Abstract Overweight and obesity has increased in prevalence over the last two decades in many developed and developing countries including Iran. The aim of this present study was to compare the weight reduction effects of ketogenic and low calorie diets on overweight and obese Iranian children. Seventy-six overweight or obese children aged 9-16 years recruited from outpatient Ghaem Hospital, Nutritional Clinic, were randomized into two groups: a low calorie diet (n=38), a ketogenic diet (n=38). Both groups were treated for three months and followed up weekly. Fasting lipid profiles, blood sugar, uric acid, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, , and weight were measured. Body fat percentages were measured using Bioimpedance Analysis (Tanita body composition analyzer, BC-418, Japan) for all subjects’ in each visit. Both ketogenic and low caloric diets reduced obesity indices including body fat percentage and improved lipid profiles (P0.05). However, low caloric diet had more potential beneficial effect on body fat percentage and lipid profile than ketogenic diet (P

BACKGROUND:The angle kappa is important in proper centration of corneal ablation in keratorefractive surgery. Orbscan II device is widely used preoperatively in photoablation surgeries and can be used to measure the angle kappa.OBJECTIVES:This study aimed to determine the mean angle kappa and its intercepts in healthy young Iranian adults.PATIENTS AND METHODS:In this cross-sectional study, orthotropic patients (age range, 18-35 years) who were referred to the Khatam Eye Hospital (Mashhad, Iran) were included. Exclusion criteria were as follows: history of any eye deviation or strabismus with or without orthoptic or surgical treatment; any intraocular, corneal, or keratorefractive surgery; contact lens use; any corneal anomaly; any ophthalmic or systemic drug consumption; and hyperopic spherical refraction > + 3.00 diopters (D), spherical refraction > -5.00 D, or cylindrical refraction > 2.00 D. All of the parameters were measured by the same operator through an Orbscan II device.RESULTS:A total of 977 healthy participants who aged 18 to 45 years were included consecutively. The study population consisted of 614 females and 363 males. The average angle kappa was 5.00º ± 1.36º at 240.21º ± 97.17º in males and 4.97º ± 1.30º at 244.22º ± 94.39º in females (P = 0.63). The average horizontal (x-axis) angle kappa was -0.02º ± 0.49º, with a mean of -0.02º ± 0.50º in males and -0.02º ± 0.49º in females (P = 0.93). The average vertical (y-axis) angle kappa was -0.09º ± 0.32º, with a mean of -0.09º ± 0.33º in males and -0.09º ± 0.32º in females (P = 0.74).CONCLUSIONS:By using the normal angle kappa determined in this study, pseudodeviations can be identified more precisely in those who might undergo keratorefractive surgery.

The objective of study was to determine the normative values of anterior and posterior best fit sphere (A-BFS and P-BFS) measured with Orbscan II Topography System. In this cross-sectional study, patients (age range: 18–40 years) referred to the Khatam Eye Hospital (Mashhad, Iran) were put in an observational cross-sectional study. The A-BFS and P-BFS were measured with the Orbscan II. The differences between genders, between right and left eyes, and age-related changes were evaluated. A total of 977 healthy participants consisted of 614 female and 363 male subjects aged 18–35 years participated. The average A-BFS in our study population was recorded as 43.060 ± 1.541 D (median: 43.00 D, mode: 43.10 D, range: 38.80–55.80 D). The average P-BFS in our study population was recorded as 52.702 ± 2.190 D (median: 52.60 D, mode: 53.10 D range: 46.9–62.20 D). The A-BFS and P-BFS were respectively 42.753 ± 1.629 and 52.327 ± 2.376 D in males and 43.242 ± 1.457 and 52.924 ± 2.041 D in females, which were statistically different between the genders (P < 0.001). However, A-BFS and P-BFS were not statistically different between right and left eyes (P = 0.649 and P = 0.688 respectively). In addition, A-BFS and P-BFS were not correlated with the age (r = 0.038, P = 0.096 and r = −0.142, P = 0.178 respectively). Considering 95 % confidence interval, A-BFS less than 43.13 D and greater than 42.99 D and P-BFS less than 52.80 D and greater than 52.60 D would be considered abnormal. Detailed description and analysis of A-BFS and P-BFS with Orbscan demonstrated that the obtained average value of BFS were higher in male than female and did not change with increasing age.

Purpose: To report a young patient with microphthalmos associated with bilateral papillomacular fold and severe hyperopia Case report: In this observational case report, a sixteen-year-old young man was referred with high hyperopia to Al-Zahra Eye Hospital, Zahedan University of Medicalf Sciences, Zahedan, Iran, for check up. Spherical error in right eye (RE) was +14.75 D and in the left eye (LE) was +15.00 D without astigmatism. Keratometry was reported 51.50, 52.25@113 in RE and 51.25, 52.25@65 in LE. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/25 in both eyes. Axial length in RE was 14.8 mm and 14.9 mm in LE. Also cornea diameter measured 9.9 for both eyes. In fundus exam, a papillomacular retinal fold extending from the center of the fovea toward the optic nerve head was present. In OCT exam, papillomacular fold with thickness of 322 microns in RE and 277 microns in LE were reported. In Pentacam exam, anterior chamber depth, central corneal thickness and anterior and posterior best fit sphere (BFS) were reported 2.34 mm, 565 microns, 6.54 mm and 5.39 mm in RE and 2.41 mm, 578 microns, 6.54 mm and 5.39 mm in LE. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was 13 mmHg in both eyes and there was no sign of angle closure glaucoma. Conclusion: Microphthalmos may be associated with high hypermetropia, thick papillomacular fold, and steep cornea with a relative good vision.

Purpose: The objective of study was (i) to determine the normative values of anterior chamber depth (ACD) with Orbscan II Topography System and (ii) to compare right and left eyes data in the normal young population. Methods: A total of 1001 healthy participants aged 18-45 years participated in this observational cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of 616 female and 385 male subjects. The ACD was measured with the Orbscan II. In our study, ACD was defined as the distance between the corneal epithelium and the anterior lens surface. The differences between genders, between right and left eyes and age-related changes were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using student t test. Results: The average ACD in our study population was recorded as 3.653 ± 0.306 mm (median: 3.670 mm, mode: 3.70 mm, minimum: 2.35 mm and maximum: 6.60 mm, 95% Confidence interval: 3.640 to 3.666). The ACD was 3.64±0.30 mm in males and 3.67±0.32 mm in females which was statistically different between genders (P < 0.01). There was a much similarity in ACD values in both eyes. ACD was decreased with age (r= -0.250, p<0.001). Conclusion: Detailed description and analysis of ACD with Orbscan demonstrated that the obtained average value of ACD was higher in female than male and decreased slightly with increasing age. There was no difference between the eyes.

Background and aim: Intestinal-type gastric carcinomas progress through chronic inflammation and atrophic gastritis. Heat shock protein 27(HSP27), a stress-induced molecular chaperone, inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. In previous reports have been suggested that HSP27 plays an important role in inflammation and carcinogenesis. We investigated HSP27 expression in gastric neoplasia and background gastric mucosa to assess its involvement in gastric carcinogenesis. Methods:We used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to examine HSP27 expression in gastric neoplasias and in gastric mucosae of 30 patients with intraepithelial neoplasias and in gastric mucosae of 30 patients without gastric neoplasia. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on 30 advanced gastric cancer tissues. Results: HSP27 expression was negatively associated with atrophic gastritis. HSP27 expression in the background gastric mucosa of those without gastric neoplasia(P= 0.004).In tumor necrosis factor -treated gastric cancer cell,HSP27 knockdown increased cell death and ROS accumulation that link inflammation to cancer. Poorly differentiated tumors most frequently had high HSP27 levels. Dedifferentiated of cancer cells is associated with an epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling pathway. In gastric cancer MKN-1 cells, HSP27 knockdown upregulated E-cadherin and downregulated vimentin and smooth muscle actin, but this did not occur in MKN-74 cells. Conclusion: HSP27 expression in gastric mucosae is negatively correlated with intraepithelial neoplasia, a probable precursor to gastric cancer and HSP27 expression in cancer is positively correlated with poor differentiation.

Background and aim: Intestinal-type gastric carcinomas progress through chronic inflammation and atrophic gastritis. Heat shock protein 27(HSP27), a stress-induced molecular chaperone, inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. In previous reports have been suggested that HSP27 plays an important role in inflammation and carcinogenesis. We investigated HSP27 expression in gastric neoplasia and background gastric mucosa to assess its involvement in gastric carcinogenesis. Methods:We used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to examine HSP27 expression in gastric neoplasias and in gastric mucosae of 30 patients with intraepithelial neoplasias and in gastric mucosae of 30 patients without gastric neoplasia. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on 30 advanced gastric cancer tissues. Results: HSP27 expression was negatively associated with atrophic gastritis. HSP27 expression in the background gastric mucosa of those without gastric neoplasia(P= 0.004).In tumor necrosis factor -treated gastric cancer cell,HSP27 knockdown increased cell death and ROS accumulation that link inflammation to cancer. Poorly differentiated tumors most frequently had high HSP27 levels. Dedifferentiated of cancer cells is associated with an epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling pathway. In gastric cancer MKN-1 cells, HSP27 knockdown upregulated E-cadherin and downregulated vimentin and smooth muscle actin, but this did not occur in MKN-74 cells. Conclusion: HSP27 expression in gastric mucosae is negatively correlated with intraepithelial neoplasia, a probable precursor to gastric cancer and HSP27 expression in cancer is positively correlated with poor differentiation.

Objectives: Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is one of the most important procedures in emergency medicine. As new trends are evolving in medical education , we planned to evaluate the interests and knowledge of medical students regarding educational methods in CPR learning. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional analytical descriptive study, a standardized questionnaire was distributed among 180 medical interns at the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The questionnaire had three parts: demographics, general questions, and CPR knowledge. If they had more than 10 correct answers (out of 15) in knowledge, they were placed in group A and if more than 5, in group B and correct answers less than 5 were categorized in group C. Results: 159 interns filled the questionnaires. Mean age was 24.99 ± 0.96 and 56.5% were female; 52.7% were educated only theoretically and 47.3% had combined theoretical and clinical knowledge; male interns were significantly more educated (P = 0.041). Residents were the majority of trainers (56.8%) and only 14.3% were educated by the staffs. Only 7% mentioned that they felt they could do a complete CPR and 37.3% considered themselves as assistants; 93.7% believed that isolated emergency ward and teaching courses were needed for better education and 95% declared that continuous education is obligatory; 33.5% were in group A and 45.8% were in group B. Conclusions: CPR education is of interest to most interns. Due to lack of emergency medicine wards and, the interns’ knowledge and their practical skills were insufficient to perform acceptable CPR.