Background: Breast cancer (BC) is a disease in which cells in the breast grow out of control. There are different kinds of BC. The kind of BC depends on which cells in the breast turn into cancer. BC can begin in different parts of the breast. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate using Kinesin-4A (KIF4A) protein as a Diagnostic and Prognostic biomarker in Iraqi Women with Breast Cancer. Materials and Methods: This study involved 70 Iraqi women with (BC), who had BC diagnosed for the first time. The study also included a control group (CG) of 70 participants. The period the study extended from February 2021 to October 2022. The research was carried out in Iraq, at the Department of Biochemistry in the College of Medicine at the University of Babylon, as well as at The Oncology Center at Marjan Teaching Hospital in Hilla City, Iraq. Determination of kinesin-4A, β-tubulin, and exosomes was done by a fully automated Elisys Uno Analyzer before and after mastectomy. Various circulating biomarkers and tumor markers were investigated including liver function test. Results: First-time diagnosis show that kinesin-4A and β-tubulin were found to be increased in women with BC (P < 0.01), whereas the levels of exosomes were extremely high in BC women compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Two weeks after the mastectomy, the results of kinesin-4A, β-tubulin, and exosomes dropped dramatically near normal levels. Conclusion: These results suggest that different types of BC can alter several aspects of host immunity causing increased production of specific immune products. And these products can use as diagnostic and prognostic markers to reduce invasive procedures such as surgeries or radiation exposure.

Background: Measuring electrolytes in the blood is considered one of the most common diagnostic techniques. Objectives: To assess sodium, potassium, zinc, and copper levels and examine the correlation between parameters and study their probable relation with hyperlipidemia in Babylon province. Materials and Methods: Sodium, potassium, zinc, and copper were estimated in one hundred subjects; 50 patients with hyperlipidemia and 50 healthy subjects participated in this study. The age of the patients and control groups ranged between 19 and 75 years. Sodium and potassium levels were assessed by colorimetric enzymatic technique, whereas the level of zinc and copper was assessed in serum by the flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometer method. Results: Serum levels of sodium and zinc displayed a significant decrease, whereas serum copper significantly elevated (P < 0.05) in hyperlipidemia patients compared with the control group. Serum potassium observed nonsignificant change (P-value > 0.05) in hyperlipidemia patients. On the other hand, copper and zinc correlated significantly with cholesterol, triglyceride, and sodium. Conclusion: Among hyperlipidemia patients in Babylon province, the variability in some trace elements and some electrolytes concentration indicate a significant relationship with hyperlipidemia.

A case-control study include 60 patients with beta-thalassemia major type with recurrent blood transfusion were visited Babylon center of hereditary blood disorder in Babylon teaching hospital for maternity and children and 60 individuals who seemed to be healthy. This study aimed to assess N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and others renal function and to look for renal complications in those patients if any. These patients and control groups divided into two subgroups according to age, group I were less than 18 year and group II were equal or more than 18 years. The present study’s findings showed that there was a significant difference in the levels of Albumin to creatinine ratio, Beta2-microglobulin, N-Acetyl beta-D-glucosaminidase, serum creatinine level, and blood urea between patients group and its healthy group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, beta-thalassemia major patients frequently have renal hemosiderosis and asymptomatic renal impairment, which are not found in routine renal investigations, it needs regular checks for early detection of tubular and glomerular failure

For the assessment of Galectin-3 leveland toinvestigate the possible relation of Galectin-3 with age, genderand different stage and grade of bladder cancer in Babylon province. Galectin-3 was measured in two hundredsubjects; 100 diagnosed with bladder cancer and 100 healthy subjectswere registered in this revision.Theage of patients and control ranged between (38-79) years.The level of Galectin-3was assessed in serum byenzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)technique.Serum levels of Galectin-3displayed a significantincrease in bladder cancer group associated with control group (p<0.01). Amongbladder cancer patients inBabylon province, increase Galectin-3 concentration indicate the significant relationshipwithbladder cancer.

Background: Bladder cancer (BC) is a multifaceted disease accompanying with high morbidity and mortality rates if not treated optimally. multifaceted disease accompanying with increase rate of death if not cured is Bladder cancer (BC). Aims: this study aimed to investigate the association between (rs9642880 G > T) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the Myc gene and the incidence of BC. Subjects and Methods: one hundred BC subjects and 100 healthy subjects (control group) were participated in this revision. Blood sample were taken from all participant for DNA extraction. Specific primers were used for amplification of Myc gene by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used for SNPs Genotyping. Results: Results of (rs9642880 G>T) SNP of Myc gene failed to indicate significant ( p >0.05 ) association with the occurrence of BC under genotype distribution, inheritance models and minor allele frequency analyses. Conclusion: The Myc gene SNP (rs9642880 G>T ) positively associated with the development of BC in Babylon province.

Background: Ceruloplasmin (CP) is a copper-containing glycoprotein found in the globulin portion of human blood serum 2. CP, a glycoprotein secreted by hepatocytes, carries more than 90% of copper in the bloodstream of healthy people. CP is an effective antioxidant that prevents lipid peroxidation by removing oxygen. CP inhibits lipid peroxidation initiation. CP has function also known as an extracellular superoxide dismutase species (SOD) that neutralizes radicals of superoxide anions. Aims: The aim of this study is to understand the status of CP in chronic liver disease (CLD) patients, which could yield important information regarding the overall oxidative stress and iron storage. Out of the total 86 samples, 50 samples were patients who have been diagnosed with CLD, especially chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), collected from the Center of Internal Medicine and Cardiology in Marjan Teaching Hospital in Hillah city, Babylon Province, Iraq and other samples were healthy controls. Materials and Methods: The CP oxidase activity test was processed by PPD buffer oxidation. Ferritin concentration was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: There were no significant differences in levels of ferritin between HBV and HCV patient groups, but there are slight increases in the mean of CP activity in the HCV patients. A positive significant correlation was observed between CP activity and ferritin. Conclusion: 1. CP activity increases in CLD patient and in HCV more than HBV. 2. CP activity is affected by viral load so it increases in positive viral load patients compared with negative viral load patients. 3. There was a positive correlation between CP activity and ferritin. 4. Serum ferritin is not affected by CLD.

This study was conducted to assess the potential association between leptin (LEP) gene polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Iraqi patients. Genomic DNA was extracted from 120 diabetic subjects and 100 controls. Three specific PCR fragments were designed to flank three highly frequent single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)s within LEP, rs11761556, rs12706832 and rs2167270. The amplified loci were genotyped by PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) followed by Sanger sequencing for representative genotypes. Logistic regression analysis was performed to detect the association between the targeted genetic variants and T2DM. PCR-SSCP genotyping showed three banding patterns for all three targeted SNPs. Individuals with the AA genotype in both rs11761556 and rs12706832 SNPs showed significantly higher (P<0.05) body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting blood glucose (FBG), hemoglobin A 1c (HbA1c), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) values than those with other genotypes. Association analysis revealed that individuals with the A allele exhibited a greater risk of T2DM. Data of the present investigation indicated that both rs11761556 and rs12706832 SNPs exerted a noticeable association with T2DM. The study suggests implementing both rs11761556 and rs12706832 SNPs in the early detection of T2DM.

This study is designed to evaluate the level of serum electrolytes and the enzymes (AST, LDH and CK-BB) during October 2020 – January 2021 in Babylon state, Iraq. The aim is to observe the change in the concentration of those parameters in children under five years old with central nervous system (CNS) infections. 70 samples of blood have been collected from patients with CNS infection and 50 from normal individual as control group, 25 male (18.6 ± 1.2) and 25 female (18.3 ± 1.1). Hyponatremia was found in more than 70% of cases which most likely due to SIADH and rarely CSW, hypokalemia in 8.4% (n=6) and hypocalcemia in 56.3%. the concentration of Ck-BB isoenzyme was significantly (P≤ 0.01) higher in patient when compared with control group as well as the level of both AST and LDH in patient were significant high at (P≤ 0.01).

Background: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a common, complex, and costly complication of diabetes that affects the lower extremities. Foot ulceration is the most frequently recognized issues in this disease. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), encompassing 14 kb, is located on chromosome 6p21.3, and contains 8 exons and 7 introns. There are at least 25 different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the VEGF that are associated with DFU, the current study deals with the most frequent and important one, the rs699947. Objective: To investigate the molecular basis of the SNP (rs699947) (-2578C > A) and its correlation with biochemical parameters, such as HbA1c, GSH and MDA, in patients with DFU, in the Kerbala province of Iraq. Materials and methods: This study was a cross-sectional study, including 240 subjects of both sexes, which are randomly selected. Subjects were divided into two groups, 120 had DFU and 120 had type 2 diabetes (T2DM), as a control group. The VEGF genotyping was performed by the amplification refractory mutation system- Polymerase Chain Reaction (ARMS-PCR) of DNA, extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 120 unrelated patients, and 120 unrelated control donors. Results: The VEGF polymorphism (rs699947) has a significant association with DFU. The AC genotype significantly raised the risk of DFU (p value <= 0.01), but the C allele was more effective in this increase (p value <= 0.01). The correlation of AA, AC and CC genotypes of the VEGF polymorphism (rs699947) with biochemical parameters, such as HbA1c, GSH and MDA was significant (p value <= 0.01), comparing patients with DFU, and T2DM as a control group. Conclusion: A significant association was found between the VEGF polymorphism (rs699947) and DFU, in comparison with the T2DM, as a control group.

The presented study aims to evaluate the levels of serum reduced. glutamine , lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde status with Mild, severe preeclampsia and healthy pregnant control in the case – control study. Twenty five patients with severe preeclampsia, twenty five patients with mild preeclampsia and fifty healthy pregnant as control in Babylon province / Iraq were enrolled in this study. Results of this study were shown The median serum reduced GSH concentration in the preeclampsia group was significantly lower than that in the group with normal pregnancy, indicating that there is more extensive oxidative stress in preeclamptic pregnancy. Also In this result, there was increased in malondialdhyde level in preeclampsia pregnant women groups when compared with non-preeclampsia pregnant women group.

Diabetes is one of the most common diseases that has had devastating effects on the general population. It is also among the most popular research trends in modern medicine. Thus, due to the complexity and desirability of this particular affliction, there is a lot of demand towards understanding this disease better, so that it can pave the way towards better solutions in combating diabetes. The aim of this review is to provide a categorization of the risk factors leading to Type II Diabetes. In order to provide a justification for the type of diabetes, an explanation is provided which covers the other types of diabetes and their relative infliction rate. Once the basics understanding of diabetes established, the various aspects that increase the risk of Type II Diabetes (T2D) can be classified. Several different facets are studied in order to come up with a novel classification of the disease. The classification divides the risk factors into sociodemographic and pathophysiological attributes. The major affecting attribute is identified to be genetics, as it is intertwined with other attributes. With the use of bioinformatics, advanced gene sequencing techniques can be applied that would enable the identification of patterns more closely affecting Type II Diabetes. These patterns can be cross-analyzed with pre-existing conditions in order to identify similarities and possible risk factors from other diseases. Ultimately, this classification provides a deeper understanding of the factors affecting Type II Diabetes.

Background: Urinary Arginase is an enzyme found in the urine that can be measured by ELISA. Thesensitivity and specificity of this test can also be checked.Aim: The present study aims to determine Arginase in urine in the bladder cancer patient’s the type of thisstudy is case- controls study.Method: The study was conducted during the period from August 2019 until February 2020. There are twogroups, the first containing forty-five patients and the second forty-five control.Results: The level of arginase in the urine of CA Bladder patients was evaluated in the two groups, the firstgroup, G1 newly diagnosis (94.6+17.2), and second group G2 treatment and follow-up (.91.2±13.6),comparedwith normal patients control group (77.9±12.9).In this study, urinary arginase was significantly higher inboth groups of Bladder cancer patients G1 and G2 compared to normal control group of patients (CG)P value 0.05. Throughout this analysis, the amount of urinary arginase increases with anincrease in the cancer stage, thereby increasing cell degradation and releasing more protein molecules in theurine, such as arginase.In Conclusion: This enzyme may serve as a useful biological urinary marker in bladder cancer while alsobeing an indication of the progression of bladder cancer. the sensitivity of this test (92.59) and the Specificity(51.52)The sensitivity and specificity of this test should be improved in order to be used in the follow-up ofpatients with bladder cancer

Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common nonmalignant disorder in elderly men. Objectives: The objective of the present study was planned to evaluate the frequency and association of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene G↔A (Val 158 Met) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with BPH in Babylon Province. Materials and Methods: To accomplish this purpose, 146 patients with BPH and 102 apparently healthy controls were subjected to the study. DNA was extracted from whole blood for all samples. Genotyping of COMT gene G↔A (Val 158 Met) SNP was carried out by allele-specific oligonucleotides-polymerase chain reaction. Results: Results indicated that the homozygous genotype (Met158Met) (AA) of COMT gene G↔A (Val 158 Met) SNP was found to be significantly increase the risk of BPH by three folds with respect to those of the wild genotype (Val158Val) (GG) of COMT gene G↔A (Val 158 Met) SNP. The heterozygous genotype (Val158Met) (GA) of COMT gene G↔A (Val 158 Met) SNP was found to be none significantly increase the risk of BPH with respect to those of the wild genotype (Val158Val) (GG) of COMT gene G↔A (Val 158 Met) SNP. The minor allele frequencies (A) of COMT gene G↔A (Val 158 Met) SNP were significantly higher in BPH patients when compared with that of the control group. Conclusions: The COMT gene G↔A (Val 158 Met) SNP is involved in the pathogenesis of BPH.

Little is known about the comparative heterogeneity of protein compounds among a wide variety of birds’ egg white, particularly, an analysis of their detailed, in-parallel protein composition. Hence this research is conducted mainly to evaluate the extent of variability among 42 types of birds’ egg white. To improve the perception of these biological fluids, the main phenotypic variations of egg whites were evaluated using the discontinuous denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Gradient SDS-PAGE, Native-PAGE, cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and the reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The results showed that the Native-PAGE and SDS-PAGE produced better screening results than other methods in identifying protein. Although  Native-PAGE and SDS-PAGE did not show remarkable variability in terms of hydrophobicity, several electrophoretic differences of egg-white proteins were observed. Several unknown proteins in the egg white samples of different bird species were also identified through the electrophoretic experiments. Hence, it might be possible, as in the case of egg white samples, to provide a characterized assessment among birds by using only the available gel electrophoresis techniques. This study also provided a rapid snapshot of the initial identification of several unknown components of egg white proteins. Accordingly, this study constituted the first large-scale comparative proteomics investigation performed among the largely varying types of egg whites from commercial stores and bird keepers in the middle Euphrates areas in Iraq.

The comparative heterogeneity of the detailed, in-parallel protein composition data analysis for wide varieties of birds' egg white samples has not yet been fully defined. The main object of this research is to evaluate the extent of variability among more than 40 types of birds' egg white. To improve the perception of these biological fluids, the main phenotypes variations of egg white were evaluated using the discontinuous denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Gradient SDS-PAGE, Native-PAGE, cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Though the latest techniques didn't show significant variability in terms of hydrophobicity, several electrophoretic differences of egg-white proteins were observed. As well, several unknown proteins in many egg white samples of different bird species were identified through electrophoretic experiments. So, it might be possible, as it shown in many cases of egg white samples, to provide a characterized assessment among birds only by using the available gel electrophoresis techniques. Also, this study provides a rapid snapshot for the initial identification of several unknown egg white protein components. According to our knowledge, this study constitutes the first large-scale comparative proteomics investigation performed among these largely variable types of egg white samples.

Little is known about the comparative heterogeneity of protein compounds among a wide variety of birds’ egg white, particularly, an analysis of their detailed, in-parallel protein composition. Hence this research is conducted mainly to evaluate the extent of variability among 42 types of birds’ egg white. To improve the perception of these biological fluids, the main phenotypic variations of egg whites were evaluated using the discontinuous denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Gradient SDS-PAGE, Native-PAGE, cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and the reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The results showed that the Native-PAGE and SDS-PAGE produced better screening results than other methods in identifying protein. Although  Native-PAGE and SDS-PAGE did not show remarkable variability in terms of hydrophobicity, several electrophoretic differences of egg-white proteins were observed. Several unknown proteins in the egg white samples of different bird species were also identified through the electrophoretic experiments. Hence, it might be possible, as in the case of egg white samples, to provide a characterized assessment among birds by using only the available gel electrophoresis techniques. This study also provided a rapid snapshot of the initial identification of several unknown components of egg white proteins. Accordingly, this study constituted the first large-scale comparative proteomics investigation performed among the largely varying types of egg whites from commercial stores and bird keepers in the middle Euphrates areas in Iraq.

Background: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) has gained commercial importance in food and health industries due to increasing scientific evidence linking its consumption to better health outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to detect the active substances (phenols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins) in the pomegranate peel and their effectiveness against bacteria isolated from intestine and stomach which included Salmonella and Escherichia coli, which are responsible for most gastrointestinal diseases. Materials and Methods: The experiment was designed randomly and was statistically analyzed using the least significant difference at P < 0.05. The plant extracts were obtained by alcoholic extraction using Soxholet. The compounds were diagnosed qualitatively and quantitatively using reference methods. Results: The results showed that peels contained high concentration compounds of alkaloid, tannic acid, and saponins. A 15% alcohol extract gave a high inhibition rate compared to the water extract and alcohol at a rate of 40 mm corresponds to 19 mm in the chloroform extract and 20 mm in the water extract at the concentration of 15%. A 15% concentration of alcoholic extract with antacid ampicillin and chlorophyll was compared with high efficacy compared to effective anti-ampicillin.

This study was conducted to describe the role of the chloroplast maturase K (matK) genetic polymorphism in the reciprocal crossing between five barley varieties using several in vitro / in silico tools. Besides, the final consequences of the matK gene polymorphism on its protein structure, function, and interactions were predicted computationally. Five parental varieties were crossed to each other by full reciprocal crossing design, DNA was extracted from seeds and two different primers’ pairs were designed to scan matK gene. Then, polymerase chain reaction - single-stranded conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) were performed. Two distinct haplotypes in both parents and artificial F1 hybrids in the matK gene were observed in both amplified fragments. This finding indicated that the studied gene had no participation in the reciprocal crossing performed. Three SNPs were identified; two of them are non-synonymous (nsSNPs), namely G387V and L459M. The effect of these missense mutations on the matK protein was analyzed by several in silico tools. It was shown that the coding SNP, L459M was predicted to have much more effective consequences on matK protein structure and function. While the I-Mutant 2.0 prediction tool showed a decrease in stability for these two nsSNPs, which may destabilize the protein interactions to some extent. In conclusion, though the observed missense mutations in the matK gene have no suggestive role in the reciprocally crossed barley varieties, they caused dramatic alterations in several matK protein moieties, which may lead to potential subsequent changes in the matK protein-mediated RNA splicing mechanisms.