细胞生物学课程是生命科学相关专业的专业基础课,对培养学生自主学习、主动探索和勇于创新的能力至关重要.本文针对细胞生物学课程教学中存在的问题,归纳总结了课程教学改革的具体举措,通过提升教师的信息化教学与管理能力,建立并完善了教学应用程序、动画和虚拟仿真实验等信息化教学资源,高效高质地实施线上线下相结合的教学互动,构建了"线上线下双线融合、理论和实践相结合、虚实结合"的教学模式,大幅提升了学生自主学习、主动探索和勇于创新的能力.同时,通过将知识点与思政元素深度融合,强化了课程育人.此外,建立了集素养、能力和效果于一体的"随时随地随学随考"信息化考评体系,实现了全面有效的考核.

培养拔尖创新人才需要一流专业,而一流专业建设离不开创新型实验教学体系建设.以华中科技大学生命科学与技术学院生物物理学大实验课程为例,针对该领域商用教学设备少、缺乏针对性和前瞻性、滞后学科发展等问题,先后自制了膜片钳系统、视网膜电图仪、随机扫描光刺激系统以及小动物行为记录装置与光片式显微成像系统等教学仪器;并在此基础上开设了一系列新的实验项目,推进了学科的发展,使学生触及前沿技术,拓宽了实验的广度与深度,起到很好的教学效果,促进了实验室建设和实验教学改革,提升了学科专业特色和影响力.

本科生在"分子生物学"双语课程的学习中往往面临专业与英文的双重压力,我们针对课程学习的过程管理进行了研究,探索将现有的单纯课堂灌输式教学向以学生为中心的讨论式教学转变的可行路径,为培养适应现代生命科学发展所需要的高素质、个性化、创新型人才,探索新的教学模式.

文章从培养大学生创新能力的角度出发,分析了创新型人才的特征、硅谷创新文化的实质及大学实践教学的发展现状,探讨了大学实践教学的改革思路,提出了虚实结合的开放实验教学模式是培养学生创新能力的有效方法.

分子生物学实验技术是生物专业本科生必须掌握的基本技术,广泛应用于生命科学研究的各领域.分子生物学实验课程是学生深入理解理论知识、掌握实验操作技能的重要平台.文章对传统实验教学中存在的不足进行了归纳和总结,并提出了一套行之有效的教学方法.实行"以学生为主体、教师引导"的教学模式,借助微课和虚拟仿真等教学资源辅助教学,引导学生自主学习,取得了优于传统教学的教学效果.

教育信息化已成为教育改革与发展的方向,以慕课为代表的在线开放课程体系给现行教学体系带来了巨大冲击.实验教学作为理论联系实际的桥梁,在教育信息化时代更应充分发挥其在提高人才培养质量上的重要作用.本文将信息化理念与手段引入实验教学,从教学模式、实验教学内容、教学评价体系、教学资源建设、实验室开放管理以及师资队伍建设等方面阐述持续深化实验教学改革,推进学生创新创业思维能力的培养和分析问题解决问题能力的提升.

随着虚拟仿真实验技术引入实验教学的蓬勃发展,如何将虚拟实验深度融入实验教学,与实体实验有机结合,从而实现"虚实结合、以虚促实"成为实验教学改革发展的关键之一.华中科技大学生命科学与技术学院在发酵工程虚拟仿真实验的教学中进行了大量的有益的实践探索,从虚拟仿真实验的定位、软件设计以及实验教学模式改革等方面进行了系统改革,构建了高度仿真的虚拟实验环境和实验对象,很好地实现了人机交互,同时,实现了线上线下实验课程教学,促进了学生自主学习和探索实践.进一步通过实验教学考核环节的改革,加强实验过程的形成性评价,强化了虚拟实验与实体实验的有机结合,促进学生扎实掌握实验原理和实验方法.以上实验教学改革得到了同学们高度认可,提高了学生的兴趣、学习效率和动手能力,深受学生欢迎.

随着信息化时代的到来，教育形势发生了新的变化。学生获取知识的渠道多元化，方式更加便捷，形式更加多样化。传统灌输式教学方式面临挑战，因而教育教学理念要随之转变。教育工作要以学生为中心，教师的职责由传递知识转变为激发学生学习的兴趣和动力，指导学生选择和有效获取知识，引导学生构建主动学习和自主学习的新学习方式。教育的重点要放在学生分析、评价能力和创新能力的培养上。根据这一理念，探索了结合网络资源的翻转课堂教学模式，取得了良好的教学效果，表明以学生为中心的教育教学改革是信息化背景下提高大学教育人才培养质量的重要途径。

为了提高高等教育质量，顺应“教育面向现代化，面向世界，面向未来”发展的必然趋势，中国高等教育推行了从“以教师为中心”向“以学生为中心”的本科教育模式变革，注重学生创新思维能力培养。国家级资源共享课为“以学生为中心”的教育模式奠定了基础。以国家级资源共享课“发酵工程”为例，华中科技大学生命科学与技术学院进行了翻转课堂教学的探索与实践，课程体系设计突出“厚基础、强实践、重创新”的特色，课程教学采用“课前视频教学，课中互动交流，课后归纳总结”的翻转教学模式，已取得了较好的成效，真正实现了“以学生为中心”的自主学习，提高了学生的创新能力和科研素质。此外，针对翻转课堂教学实践中存在的问题提出了对策，认为明确翻转课堂教学的实质，加大教师投入，并及早让学生适应，对于大力推进翻转课堂教学非常必要，能够为我国培育出知识宽、能力强、素质高的创新人才。

Plant-cell culture technology is a promising alternative for production of high-value secondary metabolites but is limited by the decreased metabolite production after long-term subculture. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of miRNAs on altered gene expression profiles during long-term subculture. Two Taxus cell lines, CA (subcultured for 10 years) and NA (subcultured for 6 months), were high-throughput sequenced at the mRNA and miRNA levels. A total of 265 known (78.87% of 336) and 221 novel (79.78% of 277) miRNAs were differentially expressed. Furthermore, 67.17% of the known differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs (178) and 60.63% of the novel DE-miRNAs (134) were upregulated in NA. A total of 275 inverse-related miRNA/mRNA modules were identified by target prediction analysis. Functional annotation of the targets revealed that the high-ranking miRNA targets were those implicated in primary metabolism and abiotic or biotic signal transduction. For example, various genes for starch metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation were inversely related to the miRNA levels, thereby indicating that miRNAs have important roles in these pathways. Interestingly, only a few genes for secondary metabolism were inversely related to miRNA, thereby indicating that factors other than miRNA are present in the regulatory system. Moreover, miR8154 and miR5298b were upregulated miRNAs that targeted a mass of DE genes. The overexpression of these miRNAs in CA increased the genes of taxol, phenylpropanoid, and flavonoid biosynthesis, thereby suggesting their function as crucial factors that regulate the entire metabolic network during long-term subculture. Our current studies indicated that a positive conversion of production properties from secondary metabolism to primary metabolism occurred in long-term subcultured cells. miRNAs are important regulators in the upregulation of primary metabolism.

A novel method for producing high-quality lycopene from Blakeslea trispora through submerged fermentation is studied. 2-Isopropylimidazole at 300 mg/L completely inhibited lycopene cyclase, which limited the accumulation of γ-carotene and β-carotene. 2-Isopropylimidazole also intensified the metabolic flow of lycopene by increasing the expression levels of key enzymes involved in the lycopene synthetic pathway. Ketoconazole at 20 mg/L reduced the metabolic flow of ergosterol and increased lycopene content and production by 76.6% and 64.3%, respectively. Lycopene accounted for approximately 96% of the total carotenoids, whereas cis-lycopene accounted for approximately 35% of the total lycopene. The content and nutritional quality of lycopene from B. trispora were higher than those of lycopene from tomatoes. B. trispora is an ideal source of natural lycopene.

The cellular response of Blakeslea trispora to oxidative stress induced by H2O2 in shake flask culture was investigated in this study. A mild oxidative stress was created by adding 40 μm of H2O2 into the medium after 3 days of the fermentation. The production of β-carotene increased nearly 38 % after a 6-day culture. Under the oxidative stress induced by H2O2, the expressions of hmgr, ipi, carG, carRA, and carB involving the β-carotene biosynthetic pathway all increased in 3 h. The aerobic metabolism of glucose remarkably accelerated within 24 h. In addition, the specific activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly increased. These changes of B. trispora were responses for reducing cell injury, and the reasons for increasing β-carotene production caused by H2O2.

启发式教学指教师运用各种教学手段,启发诱导传授知识,启发学生的思维、充分调动其学习主动性,从而全方位地培养学生积极的自主学习能力.细胞生物学是生命科学的前沿学科之一,是分子生物学、细胞工程等学科的基石,在生命科学领域中的地位不可替代.在华中科技大学,细胞生物学是生物学和医学两大学科共同的专业基础课.为全面提高细胞生物学课程教学质量,提高人才培养的水平,本文归纳总结了华中科技大学细胞生物学课程的教学方法,开展了基于教研相结合的启发式教学方法研究,将科研项目、最新研究成果渗入到细胞生物学教学中,让学生参与科研项目的研究,培养具有创新意识和科研素质的人才.

Response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to investigate the effect of ultrasonic treatment on b-carotene production by Blakeslea trispora. The optimized strategy involved exposing three-day-old mycelial cultures to ultrasonic treatment at a fixed frequency of 20 kHz, power of 491 W, treatment time of 3 min, working time of 3 s, and rest time of 5:8 s, repeated four times at a 24-h interval. Mycelium growth was not significantly promoted under ultrasonic stimulation; however, the glucose metabolism increased by about 10%, the average size of the aggregates significantly decreased, and the uptake rate of imidazole into cells was increased about 2.5-fold. After a 6-d culture, the technique produced 173 mg=L of b-carotene and 82 mg=L of lycopene, which represented an increase of nearly 40:7% and 52:7%, respectively, over the yields obtained in cultures without ultrasonic treatment

DNA plasmid immunization is a novel approach of preventive and therapeutic vaccine. More than 100 DNA vaccines have been on preclinical or clinical phase trials, and four kinds of DNA vaccines for livestock have been approved by USDA, CFIA, and APVMA. Schistosomiasis is a worldwide parasitic disease, and vaccine immunization is supposed to be a promising approach to control the health crisis. On the basis of former preclinical studies, we further focused on the pharmacokinetics and risk evaluation of DNA vaccine in vivo. In the present study, enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) report gene was fused with Schistosoma japonicum 23 kDa transmembrane protein antigen gene (Sj23) and constructed into DNA vaccine pVIVO2-Sj23.EGFP. After intramuscularly injecting 100 μg of purified DNA vaccine plasmid to immunizate BALB/c mice, we studied the tissue distribution of DNA plasmid and expressed Sj23.EGFP antigen, the persistence time of elicited antibodies, and the risk of DNA vaccine transferred into intestinal microorganisms. The results showed that DNA vaccine plasmid could be distributed into all tissues of the body after injection; however, only few organs including the injected muscle were detected DNA vaccine at postimmunization until the 100 days by PCR technology; the detection of green fluorescence protein displayed that DNA vaccine could be expressed in almost every tissue and organs; the ELISA assay indicated the immune antibody against Sj23 could persist over 70 days; and the DNA vaccine transferring intestinal flora results was negative. The results indicated that the DNA vaccine has systemic protection and long-lasting effectivity and is safe to intestinal flora.

本文对生物专业双语教学课堂的情况进行了调查分析,探讨了影响双语教学效果的关键因素。结合教学体会,对目前的双语教学目标定位和教学方法提出了建议。

生物技术专业人才是新兴生物产业发展急需的高科技人才。针对教育部新增的生物技术专业如何培养适应生物产业需求的创新人才这一突出问题,深入分析生物产业优先发展领域及其对人才素质要求,确定围绕生物制药为主的工业生物技术领域培养研发能力强的复合型创新人才;通过与业界产学研合作,发展相应的特色学科方向、高水平双师型队伍及校外实践基地;经过十多年的"以提高学生创新能力为核心"的教学改革实践,成效较为显著,创建了特色鲜明的理工医交叉、学研产结合、实践教学开放运行的"厚基础、强实践、重交叉"的"3+1"模式的复合型生物技术创新人才培养体系和实践教学体系,以及多模式结合的研究型开放性实践教学方法,显著提高了人才培养质量,深受用人单位欢迎。通过多渠道推广,教学改革成果对我国生物技术专业建设具有推广示范作用。

Few environmentally friendly solvents are available to extract food-grade astaxanthin. In this paper, some environmentally friendly solvents, such as lactic acid, ethyl lactate, and ethanol, were employed in cell disruption and astaxanthin extraction from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. The extraction procedure was optimized, validated and compared with other conventional extraction techniques. This method gave the best result due to the highest extraction efficiency within short extraction time. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: the yeast cell wall was disrupted by lactic acid at 65° C for 1 h and then extracted with ethyl lactate:ethanol (1:1, v/v) for 0.5 h. It was proved that the extraction efficiency was enhanced by the addition of the natural antioxidant α-tocopherol. This new method showed low chemical toxicity and gave high extraction efficiency, which had good prospects for mass production at the industrial scale.

Objective:To construct trivalent-epitope DNA vaccine encoding SjFABP,SjGAPDH and Sj26,and evaluate the protective immunity efficacy against Schistosoma japanicum by pharmacological trials.Methods:The monovalent antigen gene SjFABP,SjGAPDH and Sj26 were obtained by RT-PCR.Sj26 and SjGAPDH are spliced into covalent fusion gene of Sj26.SjGAPDH by recombinant PCR.pVIVO2-SjFABP/Sj26.SjGAPDH is constructed by subcloning the SjFABP and Sj26.SjGAPDH into mcs1 and mcs2 of pVIVO2-mcs respectively.The expression of fusion antigen protein in MCF-7 cell line transfected with pVIVO2-SjFABP/Sj26.GAPDH was determined by indirect immunofluorescence assay(IIF)and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).The evaluation of vaccine's immuno-protection efficacy is tested by pharmacological trials.Results:The trivalent-epitope DNA vaccine pVIVO2-SjFABP/Sj26.SjGAPDH was successfully constructed.In the trivalent-epitope DNA vaccine group,the worm reduction rate and the egg reduction rate were 58.6% and 59.8% compared with control group.Conclusion:The trivalent-epitope DNA vaccine pVIVO2-SjFABP/Sj26.SjGAPDH could induce higher protection efficiency than both monovalent and bivalent vaccine,and paves the way for development of DNA vaccine against Schistosoma japanicum.