Background: Nearly all anaesthetic agent decreases renal and hepatic blood flow, so anaesthetic agents should be selected properly in patients particularly with pre-existing renal and hepatic impairment. The present study conducted to evaluate the effect of acepromazine, midazolam and dexmedetomidine as pre-anaesthetic agent followed by induction with propofol and maintenance with isoflurane on kidney and liver function of client-owned female dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Methods: Thirty-two clinically healthy female dogs were randomly divided into four groups with ten animals in the groups A and B and six animals in groups C and D for elective ovariohysterectomy. Animals were premedicated with acepromazine-butorphanol in group A, midazolam-butorphanol in group B, dexmedetomidine (I/M)- butorphanol in group C and dexmedetomidine (I/V)- butorphanol in group D. Animals in all four groups were induced (till effect) with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Result: All the groups showed non-significant marginal decline in BUN and serum creatinine at 5 minutes after pre-medication. Serum AST and ALT were non-significant decreased in groups A and B and non-significant increase in groups C and D during observations. Serum albumin and globulin gradually but non-significantly decrease in group A after premedication to T20 during anesthesia with isoflurane, then gradually increase upto extubation, but values remained lower in comparison to base values.

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation has been touted as a possible treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI) patients’ locomotor and neurological rehabilitation. The intralesional injection of MSC is a typical delivery route for SCI, although this can result in further injury. We conducted the study with the aim of characterizing canine bone marrow–derived MSC (cBM-MSC) and evaluating the relative efficacy of different routes of cBM-MSC transplantation on regeneration of SCI in rabbits. The cBM-MSCs were isolated, cultured, and characterized using an established protocol. The in vitro neuronal differentiation potential of the cBM-MSCs was examined by culturing them into neuronal differentiation medium. The spinal injury was created by epidural microballoon compression following a right microhemilaminectomy in thirty rabbits that were divided into five groups based on treatment: untreated sham control, vehicle control, and transplanted with cBM-MSCs through intravenous (IV), intralesional (IL), and intracisternal (IC) routes on the 24 h and 7th day post-injury. The efficacy of cBM-MSC transplantation was evaluated based on the hind limb function scoring and histopathology. The cBM-MSCs on characterization were found to be CD44-, CD90-, and CD105-positive, and CD45-negative. The differentiation was confirmed by immunocytochemistry, through which the specific marker β-tubulin III for the neurons was detected. The IC group had the best functional recovery, followed by the IL group, and the IV group had the worst. Histopathological findings of the spinal cord on days 30 and 60 correlated with the clinical findings. The results indicated that the epidural microballoon compression following a right microhemilaminectomy was found to be minimally invasive and easily reproducible for the SCI model. Intracisternal transplantation of cBM-MSCs may be used for effective functional recovery of spinal injury. Herein, an optimal method to transplant MSC into the injured spinal cord to facilitate functional recovery was established in rabbits. The cBM-MSCs were isolated, cultured, and characterized. The in vitro neuronal differentiation of the cBM-MSCs was confirmed, and cultured cBM-MSCs were transplanted in rabbits with spinal injury. The efficacy of cBM-MSC transplantation was evaluated based on the hind limb function scoring and histopathology. Intracisternal transplantation was associated with the greatest functional improvement.

Adequate sedation and excellent depth of analgesia were recorded in all the four groups after induction to the end of surgical procedure, however, significantly higher sedation score and depth of analgesia were observed in group D and significantly lower was observed in group A in comparison to other groups. Butorphanol with acepromazine, midazolam, or dexmedetomidine provides adequate sedation and analgesia in the dogs, before induction with propofol, so it made handling of the animals proper and safe before induction. Dexmedetomidine produces most profound sedation and analgesia followed by midazolam and acepromazine along with butorphanol.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of ACE, MID, DEX (IM) and DEX (IV) with butorphanol on quality of induction, induction dose of propofol and incidence of apnoea during anaesthesia in client-owned dogs. Animals were randomly divided into four groups. After pre-medication with atropine sulphate, animals were administered with ACE @ 0.05 mg/kg b.wt IV in group A, MID @ 0.5 mg/kg IV b.wt in group B, DEX @ 15 μg/kg IM b.wt in group C and DEX @ 15 μg/kg IV b.wt in group D along with butorphanol @ 0.2 mg/kg b. wt. I/V. All animals were induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane till the end of closing last skin suture. Adequate sedation and depth of analgesia was observed in the animals of the all four group and this sedation made handling of the animals proper and safe before induction. Significantly lower dose of propofol was needed for induction in the grous C and D as compared to groups A and B. Incidence of temporary apnoea in groups A and B was 10%, whereas in groups C and D was 30%, but they were managed by assisted ventilation and smoothly maintained with isoflurane without complication. It was found that ACE/MID/DEX with butorphanol has dose-sparing effect and provides adequate sedation and analgesia in the canines. Chances of apnoea may be more with DEX pre-medication, but they can be managed by assisted ventilation without any complication.

Khadija Parvin1, *, M F Roslan1, Ali Q. Al-Shetwi2,3, Pin Jern Ker1,2 and M Hoque4 1 Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia 2 Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia 3 Electrical Engineering Department, Fahad Bin Sultan University, 47721 Tabuk, Saudi Arabia 4 Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, VIC 3800, Australia *Corresponding author: kpn073@gmail.com

Cancer is one of the leading cause of death in human beings throughout the world. Attempts to treat cancer are made but not effectively. Surgical removal, use of radiation therapy, chemotherapy and combination of these therapies have been tried to cure cancer but every therapy had its own side effects. Due to potential side effects, these therapies failed to develop as the permanent cure for cancer. Stem cell transplantation has also been attempted as an alternative but the recovery rate was very low. The most recent therapy, nowadays, to treat cancer is immunotherapy in which utilises the immunity of the patient to get modulated in such a way that cancerous cells get killed. So this review enlightens the eminent immunotherapies used for veterinary patients. T cell checkpoint inhibitors, engineered T cells, cancer vaccines, and anti-B and anti-T cell antibodies are amongst the important immunotherapies used in human as well as veterinary patient. Inhibition of T cell checkpoint molecules, such as PD-1 and CTLA-4, using monoclonal antibodies are the most advanced techniques developed in humans. These significant immunotherapies have achieved notable success against some of the advanced tumors in humans, including melanoma, renal cell carcinoma and non small cell lung cancer. However, a recent clinical trial with a caninized monoclonal antibody against canine PD-L1 showed response in canine melanoma.

Most commonly used α2-adrenoceptor agonist shows adverse cardiovascular effects during anaesthesia. They mainly depress the cardiovascular system by provoking vasoconstriction followed by bradycardia. Although α2-adrenoceptor antagonist like atipamezole can reverse these effects along with that they also reverse the sedation and nociception. Concomitant administration of peripherally acting α2-adrenoceptor antagonist MK-467 can reverse the adverse cardiovascular effect of α2-adrenoceptor agonists without affecting the sedation and nociception. MK-467 has been successfully used in different animals like dogs, cats, sheep, horses along with different α2-adrenoceptor agonist drugs. This review aims to summarize the effects of MK-467 on sedation, cardiopulmonary system, the minimum alveolar concentration of different inhalant anaesthetics, plasma drug concentration, plasma glucose and insulin in different animals.

Echocardiographic measurement of cardiac dimensions is a prerequisite for research and clinical studies of cardiac diseases. These echocardiographic values are not available in Black Bengal goats and Muzaffarnagari sheep. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine the reference motion (M)-mode echocardiographic values and investigate the species-specific differences between them. M-mode echocardiographic examination was performed in clinically healthy adult non-pregnant female Black Bengal goats (n = 20) and Muzaffarnagari sheep (n = 20). Mitral valve (MV), left ventricular (LV), left atrial and aortic dimensions were measured, and parameters for systolic function were calculated. Among MV measurements, significantly (p < 0.01) higher mean velocity of early diastolic opening and mitral valve excursion amplitude was seen in Muzaffarnagari sheep as compared to Black Bengal goats. Among LV dimensions, significantly (p < 0.001) higher interventricular septal thickness at peak systole, LV internal diameter at end diastole, LV posterior wall thickness at peak systole, LV internal volume at end diastole, relative wall thickness at peak systole, mean wall thickness at end diastole, mean wall thickness at peak systole and LV mass were seen in Muzaffarnagari sheep as compared to Black Bengal goats. Established echocardiographic values in these species may be used as a reference for physiological and cardiovascular studies in future.

The main aim of this study to look out the suitability of single syringe mixture of ketamine and propofol (ketofol 1:2 as 7.5 mg per ml) as induction and constant rate maintenance agent (300 μg/kg/minute) in atropine sulphate, dexmedetomidine and butorphanol premedicated orthopedic patient of dogs. This study was done in Indian veterinary research institute, Izatnagar on client owned dog with proper consent. Clinic-physiological and anaesthetic parameters were recorded pre and during study at various time periods. From that it was concluded that less dose of induction (2.57±0.23 mg/kg) with very effect on heart rate and respiratory drive. So its use may be recommended in orthopaedic patients.

Teleradiology is the practice of transmitting the different radiological reports generated via X-rays, CT-scan and MRI from one part of the world to the another or one location to the other to get the consultation and interpretation from the different expert radiologists. In veterinary, it was first commercially available in the early 90s. Previously it was poorly developed due to the limited internet speed and lack of essential software but currently, the practice of teleradiology in veterinary medicine has become universal due to proper broadband connection, availability of image compression, PACS and DICOM software. This review aims to summarize the goals, applications, transmission, method of image acquisition and digitalization, types of teleradiology, its legal issues and market in veterinary medicine.

Dexmedetomidine is a most potent α-2 adrenergic selective agonist.It is one of the components of the racemic mixture of two enantiomers of medetomidine.It has a selectivity ratio of 1620/1(α 2/ α1), which is 5-10 times higher than that for detomidine (260/1) and xylazine (160/1.Dexmedetomidine produces consistent sedation, anxiolysis and muscle relaxation, which makes it a popular sedative agent in veterinary medicine.In veterinary practice, it is used for premedication and as an adjunct to general anaesthesia in several species.Similar to other alpha-2 agonists it exerts its effect through the action on alpha-2 adrenergic receptors.The sedative and anxiolytic effects of α-2 agonists are mediated by agonism of supraspinal autoreceptors situated in the pons, whereas analgesic effects are mediated by agonism of heteroreceptors located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.Dexmedetomidine causes a dose-dependent redistribution of blood flow and preserves blood flow to the most vital organs at the expense of organs like skin and pancreases and this distribution of blood flow is not affected by the type of anaesthesia.The pattern of cardiovascular changes may be affected by the dose used and the type of anaesthetic combined with dexmedetomidine.Most anaesthetic drugs, such as propofol, thiopental, isoflurane and halothane have cardiovascular and respiratory side effects that are dose-dependent.Dexmedetomidine is a good anaesthetic adjuvant for general anaesthesia which reduces intra-operative isoflurane consumption provides analgesic-sparing effect without affecting postoperative recovery profile and improved cardiovascular stability and contributes to the provision of balanced anaesthesia.

Medetomidine is most potent alpha-2 adrenergic selective agonist, produces consistent sedation, anxiolysis and muscle relaxation, which makes it a popular sedative agent in veterinary anaesthesia. It produces dose dependent sedation and analgesia in animals. In veterinary practice it is used for premedication and as an adjunct to general anaesthesia in several species. Similar to other alpha-2 agonists it exerts its effect through the action on alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. The sedative and anxiolytic effects of alpha-2 agonists are mediated by agonism of supraspinal autoreceptors situated in the pons, whereas analgesic effects are mediated by agonism of heteroreceptors located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Medetomidine through stimulation of central and peripheral adrenoreceptors, significantly affect cardiovascular function. Medetomidine reduces both rate and depth of respiration. Medetomidine generally used along with butorphanol for premedication prior to induction of general anaesthesia. Medetomidine administration reduces both injectable and inhalant anesthetic requirements in several species.

Thirty four healthy dogs of Spitz and Labrador retriever divided in three age groups were subjected to Spectral Doppler echocardiography. Transmitral and transaortic pressure gradient were estimated through Doppler derived valvular velocity. Mean±S.D values of pressure gradients in all the groups in two breeds were statistically compared and correlated with age and body weight. No significant difference was found between the groups and breed. In linear regression line very weak correlation was noticed between pressure gradient with age and body weight. There was non significant effect of age and body weight over transvalvular pressure gradient.

Heart diseases are almost as common in dogs as in human subject.The clinical signs of heart disease depend on the type of disease and severity, but initially it is asymptomatic in most cases.Auscultation, electrocardiography, echocardiography and some biochemical tests are most useful diagnostic procedures employed in recognizing the cardiac diseases in dogs.Presently access to echocardiographic facility in veterinary practice has brought about a revolution in the early and precise diagnosis and management of cardiac diseases in dogs.Some congenital cardiac defects can be repaired or corrected with surgery, while other conditions can be managed with medical therapy using one or a combination of drugs.Quality of life and life expectancy can be improved with early diagnosis and treatment in congestive heart failure cases.Even though most forms cannot be prevented, heart disease caused by heartworms can easily be avoided with preventative medical therapy.With the advent of modern diagnostic modalities and increased awareness among pet owners, cardiac diseases in dogs are being attended in clinical practice.

The imidazole derivatives have potent therapeutic activity against cytotoxicity and parasites. The present study was planned to synthesize novel tetra aryl imidazoles compounds and evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity and anthelmintic activity. Firstly, 2-amine-4-chloro pyridine was condensed with substituted benzaldehyde to give corresponding Schiff’s base. These Schiff’s bases further on treatment with ammonium acetic acid derivation and isatin yielded comparing novel tetra aryl imidazoles. The synthesized compounds were examined for in-vitro cytotoxicity and anthelmintic activity. The discoveries showed that all the synthesized novel substituted imidazoles have moderate to great anthelmintic action. They additionally had critical in-vitro cytotoxicity against HEp2 cell lines (Human larynx malignancy cell line) against standard utilizing 5-fluorouracil. The compounds 1b, 2b, 4b, 6b, and 8b had higher anthelmintic action contrasted with standard mebendazole. The synthesized compounds 1b, 2b and 8b had noteworthy in-vitro cytotoxicity against HEp2 cell lines.

The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the efficacy of epidural balloon inflation into the unroofed spinal cord for the creation of a experimental spinal cord injury model in rabbits. Ten New Zealand white rabbits were used for this study. Before operation and after anasthesia with 60 mg/kg ketamine and 6 mg/kg xylazine. A midline skin incision was done on the lumbar skin at the level of L1-L4 lumbar vertebrae. Paravertebral muscles were bluntly dissected bilaterally. A microhemilaminotomy was done in the right L3 lamina close to the midline. An arteial embolectomy catheter was inserted into the spinal column between the bone and dura mater to the level of L1-L2 intervertebral space. The microballoon was gradually inflated by using a volume-controlled microballoon inflation syringe over a period of 3 minutes. The microballoon was deflated 8 minutes later and removed completely from the epidural space. All rabbits were paraplegic after the operation. In conclusion, this experimental study demonstrated that the microballoon inflation technique is a very successful method for the evaluation of spinal cord injury in rabbits. Unroofing of the spinal column is extremely important because decompression may be an effective treatment in spinal cord injury. A suitable spinal injury model was created, that is minimally invasive, uniform and easily reproducible.