Electronic cigarettes generate toxic aldehyde compounds through the thermal decomposition of primary e-liquid constituents, namely propylene glycol and glycerol, yet standardized analytical methodologies for their determination remain critically fragmented across research institutions worldwide. This study conducted a systematic literature review adhering to the PRISMA 2020 protocol, encompassing 15 peer-reviewed articles retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science covering the period 2016 to 2024, specifically examining GC-MS-based methods for aldehyde determination in e-liquid matrices. Comparative synthesis demonstrated that headspace GC-MS incorporating isotopic internal standards constitutes the most robust analytical approach, consistently achieving linearity coefficients exceeding R²>0.990 without the requirement for chemical derivatization. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein were recurrently identified as predominant aldehydes, with emission intensities exhibiting strong positive correlation with device operational parameters including voltage and heating power. Detection of formaldehyde-hemiacetal revealed substantial underestimation inherent to conventional measurement approaches regarding total aldehyde exposure. Pronounced methodological fragmentation across laboratories and the absence of matrix-specific certified reference materials represent principal barriers to global interlaboratory data harmonization. Standardization of reference methods through international interlaboratory collaboration is critically recommended to ensure robust and effective safety surveillance of electronic cigarette products.

Pemakaian rokok elektrik kini semakin meningkat, salah satunya disebabkan perisa e-liquid rasa buah-buahan. Senyawa kimia penyusun perisa tersebut berperan dalam memberikan karakteristik rasa, namun jika terhirup berpotensi memberikan efek negatif terhadap kesehatan. Pemahaman mengenai senyawa kimia apa saja yang terdapat pada perisa e-liquid sangat penting untuk mengetahui efek toksisitas rokok elektrik. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk meninjau metode analisis yang telah dilakukan oleh beberapa literatur sebelumnya dalam mengidentifikasi senyawa perisa e-liquid. Literatur dikumpulkan melalui pencarian di database ilmiah terkemuka, termasuk ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, dan Google Scholar, dengan menggunakan kata kunci yang relevan. Dari pencarian awal, ditemukan 35 artikel yang relevan, kemudian diseleksi berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi, sehingga diperoleh 10 artikel untuk dianalisis lebih lanjut. Literatur yang dipilih yakni penelitian dengan fokus pada metode kromatrografi, khususnya Kromatografi Gas (GC) dan Kromatografi Cair (LC). Pengembangan lebih lanjut, seperti kombinasi GC dengan Spektrometri Massa (MS) dan Spektrometri Mobilitas Ion (IMS), serta LC dengan MS/MS dan Ionisasi Elektrospray (ESI), terbukti meningkatkan sensitivitas dan selektivitas analisis. Temuan ini menekankan pentingnya memilih metode analisis yang tepat terhadap senyawa penyusun perisa buah. Hasil analisis juga membahas kelebihan dan tantangan yang ada, sehingga dapat memberikan panduan dalam memilih metode analisis yang tepat untuk mendorong pengembangan standar keamanan yang lebih baik.

Background: Honey's antibacterial and other therapeutic qualities have long been recognized because of its bioactive components, which include hydrogen peroxide, flavonoids, and phenolics. Randu honey is a monofloral honey that is made from the nectar of Ceiba pentandra and has the ability to suppress Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacteria. Because antibiotic resistance is on the rise, it is crucial to investigate alternative treatments like honey. Method: This study evaluates the antibacterial activity of randu honey using the agar well diffusion method or Kirby-Bauer diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to determine its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by preparing a series of honey dilutions ranging from 100% to 10% (w/v) then incubating in an incubator at a temperature of 37°C for 24 hours to allow interaction between the test solutions and bacteria on the agar media, followed by measuring the inhibition zones formed using a caliper. Results: The antibacterial activity of randu honey increased with concentration. Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest sensitivity with an inhibition zone of 9.02 ± 0.67 mm at 100%, classified as moderate at 70%–100% concentrations (MIC 20%). Escherichia coli exhibited lower sensitivity, with inhibition zones ranging from 7.07 ± 0.56 mm at 100% to 0.18 ± 0.01 mm at 30%, categorized as moderate at 80%–100% (MIC 30%). For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, moderate activity was observed at 80%–100%, with inhibition zones up to 8.16 ± 0.13 mm at 100% (MIC 30%). Conclusion: Randu honey shows promising antibacterial activity, especially against Staphylococcus aureus, with concentration-dependent effects. Its moderate activity at higher concentrations highlights its potential as a natural antibacterial agent.

Background: The community has empirically employed butterfly pea flower, one of the species, extensively as a traditional beverage with pharmacological benefits. The flavonoid content of these plants, particularly the anthocyanins, is assumed to be the source of the pharmacological effects. The content of the extract to be obtained will be impacted by the variation in solvent polarity. In this investigation, the butterfly pea flowers will be extracted utilizing the solvents of water and Ethanol. Objective: The goal of this study was to qualitatively assess the content of butterfly pea petal extract in water and ethanol solvents using phytochemical screening and FTIR analysis, followed by testing for antioxidant activity using three different methods, including ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP. Method: The extraction with water and ethanol solvents, phytochemical screening tests, antioxidant activity testing with DPPH assay, antioxidant capacity testing with ABTS, and quantitative FRAP assays utilizing UV-Vis spectrophotometry are all steps of this study. Results: When tested for antioxidant activity, ethanol extract produced IC50 of 113.31 0.142ppm and water extract produced IC50 of 86.67 0.485 ppm, placing water extract in the strong category and ethanol extract in the medium category. Using the FRAP assay, the antioxidant capacity of water extract and ethanol extract from butterfly pea flowers was tested, and the results were 52.8957 0.0881mgQE/g extract and 32.0051 0.0441mgQE/g extract, respectively. The antioxidant capacity test of the butterfly pea flower's ethanol and water extracts was performed using the ABTS assay, and the results were 71,497 3.29mgQE/g extract and 114,195 0.279mgQE/g extract, respectively. Conclusion: The water dan ethanol extract of butterfly pea flowers differs from one another in terms of antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition.

Background: Vitamin D3 plays a role in immunity, especially in the body's regulation of the inflammatory response. The limitations of vitamin D3 are poor bioavailability and water-insoluble. Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) can increase the solubility of water-insoluble active ingredients. Objective: To develop NLC as a delivery agent of vitamin D3 for topical application. Method: NLC was created using a high-shear homogenisation method with various lipid ratios. NLC uses solid lipids (Monostearin) and liquid lipids (Miglyol 812) with variations in the ratios of F1 (7:3), F2 (8:2) and F3 (9:1). NLC is expected to be able to protect the active ingredients in the lipid matrix so that the stability of the active ingredients increases. Characterisation was performed in organoleptic, pH, particle size, viscosity, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. Result: Vitamin D3 NLC system had good characteristics: pH suitable for topical use, particle size < 600nm, PI < 0.5, Zeta potential -26.80 to -33.76. F1 resulted in the highest entrapment efficiency of 82.18%. Conclusion: Vitamin D3 NLC systems with different lipid concentration ratios affect the physical and chemical characteristics. Increasing the liquid lipid content in the Vit D3 NLC system can reduce particle size and viscosity and increase entrapment efficiency.

Identifying the concentration of alcohol compounds in postmortem analysis of biological fluids can help the investigation, just as postmortem analysis of gastric juices can reveal the concentrations of alcohol consumed. However, an efficient and effective combination of extraction and measurement methods is required when looking at complex postmortem samples. Therefore, a headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method was developed using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) to identify postmortem alcohol concentrations. This present study optimizes and validates an effective and efficient method for postmortem alcohol extraction and quantification in gastric fluid. The optimal conditions for HS-SPME extraction using 65μm Polydimethy lsiloxane Divinyl benzene (PDMS/DVB) fiber for analyte isolation were 15 minutes. at 60°C and an exposure time of 1 minute. The validation investigation shows that the suggested approach satisfies the criteria for linearity, precision, accuracy, LOD, and LOQ for postmortem measurement of alcohol in gastric fluid.

Lime (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) is one of the important agricultural commodities for residents in the Bolo village, Gresik. The resident of Bolo Village owns an average of 1/4 hectare of lime plantations. However, the price of lime is not stable. In the harvest season, when conditions become surplus in the market, lime prices often drop, causing losses for the farmers. Lack of knowledge about lime product processing is also an obstacle in the utilization and processing of crops. This community service activity aims to improve the knowledge and skills of citrus farmers in Bolo Village to utilize and process lime crops into Home Industry products, so they do not suffer losses when the lime price drops. Activities are carried out through learning using interactive lecture methods and training through product manufacturing demos. The successful indicator was carried out by evaluating the participants' level of understanding before and after the activity. The training activities significantly increased the participants' knowledge and experience. In addition, this activity also obtained data on the needs of lime farmers. It is hoped that this data can be used for the continuation of the next activity or can also be used by the local government, which wants to help advance agriculture and product diversification in the village of Bolo.

This review article aims to develop nanotechnology in novel drug delivery systems using self-nano emulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS). This Article was selected using a database with Prism Guideline diagrams. A total of 18 articles obtained from 2010-2020 were used as the primary reference to be analyzed using a systematic review method in the form of meta-synthesis. This review describes the mechanism of SNEDDS in increasing absorption, the components of the SNEDDS formula, the characterization of self-nano emulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS), the effect of the physicochemical properties of SNEDDS on in vivo activity, and the basis for selecting compounds in the SNEDDS formulation. Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) is a novel drug delivery system from nanoemulsion used to increase the solubility of lipophilic drugs. SNEDDS is an isotropic mixture consisting of oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant. SNEDDS is considered pre-concentrated nanoemulsions or anhydrous forms of nanoemulsions. In SNEDDS, the formation of nanoemulsions occurs when self-nanoemulsions come into contact with gastrointestinal fluids in the presence of light stirring in the peristaltic motion of the gastrointestinal tract. In general, SNEDDS have small particle sizes in the range of 10-200 nm. The application of the self nanoemulsion development system can be used for BCS Class II lipophilic drug compounds and BCS Class IV drugs. SNEDDS is a novel drug delivery system that can be used for oral drug delivery. In occlusion, a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) is a new approach for the formulation of drug molecules with poor water solubility. Self Nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) is an isotropic mixture of oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant.

A simple isocratic reversed-phase HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of p-aminophenol, the major degradation impurity of paracetamol, in pharmaceutical syrups. The analytes were separated on a RP-18 LiChrospher® column (250 mm x 4.00 mm i.d., 5 μm particle size). A mobile phase of MeOH and 0.01M phosphate buffer pH 4.07 (26:74 v/v) at flow rate of 1 ml/min, with oven temperature set at 30°C was suitable for the separation and determination of p-aminophenol in simulation paracetamol syrups. The UV detection was carried out at 275.8 nm. The chromatographic parameters such as retention times, capacity factor, tailing factor, number of theoretical plates, %RSD of peak area and resolution factors were determined. The developed method was found to be linear over concentration ranges of 1.01 – 6.06 μg/ml for p-aminophenol (r2 = 0.9996, Vxo = 1.48%). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for p-aminophenol were 0.18 μg/ml and 0.54 μg/ml, respectively. Validation acceptance criteria were met in all cases. Then the developed method was successfully applied to determine p-aminophenol in three generic paracetamol syrups in Indonesia, resulting that p-aminofenol were not detected in sample.

Background: Fucoidan is sulfated polysaccharide that has gastroprotector activity, and it is distributed in brown algae cell walls. Currently, there is no method for fucoidan analysis in compendia. Furthermore, analysis of Fucoidan is proven to be challenging due to the lack of chromophores and its high polarity. Objective: To develop the optimal condition of TLC-Densitometry method for fucoidan analysis in Sargassum sp. aqueous extract and to evaluate the stability of Fucoidan as a preliminary study. Methods: Chromatography was performed on Silica gel 60F254 TLC-plate as a stationary phase. The developed plate was stained with H2SO4 10% in absolute ethanol and heated in oven at 105°C for 15 minutes. Optimization is carried out by determining composition of the mobile phase, analytical wavelength, and spotting volume. Stability test of Fucoidan in standard and extract solution at 0, 4, 8, and 24 hours also 0 and 60 minutes after derivatization. Results: The optimal condition which produces a good separation of Fucoidan was achieved by using n-butanol:methanol: water (10:6:10 v/v/v) as a mobile phase, 400 nm as an analytical wavelength, and 1 µl as a spotting volume. Fucoidan was stable after storage until 24 hours. The stained spots were stable until 60 minutes after derivatization. Conclusion: Optimal condition of the TLC-Densitometry method for Fucoidan analysis was selective and can be applied to stability tests in preliminary study. Fucoidan was stable in standard solution and extracted solution until 24 hours after storage at 4°C, and the stained spots were stable until 60 minutes after derivatization.

Edible films are environmentally biodegradable materials used for food packaging. The edible green alga Caulerpa racemosa has antimicrobial properties; however, its chlorophyll-based bioactive compounds can be damaged when heated so it is prepared in microcapsules. Our research evaluated the effect of Caulerpa microcapsules on an alginate-based edible film on film properties and food spoilage. The microcapsules were used at concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%. The edible film was measured for film properties, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (DPPH), functional group (FTIR) and microstructure (SEM). Food spoilage was evaluated on a popular fish-based product (fish bubble snacks). Bacterial strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were used to evaluate antimicrobial effectiveness of the edible films. The addition of Caulerpa microcapsules had no significant negative effect on physical properties of the alginate-based film, while the smoother and more homogenous surface should enhance the barrier properties of the film. The slow and evenly distributed release of active compounds from the microcapsules increased resistance to Rhizopus sp. and significantly reduced the proliferation of E. coli but not S. aureus on coated fish snacks. Caulerpa racemosa can be used to enhance the effectiveness of alginate-based films in delaying spoilage and could extend product shelf-life

Background: Quercetin, luteolin, sinensetin and stigmasterol each is the main marker compound in extracts of Sonchus arvensis, Plantago major, Orthosiphon stamineus, and Strobilanthes crispus, respectively. These extracts show nephrolithiasis activity. For quality control of herbal medicines, a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed in this study using quercetin, luteolin, sinensetin and stigmasterol as phytochemical markers. Objective: to show optimal conditions of analysis and evaluate the stability of quercetin, luteolin, sinensetin and stigmasterol. Methods: The optimal conditions for analysis were carried out by determining the composition of the mobile phase, the flow rate, and the detector's wavelength. Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 150 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm was used as the column. The stability test was done by analyzing the standard and samples stored at 4oC for 0, 3, 6 and 24 hours. Results: The best separation of the extract was achieved under isocratic conditions using a mixture of water: methanol: phosphoric acid: acetic acid : acetonitrile (50: 30: 0.05: 0.05: 20 v/v/v/ v/v) as mobile phase with detector wavelength of 352 nm, a mobile phase flow rate of 1 mL/min, and a sample injection volume of 10 μL. Conclusion: In this study, the optimal condition for analysis of quercetin, luteolin, sinensetin and stigmasterol. Quercetin, luteolin, sinensetin and stigmasterol were not stable during 6 hours storage, therefore, standard solutions and samples should be made fresh to maintain the stability.

The objective of the present study is to develop and validate a simple, selective and accurate hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography - a high performance liquid chromatography incorporating an evaporative light scattering detector (HILIC-HPLC-ELSD) method for simultaneously determining glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulfate in dietary supplements. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a ZIC-HILIC column (150 mm x 4.6 mm x 5µm) in isocratic system mode with a mobile phase of acetonitrile, 30 mM ammonium formate and water (77:20:3, v/v/v) at pH 4.5, a column temperature of 35°C, a flow rate of 1 mL.min-1, and an injection volume of 5 µL. An evaporative light scattering (ELS) detector was used. Effective separation was achieved by means of analyte resolution of more than 1.5 with an analysis run time of approximately 20 minutes. The linearity of glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulfate ranged from 0.4 to 2.5 mg.mL-1. The limits of the detection and quantification of glucosamine hydrochloride were 20 and 80 mg.mL-1 respectively, while for chondroitin sulfate they were 80 and 400 mg.mL-1. All validation parameters satisfied the acceptance criteria in accordance with International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. The method was successfully applied to the assay of commercial dietary supplement samples.

Background: Nephrolithiasis is a condition in which there are one or more kidney stones in the pelvis or calyces. Luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and sinensetin are marker compounds in the extracts of Plantago major, Sonchus arvensis, Strobilanthes crispus and Orthosiphon stamineus which have nephrolithiasis activity. To control the quality of herbal medicines, a TLC-Densitometry method was developed in this study using luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and sinensetin as phytochemical markers. Objective: The present work aimed to develop optimal conditions for analyzing luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and sinensetin. Methods: Determination of optimal conditions for analysis is carried out by determining the composition of the mobile phase, chamber saturation time, and analysis wavelength. Silica gel 60 F254 was used as the stationary phase. Stability tests were carried out by analyzing standards and samples at 0, 4, 8, and 24 hours. Results: The best separation that produces symmetrical peaks of herbal medicine was achieved under isocratic conditions using the composition of the mobile phase chloroform : acetone: dichloromethane : acetonitrile : formic acid (6 : 2: 2 : 0,05 : 0.05 v/v/v/v/ v) with a wavelength of 335 nm with a saturation time of 30 minutes. Conclusion: In this study, the optimal conditions for the analysis of luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and sinensetin. Luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and sinensetin are unstable during 8 hours of storage. Therefore, standard solutions and samples must be made fresh to maintain stability.

Euglena sp. is a freshwater microalga that produces useful metabolites in its biomass. The cultivation with oxidative stress treatments, such as salinity, plays a major role in maintaining the optimal cellular metabolic rate for the optimized growth of Euglena sp. for the production of lipids for biodiesel as well as carotenoids and chlorophyll, which are cell defense pigments that are beneficial for health. A bioflocculation method that uses microalgal flocculants, such as Skeletonema sp., is an alternative harvesting technique that is cost and energy saving. The effect of salinity and bioflocculation treatment on freshwater microalgae has not been widely studied. Therefore, this research determined the effect mechanism of salinity and bioflocculation in the production of lipids, chlorophyll, and carotenoids in Euglena sp. with Skeletonema sp. as a bioflocculant. In this research, the cultivation of Euglena sp. was carried out in Cramer–Myers medium for seven days under salinity treatments of 5, 10, 20, and 0 g/L, and the cultivation of Skeletonema sp. was performed for eight days in F/2 medium with modified silicate removal. Bioflocculation was performed by mixing Euglena sp. and Skeletonema sp. at ratios of 1:1, 1:0.5, and 1:0.25. The research results showed that salinity treatment, in general, succeeded in increasing the growth and production of lipid, chlorophyll, and carotenoid metabolites. The addition of Skeletonema sp. to the culture of Euglena sp. increased the precipitation percentage. A high mixing ratio increased the lipid level but decreased those of chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolites.

Co-Amoxiclav tablets are coated tablets.The tablet coating process requires an organic solvent in the sealing stage.Several processes are carried out to remove organic solvents in the finished drug product, such as heating and pressure reduction, which still leaves organic solvents in the finished drug preparation.The purpose of this study was to optimize the solid phase microextraction method-gas chromatography for the analysis of organic solvent residues in co-amoxiclav tablets and the determination of the residual solvent content.The extraction method used was the headspace-SPME method, sample extraction by heating so that the solvent residue evaporated and absorbed by the PDMS-DVB (Polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene) fiber.The extraction process was carried out by optimizing the temperature and time.The gas chromatography system used was the detector temperature of 250 °C, and the injected port temperature was 210 °C.The oven temperature was programmed, ranging from 38 °C to 210 °C with a temperature increase of 10 °C/min with a holding time of five minutes.The helium carrier gas flow rate was 0.71 mL/min.Analysis of residual solvent was conducted by looking at the retention time and peak area then comparing them with the standard solution.The optimal temperature and time of the extraction using SPME were 50 °C and 30 min.The residue analysis results showed that the co-amoxiclav coated tablets contained 2.88 ± 0.58 ppm dichloromethane residues.

Malaria is one of the most important public health problems worldwide, with nearly half of the global population exposed to the risk of contamination. The disease is found in 91 countries, mostly in the tropics and subtropics of the planet. There are several previous research that identifies Plasmepsins as a potential target to develop novel antimalarial drugs from the malaria parasite Plasmodium that play a role in the breakdown of globin into amino acids. Given the above, it is important to find novel and effective drugs that can decrease this disease, especially from natural products such as medicine. Seaweed is a potential source of bioactive compounds to be used as antimalarials, such as species from the genera Laurencia and Halymenia. This recent study has studied the molecular docking approach to identify the potential of Halymenia sp. and Laurencia sp. against Plasmepsin by using PyRx 0.8 software. It showed that the compounds in Halymenia sp. and Laurencia sp. were able to react and inhibit the action of plasmepsin, seen from the binding affinity value, which was quite small at -4.3, this value is higher than the two bioactive compounds in seaweed, namely Stigmasterol and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde which have binding affinity values of -8.5 and 6.5, respectively. Judging from this, the compounds contained in Laurencia sp and Halymenia sp have potential as candidates for antimalarial drugs.

Pendahuluan: Dikarenakan sifat dari Furazolidon, furaltadon, dan nitrofurantoin yang karsinogenik, perlu dilakukan pengawasan terhadap cemaran metabolit nitrofuran dalam produk berbahan dasar udang. Nitrofuran dimetabolisme secara cepat dalam jaringan tubuh hewan. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan validasi metode KCKT untuk penetapan kadar metabolit nitrofuran dalam bakso udang. Metode: Metabolit furazolidone, furaltadone dan nitrofurantoin yaitu 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), 3-amino-5-methylmorpholino-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), dan 1-aminohydantoin (AHD) diderivatisasi menggunakan 2-nitrobenzaldehida, diekstraksi dalam etil asetat dan dicuci dengan n-heksana, kemudian disuntikkan ke dalam system KCKT dengan detektor UV-PDA. Pemisahan dilakukan dengan kolom C-18 46 x 250 mm, 5 mm. Sebagai fase gerak adalah ammonium asetat 20 mM : asetonitril (70:30), dengan laju alir 0.5 mL/menit, suhu kolom 40oC, dan volume injeksi 100 µL. Hasil: Metode yang digunakan dapat memisahkan semua metabolit dari senyawa pengotor dengan waktu analisis 40 menit, dan menghasilkan linieritas yang baik dalam rentang konsentrasi 51,90 – 103,79 ng/mL (AOZ); 56,63 - 101,39 ng/mL (AMOZ); dan 49,92 - 89,86 ng/mL (AHD). Akurasi metode dipresentasikan sebagai rekoveri dengan hasil sebesar 78,50 - 102,29% untuk AOZ; 77,02 - 99,87% untuk AMOZ; and 85,54 - 99,77% untuk AHD. Presisi metode dinyatakan dalam simpangan baku relatif (relative standard deviation, RSD) dengan hasil masing-masing adalah 6,10 - 19,90%; 3,68 - 17,75%; and 2,75 - 12,58% untuk AOZ, AMOZ, dan AHD. LOD dan LOQ sebesar 3,09 ng/mL dan 10,29 ng/mL (AOZ); 6,84 ng/mL dan 22,82 ng/mL (AMOZ); serta 4,61 ng/mL dan 15,36 ng/mL (AHD). Kesimpulan: Metode uji dapat digunakan untuk skrining awal untuk mendeteksi dan penetapan kadar cemaran metabolit nitrofuran pada bakso udang.

Purpose: To develop and validate a rapid, accurate, and selective High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), for quantification of andrographolide in raw materials and tablets ethyl acetate fraction of Andrographis paniculata as antimalarial agent. Methods: HPLC was conducted to determine the andrographolide concentration of ethanol extract and Camag linomat 5 in the stationary phase. HPLC measurements were conducted at a wavelength of 228 nm with a ratio of chloroform: methanol (90:10, v/v) in the mobile phase. Results: The validated method was separated andrographolide from other component with good resolution, and obtained retention factor was 0.38 ± 0.03. The data for calibration plot showed good linear relationship, with R2 = 0.998 in the concentration range of 138.0 - 460.0 ng/spot. The limit of detection and quantification were 9.6 ng/spot and 28.8 ng/spot, respectively. The percentage recovery was between 98.0 and 100.5 %. Additionally, the relative standard deviation method was between 1.4 and 1.0 % Conclusion: This method fulfills the validation requirements of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, and precision. Further, it can separate andrographolide from degradants. Thus, HPTLC method can be used to analyze the ethyl acetate fraction of ethanol extract of A. paniculata and its tablet products.

Objective: The develop a delivery system for extracting E. palmifolia as a model of medicinal ingredients in SNEDDS using a D-optimal design approach. Methods: D-optimal mixture design optimizes E. palmifolia loaded SNEDDS by selecting SNEDDS composition as an independent factor (X) and characterizing SNEDDS as a response (Y). SNEDDS characterization in the optimal formula includes transmittance, emulsification time, pH, viscosity, particle size, and particle morphology. After obtaining one optimal formula, stability testing compares the initial characteristics (day one) with those of E. palmifolia-loaded SNEDDS. Results: The SNEDDS was after storage for three months, namely day 30, day 60, and day 90. Miglyol 812, Tween 80, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 were selected as oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant phases because they had the highest ability to dissolve E. palmifolia extract. The formula design with the D-optimal mixture design approach formulated E. palmifolia loaded SNEDDS with Miglyol 812, Tween 80, and PEG 400 components at an oil concentration of 2.13%, surfactant 5.81%, and co-surfactant 2.06% with stable characteristics in the storage period of 3 mo. Transmittance results in 96.75-98.74%, emulsification time 19.21-22.77 seconds, pH 6.69–7.71, viscosity 43.97-45.99 (cP), particle size 19.14-22.19 nm, spherical particle morphology. Conclusion: The optimal formula for SNEDDS extract of E. palmifolia using the D-optimal design approach has physical and chemical characteristics that follow the SNEDDS specifications that have been determined.