The goal of this project is to identify any in-depth benefits and drawbacks in the diagnosis of amalgam tattoos and other pigmented intraoral lesions using hyperspectral imagery collected from amalgam tattoos, benign, and malignant melanocytic neoplasms. Software solutions capable of classifying pigmented lesions of the skin already exist, but conventional red, green and blue images may be reaching an upper limit in their performance. Emerging technologies, such as hyperspectral imaging (HSI) utilize more than a hundred, continuous data channels, while also collecting data in the infrared. A total of 18 paraffin-embedded human tissue specimens of dark pigmented intraoral lesions (including the lip) were analyzed using visible and near-infrared (VIS-NIR) hyperspectral imagery obtained from HE-stained histopathological slides. Transmittance data were collected between 450 and 900 nm using a snapshot camera mounted to a microscope with a halogen light source. VIS-NIR spectra collected from different specimens, such as melanocytic cells and other tissues (eg, epithelium), produced distinct and diagnostic spectra that were used to identify these materials in several regions of interest, making it possible to distinguish between intraoral amalgam tattoos (intramucosal metallic foreign bodies) and melanocytic lesions of the intraoral mucosa and the lip (each with P < .01 using the independent t test). HSI is presented as a diagnostic tool for the rapidly growing field of digital pathology. In this preliminary study, amalgam tattoos were reliably differentiated from melanocytic lesions of the oral cavity and the lip.

In this study, we examined the suitability of visible and infrared (Vis-NIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) for the quantification of prognostic markers in non-Hodgkin lymphoma on the example of the Ki67 proliferation index. Ki67 quantification was done on six follicular lymphomas (FLs) and 12 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) by applying classic immunohistochemistry. The Ki67 index was comparatively assessed visually, using HSI-based quantification and a digital imaging analysis (DIA) platform. There was no significant difference between visual assessment (VA), DIA, and HSI in FLs. For DLBCLs, VA resulted in significantly higher Ki67 values than HSI (p = 0.023) and DIA (p = 0.006). No such difference was seen comparing analysis by HSI and DIA (p = 0.724). Cohen's kappa revealed a "substantial correlation" of Ki67 values for HSI and DIA in FLs and DLBCLs (kappa = 0.667 and 0.657). Here we provide the first evidence that, comparably to traditional DIA, HSI can be used reliably to quantify protein expression, as exemplified by the Ki67 proliferation index. By covering the near-infrared spectrum, HSI might offer additional information on the biochemical composition of pathological specimens, although our study could not show that HSI is clearly superior to conventional DIA. However, the analysis of multiplex immunohistochemistry might benefit from such an approach, especially if overlapping immunohistochemical reactions were possible. Further studies are needed to explore the impact of this method on the analysis and quantification of multiple marker expression in pathological specimens. (C) 2020 ISEH - Society for Hematology and Stem Cells. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Kimberlites of Jurassic age occur in various parts of South Australia. Thirty-nine of these kimberlites, which are mostly new discoveries, were studied to characterize their structural setting, their petrography, and the composition of their constituent minerals. Although some of the kimberlites in South Australia occur on the Archean to Paleoproterozoic Gawler Block, most are part of a northwest-trending, semi-continuous kimberlite dike swarm located in the Adelaide Fold Belt. The kimberlites typically occur as dikes or sills, but diatremes are also present. In the Adelaide Fold Belt, diatremes are restricted to the hinge zones of regional-scale folds within thick sedimentary sequences of the Adelaidean Supergroup. Despite widespread and severe alteration, coherent and pyroclastic kimberlites can be readily distinguished. U-Pb and Sr/Nd isotopic compositions of groundmass perovskite indicate that all kimberlites belong to the same age group (177-197 Ma) and formed in a near-primitive mantle environment (Sr-87/Sr-86: 0.7038-0.7052, epsilon Nd: -0.07 to +2.97). However, the kimberlites in South Australia are compositionally diverse, and range from olivine-dominated varieties (macrocrystic kimberlites) to olivine poor, phlogopite-dominated varieties (micaceous kimberlites). Macrocrystic kimberlites contain magnesium rich groundmass phlogopite and spinel, and they are typically olivine macrocryst-rich. Micaceous kimberlites, in contrast, contain more iron- and titanium-rich groundmass phlogopite and less magnesian spinel, and olivine macrocrysts are rare or absent. Correlations between phlogopite and spinel compositions with modal abundances of olivine, indicate that the contrast between macrocrystic and micaceous kimberlites is primarily linked to the amount of mantle components that were incorporated into a compositionally uniform parental mafic silicate melt. We propose that assimilation of xenocrystic magnesite and incorporation of xenocrystic olivine from dunitic source rocks were the key processes that modified the parental silicate melt and created the unique hybrid (carbonate-silicate) character of kimberlites. Based on the composition of xenoliths and xenocrysts, the lithospheric mantle sampled by the South Australian kimberlites is relatively uniform, and extends to depths of 160-170 km, which is slightly below the diamond stability field. Only beneath the Eurelia area does the lithosphere appear thicker (>175 km), which is consistent with the presence of diamonds in some of the Eurelia kimberlites. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Objective To assess the model of quantitation of the Ki67 index by employing visible and infrared (Vis-NIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL) as time and cost-efficient tissue-sparing alternative to standard diagnostic procedures. Material and Methods Ki67 quantitation was done on 19 formalin-fixed paraffin embedded specimens (6 follicular lymphomas (FL); 12 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) and one Burkitt-lymphoma (BL) by applying classical immunohistochemistry using an automated platform. Subsequent visual quantification of the Ki67 index was comparatively assessed visually and to HSI-based Ki67 index quantification. Results HSI was successfully implemented for analyzing histopathological slides using the IMEC SNAPSCAN camera. There was no significant difference between visual assessment (VA) and HSI (p = 0.257) in FL, while in DLBCL VA resulted in significantly higher Ki67 values than HSI (p = 0.006). Cohens Kappa showed a fair correlation for both FL and DLBCL (Kappa: 0.333 and 0.316, respectively). The case of BL added as a”super-positive” control was consistently measured by both techniques. Conclusion HSI can be used to quantify marker expression using the Ki67 index model. HSI offers additional information on the biochemical composition of tissues, while preserving limited samples. HSI is easy to install enabling optimization of workflows by restricting analysis times at low costs. Future application by automated imaging analyses systems may allow quantitative measurement of more significant areas of tissue samples, diminishing selection bias in commonl visual pathology and improving information on the tissue heterogeneity of a given marker. In summary, HSI is a cost-effective and quick alternative imaging platform when compared to other digital image analysis systems that are significantly more costly and time-consuming.

Diamonds in South Australia occur in kimberlites at Eurelia (Orroroo), and in placer deposits, which include the Springfield Basin and the historic Echunga goldfield. To identify the kimberlitic and mantle sources of the placer diamonds, and to determine any possible connections between the placer diamonds and the diamonds from the Eurelia kimberlites, we examined the physical and compositional characteristics, and the mineral inclusion content of 122 diamonds from the Springfield Basin and 43 diamonds from kimberlites at Eurelia. Additional morphological data for three Echunga diamonds are also given. Most of the diamonds from the Springfield Basin are similar to the diamonds from Eurelia with respect to their crystal shapes, surface textures, and colors. The diamond populations from both areas are characterized by a high abundance of low-nitrogen (<100 ppm) diamonds with variable nitrogen aggregation states. The stable carbon isotope compositions of the Springfield Basin diamonds are similar to the Eurelia diamonds with delta(13)C values in the range -20.0 to -2.5 parts per thousand, and a mode at -6.5 parts per thousand. Ferropericlase inclusions in two diamonds from the Springfield Basin are consistent with ferropericlase-bearing mineral inclusion assemblages found in the Eurelia diamonds and indicate that part of the diamond population from both areas is of sublithospheric origin. One diamond from the Springfield Basin contained an inclusion of lherzolitic garnet. The overall similarities between the Springfield Basin and Eurelia diamonds indicates that the bulk of the Springfield Basin diamonds are derived from kimberlitic sources that are similar (or identical) to those at Eurelia. However, three diamonds from the Springfield Basin are markedly distinct. These have well-developed crystal shapes, large sizes, yellow body colorations, and brown irradiation spots. The brown irradiation spots and abrasion textures provide evidence that these diamonds are much older than the other diamonds in the Springfield Basin, and that they are derived from distal kimberlitic sources. The diamonds are most likely derived from Permian glacigene sediments and may ultimately be sourced from kimberlites on the East Antarctic craton. Abrasion textures and brown irradiation spots are also present on diamonds from Echunga. This provides a link to the three "old" Springfield Basin diamonds and other alluvial diamonds in Eastern Australia, and suggests that Permian glaciations caused a widespread distribution of diamonds over large parts of southern Australia, which at that time was part of the supercontinent Gondwana. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

New developments in Mid-infrared microscopic imaging instrumentation and data analysis have turned this method into a conventional technique. This imaging method offers a global analysis of samples, with a resolution close to the cellular level enabling the acquisition of local molecular expression profiles. It is possible to get chemo-morphological information about the tissue status, which represents an essential benefit for future analytical interpretation of pathological changes of tissue. In this review, we give an overview of Mid-infrared microscopic imaging and its applications in clinical research.

Assessing the success of soil reclamation programs can be costly and time-consuming due to the cost of traditional soil analytical techniques. One cost-effective tool that has been successfully used to efficiently analyze a range of soil parameters is reflectance spectroscopy. We used reflectance data to analyze natural and reclaimed soils in the field, examining three key soil parameters: soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and soil pH. Continuous wavelet transforms combined with machine learning models were used to predict these parameters. Based on the root mean square error (RMSE), R2 value, and the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD), the Cubist model produced the most accurate models for SOC, TN, and pH. The RMSE, R2, and RPD values for SOC were 0.60%, 0.80, and 2.2, respectively. The TN model results were 0.05%, 0.81 and 2.5, and pH model results were 0.44, 0.69 and 1.8. Overall, the optimal model can be used to predict SOC and TN accurately, and improvements in the pH model are needed as pH values less than 6.5 were consistently overpredicted.

Hyperspectral imaging techniques based on micro-Fourier-transform infrared (micro-FTIR) reflectance spectroscopy can be used for the in-situ identification and quantification (modal abundances) of minerals on the micrometer scale in a rapid and non-destructive manner. These techniques, which require very little sample preparation, are well-suited for the analysis of fine-grained sedimentary rocks, including those with high organic carbon contents. Unlike traditional analytical techniques (e.g., whole rock geochemical analysis or electron microscopy), micro-FTIR-based imaging techniques are capable of distinguishing different mineral polymorphs (e.g., quartz vs. amorphous silica), which is crucial for the correct interpretation of fine-grained sedimentary rocks. The compositional and textural information provided by micro-FTIR hyperspectral imaging can also be used to obtain information about the total organic carbon (TOC) content and the porosity in these rocks.

Summary Hyperspectral imaging combines digital imaging with reflectance spectroscopy, and allows for the in-situ identification of minerals in rock samples in a non-destructive manner. The project presented here focuses on the collection and analysis of hyperspectral images from carbonate rocks for the purpose of developing a technique to identify aragonite, calcite, and dolomite on the micron scale. The information gathered using this technique will serve to better understand the microscopic alterations taking place in minerals throughout diagenesis, and the results are intended to help interpret the paragenetic history of the carbonate rocks. In summary, this presentation will showcase a new analysis method that will aid in the assessment of the quality of carbonate rocks as oil reservoirs. Long-wave infrared (LWIR) hyperspectral images were collected from polished thick sections using a MicroFTIR instrument with a Focal Plane Array (FPA) detector, which collects hyperspectral images at a pixel size of 2.7 x 2.7 µm. Each hyperspectral image was processed and analyzed to produce a compositional map that shows the location of each mineral and/or the crystallographic orientation of individual mineral grains. Textural analyses were then performed on the compositional maps to extract grain size and textural information. The samples used in this study originated from the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin and the Austrian Alps, and this work will serve as a foundation for subsequent studies, which will examine the feasibility of using LWIR hyperspectral imagery as an automated drill core logging tool for carbonate rocks.

Short-wave infrared (SWIR, 1.90–2.36 μm) and long-wave infrared (LWIR, 8.1–11.1 μm) hyperspectral images collected using the SisuROCK system were used to develop an automated methodology for generating kimberlite dilution maps. Smoothed and denoised images from two Snap Lake (Northwest Territories, Canada) kimberlite drill cores were processed, and SWIR and LWIR spectral endmembers were extracted from the images with each mineralogical endmember assigned to one of four compositional groups: undiluted kimberlite, microdiluted kimberlite, micro- and macrodiluted kimberlite, and crustal rocks. These endmembers were used to classify the SWIR and LWIR images, and the results were validated using linescan data, drill core logs, petrology reports, and the results of X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and Micro-Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. This study demonstrates that hyperspectral imagery can be used to generate dilution maps for hypabyssal kimberlites that far supersede other current techniques in terms of spatial resolution.

Building detection plays a key role in the identification of change in urban development analysis. Algorithms currently used to detect buildings focus only on that are in use, but they cannot be used to detect buildings under construction. In this paper, we present an unsupervised classification method that detects both types of buildings. This algorithm changes the traditional idea of region growth, and combines the advantages of two spectral-based analysis techniques-mean-shift clustering and neutrosophic set theory. This case study uses images collected by unmanned aerial vehicle over different time domains. The algorithm output is more accurate than the two latest object-based classification programs: Environment for Visualizing Images Feature Extraction (ENVI-EX) and Berkeley Image Segmentation (BIS). Commission error (CE), omission error (OE) and overall accuracy (OA) are used to assess the performances of different methods. The new algorithm performs well in both building detection and change detection. In building detection, it has an overall accuracy (OA) of up to 96.4168%. In change detection, the accuracy can reach 90.6045%. Experiments show that this new algorithm works well in detecting buildings that are in use and buildings under construction, which can be used to characterize urban change.

To develop an automated method for generating predictive crustal dilution maps for kimberlites, short-wave infrared (SWIR, 1.90-2.36 μm) and long-wave infrared (LWIR, 8.1-11.1 μm) hyperspectral images were collected from two drill cores from the Snap Lake diamond mine (NT, Canada) using the SisuROCK system. The images were processed using continuous wavelets to isolate mineral spectral features from the background material. Endmembers were extracted from the images with each mineralogical endmember assigned to one of four compositional groups: undiluted kimberlite, micro-diluted kimberlite, macro- and micro-diluted kimberlite, and crustal rocks. These endmembers were used to classify the SWIR and LWIR images, and the results were validated using linescan data, drill core logs, petrology reports, and the results of X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and Micro-FTIR spectroscopy. The classified images were used in three ways: to identify diluted kimberlite, to visualize the contacts between different units, and to visualize the relationship between kimberlite dilution and kimberlite facies. At Snap Lake, the benefits of this technique are twofold: (1) it detects crustal dilution in kimberlite, which can be difficult using only visual linescan techniques, and this will improve diamond grade estimates, and (2)important compositional information can be collected from the surface of drill core in a standardized, automated, rapid, and non-destructive manner. Furthermore, the technique can distinguish between micro- and macro- dilution, which can not be accomplished using visible, conventional drill core logging techniques. Having a predictive dilution map available during the visual drill core logging process results in the production of more detailed drill core logs that help in the collection of dilution data and the development of accurate kimberlite emplacement models.

Estimating the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen (pO2) in the geological past has been challenging because of the lack of reliable proxies. Here we develop a technique to estimate paleo-pO2 using the stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of plant resins—including amber, copal, and resinite—from a wide range of localities and ages (Triassic to modern). Plant resins are particularly suitable as proxies because their highly cross-linked terpenoid structures allow the preservation of pristine δ13C signatures over geological timescales. The distribution of δ13C values of modern resins (n=126) indicates that (a) resin-producing plant families generally have a similar fractionation behavior during resin biosynthesis, and (b) the fractionation observed in resins is similar to that of bulk plant matter. Resins exhibit a natural variability in δ13C of around 8‰ (δ13C range: −31‰ to −23‰, mean: −27‰), which is caused by local environmental and ecological factors (e.g., water availability, water composition, light exposure, temperature, nutrient availability). To minimize the effects of local conditions and to determine long-term changes in the δ13C of resins, we used mean δ13C values (δ13Cmeanresin) for each geological resin deposit. Fossil resins (n=412) are generally enriched in 13C compared to their modern counterparts, with shifts in δ13Cmeanresin of up to 6‰. These isotopic shifts follow distinctive trends through time, which are unrelated to post-depositional processes including polymerization and diagenesis. The most enriched fossil resin samples, with a δ13Cmeanresin between −22‰ and −21‰, formed during the Triassic, the mid-Cretaceous, and the early Eocene. Experimental evidence and theoretical considerations suggest that neither change in pCO2 nor in the δ13C of atmospheric CO2 can account for the observed shifts in δ13Cmeanresin. The fractionation of 13C in resin-producing plants (Δ13C), instead, is primarily influenced by atmospheric pO2, with more fractionation occurring at higher pO2. The enriched δ13Cmeanresin values suggest that atmospheric pO2 during most of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic was considerably lower (pO2=10–20%) than today (pO2=21%). In addition, a correlation between the δ13Cmeanresin and the marine δ18O record implies that pO2, pCO2, and global temperatures were inversely linked, which suggests that intervals of low pO2 were generally accompanied by high pCO2 and elevated global temperatures. Intervals with the lowest inferred pO2, including the mid-Cretaceous and the early Eocene, were preceded by large-scale volcanism during the emplacement of large igneous provinces (LIPs). This suggests that the influx of mantle-derived volcanic CO2 triggered an initial phase of warming, which led to an increase in oxidative weathering, thereby further increasing greenhouse forcing. This process resulted in the rapid decline of atmospheric pO2 during the mid-Cretaceous and the early Eocene greenhouse periods. After the cessation in LIP volcanism and the decrease in oxidative weathering rates, atmospheric pO2 levels continuously increased over tens of millions of years, whereas CO2 levels and temperatures continuously declined. These findings suggest that atmospheric pO2 had a considerable impact on the evolution of the climate on Earth, and that the δ13C of fossil resins can be used as a novel tool to assess the changes of atmospheric compositions since the emergence of resin-producing plants in the Paleozoic.

Journal of Fish DiseasesVolume 36, Issue 2 p. 163-167 Short Communication Occurrence of nephrolithiasis in a population of longsnout seahorse, Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg, and analysis of a nephrolith E Lewisch, Corresponding Author E Lewisch Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, AustriaCorrespondence E Lewisch, Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria (e-mail: [email protected]) Search for more papers by this authorM Kucera, M Kucera Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology, Vienna, AustriaSearch for more papers by this authorR Tappert, R Tappert Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaSearch for more papers by this authorR Tessadri, R Tessadri Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaSearch for more papers by this authorM Tappert, M Tappert Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorF Kanz, F Kanz Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, AustriaSearch for more papers by this author E Lewisch, Corresponding Author E Lewisch Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, AustriaCorrespondence E Lewisch, Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria (e-mail: [email protected]) Search for more papers by this authorM Kucera, M Kucera Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology, Vienna, AustriaSearch for more papers by this authorR Tappert, R Tappert Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaSearch for more papers by this authorR Tessadri, R Tessadri Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaSearch for more papers by this authorM Tappert, M Tappert Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorF Kanz, F Kanz Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, AustriaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 30 October 2012 https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12013Citations: 6Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. 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Phengite is the main potassic dioctahedral mica identified at the Olympic Dam iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) deposit, South Australia, where its mineral chemistry is quite variable. These differences can be explained by contrasting degrees of hydrothermal alteration. In the heavily-sericitized, ore-bearing rocks, the phengites display a lower-Si content, a higher-Al content, and a lower Mg-number than the phengites from the weakly-sericitized alteration halo that surrounds the deposit. Variations are also observed in the near- and mid-infrared reflectance spectra collected from phengite-bearing rocks. In the near-infrared, high-Al phengite produces a spectral absorption feature at 2.206μm, and this feature is displaced to 2.213μm for low-Al phengite. In the mid-infrared, high-Al phengite produces a strong reflectance peak at 9.59μm, whereas this peak is observed at 9.57μm in the spectra from low-Al phengite. Additional peaks were also identified at 10.98, 12.22, and 13.33μm. These were most intense in the spectra from high-Al phengite. A drill core profile was produced using the results of the spectral analysis that shows the change in phengite mineral chemistry and phengite abundance as a function of depth. In general, near- and mid-infrared reflectance spectroscopy can be used to characterize the aluminum content of potassic dioctahedral micas like phengite, and this information can be used to infer the degree of sericitic alteration that has occurred as a result of hydrothermal fluid flow.

Quartz is an anisotropic mineral, and each mid-infrared (7–15 μm) reflectance spectrum collected from an individual quartz crystal is strongly influenced by its orientation. As a result, quartz reflectance spectra contain features that systematically change with orientation. In this study, the trough at 8.63 μm was used to derive crystal orientation information from quartz reflectance spectra collected using a high spatial resolution spectrometer with a 100 × 100 μm spot size. The intensity of this trough was quantified using two band ratios (Ref8.48 / Ref8.63 and Ref9.01 / Ref8.63), and band ratio Ref8.48 / Ref8.63 was used to infer the orientation of quartz crystals in an Archean granite sample to characterize any fabric.

Empirical evidence for the link between vegetation photosynthesis and soil respiration (R-s) is reported for most ecosystems, but the quantification of photosynthesis parameters seldom use remote sensing data. In an attempt to clarify this issue, we focused on the growing season and examined direct relationships between R-s and photosynthesis-related vegetation indices (VIs) in maize and winter wheat agroecosystems. At seasonal time scale, crop biophysical parameters, such as leaf chlorophyll content (Chl(leaf)) and green leaf area index (GLAI), explained most R-s variation in the maize and winter wheat fields. Among the selected VIs, enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and red edge chlorophyll index (CIred edge) showed stronger correlations with Chl(leaf) for maize or GLAI for winter wheat than normalized difference vegetation index (NOVI). Moreover, for both fields, the relationship between daily mean R-s and either EVI or CIred edge was consistently stronger than the relationship between daily mean R-s and NDVI. The reason may be attributed to the saturate of NDVI at high vegetation densities and sensitivity of NDVI to background reflectance. Our results demonstrated that simple VIs (i.e. EVI and CIred edge) based entirely on remote-sensing data can provide better correlations with R-s than a number of variables which are more frequently correlated with R-s in field studies for both maize and winter wheat over the growing season. These results will be helpful for the development of future R-s model over a large spatial scale. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.