEL: F36, F33

This study explores how the language minority provisions in the Voting Rights Act (VRA) affect Latino voter registration. We are particularly interested in how these provisions affect Latino citizens with varying levels of English language proficiency. Using data from the 2006 National Latino Survey, we find that Latino citizens with limited English skills register to vote at about the same rate whether or not they live in a county mandated by the VRA to provide registration and voting materials in Spanish. However, for Latinos who speak English very well, we find that access to these materials is associated with increased registration rates, all else equal. We interpret these findings to suggest that the positive effects of VRA coverage on Latino registration are due to a symbolic welcoming effect, rather than substantial reductions in administrative barriers to registration.