PurposeThis article explores the effect of entrepreneurial orientation (EO), governance and geographic location on the performance of Palestinian family-owned businesses.Design/methodology/approachThis quantitative study uses data collected in the fall of 2022 from 180 Palestinian-owned family companies – 90 were located in Palestine and the other 90 were located in the USA. Using R software, multiple regression analysis was employed to examine the relationships between the constructs that formed the study's conceptual framework.FindingsThe results indicate that (1) the risk-taking, innovation and proactiveness dimensions of EO have a significant positive impact on the performance of Palestinian family-owned businesses; (2) Governance moderates the EO dimensions of risk-taking and proactiveness on the performance of Palestinian family-owned companies and (3) geographic location does not moderate the relationship between the EO and performance of Palestinian-owned family businesses.Originality/valueThe current intensified conflict in Palestine warrants exploring the role Palestinian family-owned businesses worldwide can play in rebuilding the local economies of Gaza and the West Bank. The following years will be crucial in determining how proactive risk-taking and innovation will support regional recovery and augment the entrepreneurial and reinvestment capacity of diasporic and home country-based Palestinian family-owned firms. Thus, our study into factors that might enhance these businesses' performance and growth potential is pertinent. A further contribution of this study is new insight into the particularities of Palestinian family-owned businesses, augmenting general theories associated with ethnic and diasporic entrepreneurship.

Purpose This project aims to examine how entrepreneurial orientation and succession planning among Palestinian family businesses positively affects their associated growth potential, considering the mediating role of innovation and the moderation effect of geographic location. Leveraging ethnic entrepreneurship theory, the authors compare these types of enterprises in the USA with their counterparts in Palestine. Design/methodology/approach This cross-sectional quantitative research analyzes data collected from October through December 2022. 180 Palestinian family-owned firms completed a survey; 90 companies were located in Palestine, while the other 90 were in the USA. Structural equation modeling analysis was conducted using Smart-PLS4. The interrelations of the conceptual framework were examined via path analysis and bootstrapping techniques. Findings The authors found a statistically significant positive effect of entrepreneurial orientation on Palestinian family business growth; the authors’ results concurrently indicated succession planning did not affect growth within the authors’ selected population. The authors also discovered innovation mediates the relationship between orientation and growth, and business location appears to moderate this relationship. The authors’ research indicates geography appears to favor Palestinian family-owned companies in the USA, where the authors found opportunity-driven immigrant entrepreneurs benefit from the structured business systems in a highly-developed country. Originality/value Given the current situation in Palestine, it is essential to understand the potential contribution that Palestinian family-owned businesses globally can make to reconstruct the country’s local economy. The next few years will be critical in figuring out how innovative thinking can boost the region’s recovery and increase Palestinian-based family companies’ ability to engage in sustainable entrepreneurship with reinvestment support from its diaspora. Therefore, it is important to have research that identifies factors that could improve these businesses’ continued performance and growth potential. This study also aids in further understanding the defining characteristics of Palestinian-owned family firms, enhancing general theories related to entrepreneurship among ethnic and diasporic groups.

In this editorial, the editors of Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy (EE&P) reflect back on the journal’s first 4 years of production and the impact the journal has had. They also reflect back on the submission trends of unsuccessful submissions, offering insights into why articles are commonly rejected. Last, they discuss research translation, its importance, and strategies for scholars to help disseminate their work to a wider audience.

Given the unconscious nature of many micro-invalidations, conversations about them easily devolve into cycles of accusation, defensiveness, and recrimination. To better understand the specific effects of micro-invalidations, this interactive exercise emphasizes listening, hearing, and empathizing with use of the statement, “You are so articulate.” By stressing and analyzing different segments of this frequently used sentence, learners are presented with an opportunity to consider both sides of oral messaging—the intent of the sender as well as the receipt and interpretation of the receiver. Both intended and unintended consequences are analyzed, opening deeper discussions about the origins and implications of our reactions to other people and their remarks.

This experiential exercise enables undergraduate students to demonstrate their ability to rapidly and intentionally integrate marketing and finance concepts in a real-world context. The participants must analyze a business proposition, determine how to address identified customer needs, develop effective strategies to maximize financial returns, and document and present their proposed consumer offering in a way that secures lucrative financing for their start-up firm. With limited instruction, learners engage in simultaneous challenges including conducting consumer research, design innovation, rational decision making, team-building, and managing for optimal results. The experience is further solidified through evaluative feedback provided at exercise conclusion.

Synopsis The family matriarch dies without a written succession plan, leaving her children to determine how to cope with the continuity of the family’s expanding food empire. This becomes increasingly difficult when one of the siblings wants to incur expensive, yet required, renovations to the family’s original restaurant. The situation is further complicated by the fact that the two older siblings are focused on corporate expansion efforts, while the youngest is trying to demonstrate her competence in running the family’s historical restaurant. A central focus of the case is to understand and identify effective strategies that should guide the firm-related choices each sibling makes. Research methodology This case, which was developed from field interviews and personal experience, highlights the array of competing financial and personal objectives and tensions involved in a family business. An interactive tool allows users to conduct multiple scenario analyses to determine if the company’s manufacturing expansion goals can be achieved while simultaneously honoring the family’s restaurant roots. Relevant courses and levels This case was designed specifically for the undergraduate junior or senior business or economics student who has already taken basic finance, economics, strategy, entrepreneurship, or psychology courses. Typically, by the third or fourth year of study in a traditional undergraduate program, virtually all of the core themes, concepts, theses, and theories associated with the case have been addressed in previous business or economics coursework. Theoretical bases The case provides an intentional opportunity for students to demonstrate their emerging financial analysis competencies, while concurrently synthesizing the so-called “soft” skills associated with rational decision making, organizational behavior analysis, business strategy, entrepreneurship, and negotiations.

Purpose - Take the word "research," combine it with the words "experiences around hair," and you inevitably get a personal story. Whether it's concerns about too much hair, complaints about one's lack of hair, or the ability of hair to intimidate or convey authority, questions related to hair appear to provoke passionate responses in the form of narratives. The authors believed "hair" stories would provide a unique method for examining employment realities in nonprofit and public sector workplaces. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach - Attendees at the 2009 Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action (ARNOVA) conference were invited to a symposium discussing what "hair" might indicate about the lived experiences of individuals employed in nonprofit and public sector workplaces. A participatory action research methodology was used to engage 24 academics and practitioners in structured small group conversations about workplace hair-related image management issues. A storytelling framework was used to guide the content analysis of the 305 narratives generated by two focus groups.Findings - The interview questions were literal ones, yet the responses that were elicited were figurative. As the process unfolded, it became clear the focus group participants had to tell their own individual stories, in their own way, before they could answer the research questions. Hence, the storytelling dimension became a critical component of this research as a vehicle for conveying the power behind what may have initially appeared to be a simple set of questions and answers.Research limitations/implications - Selection bias in this study was unavoidable, given the voluntary nature of participation and the transparency of the study's purpose. Given the chosen research approach, the project findings may also lack generalizability. However, since the so-called "subjects" of the investigation are the same persons found in sector workplaces, there is no way to avoid this limitation in any related assessment.Practical implications - This project allowed for a new understanding of how the direct and literal approach often used by social scientists to investigate the impact of attitudes and perceptions on social outcomes might best be replaced or augmented by methods that uncover the ways in which subjects frame the effects under examination within the context of their personal experiences.Social implications - One's appearance takes on professional and, often, political ramifications whether the individuals involved desire this or not. Ironically, one's ability to appear more casual may be one of the benefits of working in the nonprofit or public sectors as a means of connecting to constituents and stakeholders. However, given the need to serve multiple and competing audiences, this ability to identify and connect with others may have unintended consequences that may not be experienced in the private sector, where stakeholders may have a more unified set of goals.Originality/value - This project focused on a relatively under-researched audience and subject: hair and image management. Each day, individuals make a choice about their appearance, which includes their hair. For those working in the nonprofit and public sectors, especially women and people of color, there appear to be implicit areas of concern that manifest themselves in the workplace, many of which were identified through this research.

The Carnegie Project on the Education Doctorate (CPED) is clear on the importance it places on this degree's intended impact and stewardship of programmatic practice. The CPED webpage states that "The professional doctorate in education prepares educators for the application of appropriate and specific practices, the generation of new knowledge, and for the stewardship of the profession."

Synopsis When do you throw it all away? The first senior female in a male-dominated business school decides it all comes down to a question of principle – and maybe a few others. What is the best balance between her responsibilities to students, family, and the next generation of female leaders? Can she both be true to herself and compromise? What factors should influence this decision? This case brings together questions about power and influence, rational decision-making, leadership, and the intra and inter-personal responsibilities of organizational “firsts.” Further, issues related to a university's effort to better compete within the global higher education marketplace, provide a valuable opportunity to explore institutional approaches to promoting diversity, inclusion, and cultural competency. Research methodology This case, which was developed from primary sources, highlights the array of competing objectives and personal and political tensions involved in university administration. Relevant courses and levels This case was designed for graduate students in Masters of Public Administration, Masters of Business Administration, Masters of Education in Organizational Leadership, or similar graduate degrees that include significant management and leadership content. Students working with this case should have already completed foundational courses in topics such as organizational management, public policy, leadership, strategic human resources management, or their equivalents within their respective programs of study. Virtually all of the issues raised by this case address core themes, concepts, theses, and theories associated with an accredited graduate program in educational management, business or public administration.

Introduction Merle Richards took another long sip of black coffee and continued rubbing his brow. Merle and his old friend Jim Townshend had started the firm over 20 years ago with a pledge to treat the business like a growing family and to have zero tolerance for jerks. The challenges they had faced early on had mainly consisted of tough cases and learning the ropes as newcomers to the Marchant County Bar Association (MCBA). But now Merle faced the toughest and most unexpected question yet: Had his firm somehow become a demeaning minefield for female attorneys? If so, what was he going to do about it? Background Richards-Townshend and Associates (RTA) had been founded over 20 years earlier by Merle Richards and Jim Townshend with a handful of other attorneys they had come to know and trust. The firm had grown to include over 100 attorneys working across multiple areas of practice including litigation, construction, and corporate. The home office was located in a metropolitan area in the Northwest United States. Most of the 58 attorneys at that location were men who had obtained the status of partner, a senior rank within law firms that the less-experienced associates strive to earn (Table 1). Typically, associates who failed to earn this promotion in a timely manner through billing hours, developing profitable business relationships and demonstrating high professional competency faced dismissal. RTA had done well even during economic downturns and was cited as the fastest growing law firm of its size in the region. Bar Association Concerns Even as the number of female and male law students had reached numerical parity nationwide, female attorneys' professional outcomes had continued to lag behind those of their male peers. National statistics showed that women were less likely to be found at the upper echelons of law firms (Catalyst, 2015). With lingering gender disparity questions came lawsuits. Recently, MCBA had been rocked by a high-profile gender pay disparity and promotion lawsuit involving a junior level partner at one of its top regional firms. The dispute was very costly to the law firm involved and the associated media coverage resonated with the concerns of many within the profession. Against the backdrop of this recent case, MCBA decided to encourage its member firms to establish internal programs to head off charges of gender discrimination. The association also hoped that this step would support an effective narrative regarding its commitment to equal opportunity. As an initial step, member law firms received a letter from Bob Terrell, MCBA President, urging assurance of awareness and equitable practices with respect to gender. Firm leadership was strongly encouraged to participate in an upcoming meeting aimed at identifying issues, sharing experiences and considering approaches. Merle Richards attended mainly as a courtesy and to stay apprised of MCBA issues. He left the meeting with an information packet on gender issues sure that RTA's environment presented no greater obstacles for women than it did for men. Opportunity Knocks A week later as he sat at his desk, Merle had not invested much more time in deciding how to respond to MCBA's call for equity due diligence. The packet he took contained statistics and trends, all pointing to persistent gender disparity among attorneys in law firms nationwide, but Merle couldn't see how the environment at his firm could be deemed unsupportive to women. Some people, he thought, see discrimination behind every negative outcome as if those outcomes cannot simply be the consequences of people making their own career choices. Not having the right expectations or work ethic seemed to Merle the main reasons any qualified hire would fail to work his or her way up. RTA didn't need to take up arms against nonexistent foes. Merle's thoughts were interrupted by an unexpected call from Grace Taylor. …

A multiethnic sample of single, heterosexual, emerging-adult college students (N = 3,907) ages 18 to 25, from 30 institutions across the United States, participated in a study about identity, culture, psychological well-being, and risky behaviors. Given ongoing debates about the connection between casual sex and psychological adjustment, in the current study we assessed the cross-sectional association of participation in casual sex with psychological well-being and distress. A greater proportion of men (18.6%) compared to women (7.4%) reported having had casual sex in the month prior to assessment. Structural equation modeling indicated that casual sex was negatively associated with well-being (ß = .20, p < .001) and positively associated with psychological distress (ß = .16, p < .001). Gender did not moderate these associations. For emerging-adult college students, engaging in casual sex may elevate risk for negative psychological outcomes.

Ethnic group discrimination represents a notable risk factor that may contribute to mental health problems among ethnic minority college students. However, cultural resources (e.g., ethnic identity) may promote psychological adjustment in the context of group-based discriminatory experiences. In the current study, we examined the associations between perceptions of ethnic group discrimination and depressive symptoms, and explored dimensions of ethnic identity (i.e., exploration, resolution, and affirmation) as mediators of this process among 2,315 ethnic minority college students (age 18 to 30 years; 37% Black, 63% Latino). Results indicated that perceived ethnic group discrimination was associated positively with depressive symptoms among students from both ethnic groups. The relationship between perceived ethnic group discrimination and depressive symptoms was mediated by ethnic identity affirmation for Latino students, but not for Black students. Ethnic identity resolution was negatively and indirectly associated with depressive symptoms through ethnic identity affirmation for both Black and Latino students. Implications for promoting ethnic minority college students' mental health and directions for future research are discussed.

Objective The present study was designed to ascertain the associations between acculturation and well-being in first-generation and second-generation immigrant college students. Acculturation was operationalized as a multidimensional construct comprised of heritage and American cultural practices, values (individualism and collectivism), and identifications, and well-being was operationalized in terms of subjective, psychological, and eudaimonic components. Method Participants were 2,774 first-generation and second-generation immigrant students (70% women), from 6 ethnic groups and from 30 colleges and universities around the United States. Participants completed measures of heritage and American cultural practices, values, and identifications, as well as of subjective, psychological, and eudaimonic well-being. Results Findings indicated that individualistic values were positively related to psychological and eudaimonic well-being, and positively, although somewhat less strongly, linked with subjective well-being. American and heritage identifications were both modestly related to psychological and eudaimonic well-being. These findings were consistent across gender, immigrant generation (first versus second), and ethnicity. Conclusions Psychological and eudaimonic well-being appear to be inherently individualistic conceptions of happiness, and endorsement of individualistic values appears linked with these forms of well-being. Attachments to a cultural groupthe United States, one's country of origin, or bothappear to promote psychological and eudaimonic well-being as well. The present findings suggest that similar strategies can be used to promote well-being for both male and female students, for students from various ethnic backgrounds, and for both first-generation and second-generation immigrant students.

Background: Participation in drinking games (DG) has been identified as a common health-risk behavior among college students. However, research suggests that the frequency of DG participation alone may not pose a significant health risk; rather, gaming may be most hazardous when large amounts of alcohol are consumed. Objectives: The present study was designed to examine whether specific gaming behaviors (frequency of play and amount of consumption) place gamers at elevated risk for negative drinking outcomes. Method: Students from 30 U. S. colleges completed self-report questionnaires via the Internet about their drinking attitudes and behaviors. Four groups of student gamers (N = 2,230) were examined: low frequency/low consumption (n = 1,047), low frequency/high consumption (n = 453), high frequency/low consumption (n = 326), and high frequency/high consumption (n = 404). Results: Multilevel regression analyses indicated that the frequency x consumption interaction emerged as a significant predictor of negative drinking consequences. Follow-up analyses indicated that quantity of alcohol consumed during DG predicted negative drinking consequences for high-frequency gamers only. Conclusions/Scientific Contribution: The present results challenge the assumption that all drinking-gaming practices pose equivalent health risks for gamers. Considering only participation in or level of consumption during DG may not tell the complete story with respect to the health hazards involved with gaming behaviors among college students.

OBJECTIVES:To investigate the protective role of personal identity consolidation against health risk behaviors in college-attending emerging adults.METHODS:A multisite sample of 1546 college students completed measures of personal identity consolidation and recent risk behavior engagement.RESULTS:Multivariate Poisson regression indicated that personal identity consolidation was negatively related to binge drinking, illicit drug use, sexual risk behaviors, and risky driving. These findings were consistent across gender, ethnicity, and place of residence.CONCLUSIONS:A consolidated sense of personal identity may protect college-attending emerging adults from health-compromising behaviors. Health professionals could incorporate an identity development component into college health programming.