Due to the consideration of less angle of attack in the Airfoil, the previous studies didn't achieve accurate results on velocity and pressure of air fluid.Also, previous studies haven't taken into account both the coefficients of drag and lift forces at the same time.In this study, first-time we used the NACA 4412 (national advisory committee for aeronautics 4412) Airfoil because of its availability, lightweight, and flat bottom surface which prevents negative ground effects.Here the NACA 4412 Airfoil surface characteristics were studied through ANSYS Fluent laminar flow analysis as well as pressure-based ANSYS fluent solver.When we increased the angle of attack from 0º to 18º the coefficients of lift and drag forces increase gradually, which impacts the values of the velocity of the upper surface and pressure of the lower surface in the air-fluid.The coefficient of lift and drag forces on the airfoil's surface were 0.44 and 0.5, while the velocity and pressure at the surface are 80.5354 ms -1 and 2.12 × 10 3 Pa respectively at a 16º angle.

Microchannels based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have received a lot of interest in the microfluidics and biomedical fields over the past forty years.While their applications have been multifarious, a comprehensive literature review focusing on their design, type, and applications is not currently present in the literature.Researchers working on these elements of microchannels will gain targeted knowledge from the current review on microchannels.Due to its advanced properties, flexibility of mass, and small size, microdevice demand has been rising quickly, particularly in industrial applications.The classification of microchannels and their uses are the main focus of this work.These include but are not limited to molding, electroplating, lithography, lab-ona-chip, micromolding, micromachining, micromilling, laser ablation, lithography, microcontact printing (µcp), hot embossing, electrochemical micromachining (EMM), and etching.In addition, numerous hybrid techniques for microchannel manufacturing have been reported.So, in essence, this review offers a range of advancements in microchannel manufacturing.The review also attempts to present a qualitative analysis describing the various methodologies associated with microchannels in terms of their design, shape, and flow regimes for applications such as pressure drop and transfer of heat prediction.Additionally, depending on the precise uses needed, a number of materials, including but not limited to ceramics, silicon, metals, and polymers, are utilized in the manufacture of microchannels.On metallic substrates, polymers such as silicon, glass, and polymeric materials are used.The biomedical industry uses polymeric and glass substrates instead of silicon substrates, which are used for mechanical engineering and electronic applications.In addition to outlining methods for choosing the best kind of microchannel, this paper also suggests important directions for the future.

The capability of temperature variation is essential for cooling industrial operations like transportation such as car and heavy vehicle radiators, electronics devices, petroleum industrial systems, etc. Different methods and fluids are used in the cooling process in industrial systems.The basic fluids are based on temperature, thermal stability, and the effectiveness of heat transmission.Thermal characteristics improve when nanoparticles are added to the basic fluid.Using Al2O3 nanofluid the heat transfer and variation in the temperature at the entrance side and outlet side of the microchannel pipe were studied.Through ANSYS Fluent, a well-defined method for utilizing Al2O3 nanofluids to investigate the impact of various performance optimization factors of nanofluids was performed.The temperature of the nanofluids at the inlet and outlet is found 300 K and 313.7 K, respectively during the simulation.The pressure drops from the inlet side to the outlet side as well a result that raising the temperature, heat coefficient, thermal conductivity, and viscosity of the base fluids when Al2O3 nanoparticles are added.

During the operation of lithium-ion batteries, unexpected heat could be generated, which reduces the energy storage capacity as well as the longevity of the batteries.A unique cooling strategy involving an oscillating heat pipe is suggested as a solution to this study.The cooling channel is mounted on the outside of the battery module since electric vehicles have a little amount of space.This work used ANSYS/Fluent to build a lithium-ion battery model for a rectangular cell and evaluate its performance using the cooling system on the battery cell.The heat generated in the flow direction was absorbed by air-fluid throughout the cooling process, which decreased the cooling capacity.The temperature downstream is therefore always higher than the temperature upstream.In this process, the temperature varies from 288 K to 292 K. .In this study, the temperature of the battery rises quickly in the absence of a cooling system while rising gradually in the presence of one.As a result, the cooling system helped to provide a better outcome.

The thermal stability of nano composite materials is the important aspect of the modern era. In the advance modern devices, the nanostructures and nano composite material are used for the biological and other applications. The aluminum oxide is the most prominent oxides and composite at nano scale that show different structures, electrical and thermal properties which make it useful in different applications. Sol-Gel technique was used for synthesis to grow these nanostructures of Al2O3-ZrO2. Thermal stability was achieved and thermo-gravimetric (TGA) graphical analysis of synthesized material was performed. Size, phase and structure validation about the productive material was studied by X-Ray diffraction powder technique. Reaction completion and idea about annealing temperature of the synthesized material had pointed out by DSC-TGA (SDT) graphical peaks. Effect of the temperatures with equal variation from 500 0C, 700 0C, 900 0C and 1100 0C was performed to achieve the target thermal stability. Thermal analysis was also conducted in ANSYS workbench to visualize the thermal distributes like heat flux through the material. Optical properties such as band gap variation with temperature were studied by UV-vis analysis. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was also performed. This work provides useful information related to nanostructures with sintering effect, residual and thermally stable analysis.

BiFeO3 nanostructures (BFO) have gained enormous consideration owning to the novel size-dependent properties and outstanding multi-ferroic properties at room temperature. In the past few years, research has been carried out to study and characterize BFO and doped BFO structures on various substrates. In this work BFO, Lanthanum doped BFO, Yttrium doped BFO are fabricated on AAO template. The resultant films show the successful incorporation of BFO, La BFO and Y BFO in nano-porous AAO template. The particle size as well as band-gap shows a decrease due to the addition of BFO, La BFO and Y BFO in nano-porous AAO template.

Objective: To evaluate the performance of Nucleated RBC (NRBC) Count using a fully automated haematology analyzer versus manual counting. Study Design: Cross-Sectional Study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Hematology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, from Sep 2019-Jun 2020. Methodology: Routine fresh whole blood samples were run on Sysmex XN-3000 automated haematology analyzer and 384 samples with results of ≥0.1% Nucleated red blood cells were included in this study. Manual NRBC counting was carried out twice on Leishman-stained peripheral blood smears from all 384 samples. Comparison between manual and automated nucleated red blood cell counting methods was statistically analyzed through linear regression analysis & coefficient correlation. The degree of agreement between two methods was analyzed through Bland-Altman plot. Finally, concordance between the two methods was also analyzed at 5 different ranges of nucleated red blood cells. Results: Linear regression analysis revealed a (r2) value of 0.97. Regression equation was calculated as XN = 0.76MC ± 1.28, with 95% limits of agreement between ± 40.42% and -24.47%. A mean bias of 7.97% was demonstrated through Bland-Altman plot. Concordance analysis revealed a concordance rate of 93.74% (360/384). Nucleated red blood cell counting between two methods were more concordant when nucleated red blood cell counts were <200%. Conclusion: Nucleated red blood cells counting by XN-3000 automated hematology analyzer is statistically comparable to manual nucleated red blood cell counting. We suggest that automated counting can be adopted in routine hematology laboratory as a replacement of manual NRBC counting.

Microscopy techniques based on the measurements of polarimetric contrasts as proved to be an important tool to extract additional information about the organization and orientation of any anisotropic sample. More particularly, it has been proven their efficiency for quantitative methods for materials science and biomedical diagnosis. Among these techniques, we have developed a complete Stokes-vector and Mueller-matrix scanning microscope allowing the acquisition of all the physical effects induced by the interaction of the polarized light with a medium. This interaction can be summarized in a single 4x4 elements Mueller-matrix by comparing the independent coding and decoding polarization states, giving access to physical parameters such as dichroism, birefringence, and scattering, from the macro- to the microscopic scale. In this work, we proposed to image the anisotropic emission of molecules under illumination from multiphoton and fluorescence microscopy available on the same scanning microscope. Using Stokes-Mueller formalism, we demonstrate the potentiality to acquire intensity images combined with the anisotropy factor orientation and the scattering (Degree of Polarization) mapping for both modalities. As proof of principle, we have imaged particular biological structures of interests (collagen fibers and muscles) for thin and thick samples. Combining all this information, we propose to quantify locally the cellular and molecular organization at a different scale, from the microscopic to the nanoscopic level.

Harvesting the mechanical energy from environment sources such as wavy motion of plant leaves and branches could power up the low power consumption electrical devices and sensors. Such low power energy harvesting devices will replace the batteries especially at the remote areas where the replacement of batteries is very expensive or sometimes impossible. An environment friendly nano generator using ZnO nanorods can be built easily and useful for energy generation. Although, performance of harvesting ZnO piezoelectric nanorods have gradually improved even then their power is insufficient for real devices. However, the integration of nanogenerator devices for energy harvesting into a single power source is necessary. Therefore, its simulation using MATLAB fuzzy logic and fabrication is presented in this paper with a very low error of 0.24 % which shows its excellence in performance by presenting new technique of energy generation with plant leave movement. The fabricated ZnO nano-wires on aluminum substrate connected in series and parallel were also tested and the results are closely in contrast to the stimulated results. The nano-generator shows an enhanced voltage when connected in series and a high current value when connected in parallel. The nano-generator give a voltage of 0.695 mV when connected in series and a current density of 25 nA cm-2when connected in parallel.

We have successfully developed a polarization-resolved Light Scattering Spectroscopic Microscope (pLSS) that allows us to investigate the angular scattering signature of biological cells under polarized light illumination. Light scattering imaging is a label-free technique sensitive to the size, shape and orientation of biomolecules under observation. This non-invasive technique has already been applied in similar setups to analyze microspheres and biological structures like single chromosomes. The image represents the θ and φ angular scattering distribution in the back fourier plane on two CMOS cameras. The microscope is developed in both a transmission and reflection configuration, allowing an easy and cheap future implementation on a multimodal microscope. Depending on the NA of the mounted objective, the scattered polarimetric signal is collected over an angular range from 6° to 70°. A polarimetric generator and detector allow us to shine the sample with circular left and right polarization states. The scattered light outside the absorption band is specifically induced by the chiral organization, as we have proven in our previous work by imaging in situ the chromatin-DNA organization on isolated nuclei. In this work, the setup is first validated using a reference sample (diffraction patterns). We have then proceeded to compare experimental results for microspheres and simulations using Mie theory. The main application of this method is based on the scattered polarimetric signature, deriving from samples of nuclei affected by pathologies that cause a deformation and disorganization from the cellular to the chromatin-DNA level.

The advancement in nano-technology imposed great impact on human life due to its vast variety of applications in various fields like medical and healthcare, sports industry, textile industry, agriculture industry, food industry, cloth industry, electronic devices and energy sector. This advancement is based on versatile nano materials, those have attained gigantic reputation because of its superior properties and applications. By using smart and advanced nanomaterial, various types of nano-structures like nano-pores membrane/template, nanoparticles, nano-wires, nano-rods, nano-tube, nano-fibers can be synthesized by adopting echo friendly strategy. Among these nanostructures, anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) template has vast applications in filtration and purification, microelectromechanical system (MEMS) and for use in a template in electronics devices. In this work, Firstly authors have studied the mechanical behavior of AAO nano-porous template by performing finite element analysis using ANSYS. The results depicted that the porous template produced maximum deflection of 1.56 mu m at the middle when a pressure of 5 kPa is applied. Secondly, AAO templates were fabricated in two step anodization by using self-designed anodization setup. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was performed to investigate the pore size that is in the range of 60, 80 and 100 nm. After successful template/membrane fabrication the chemical bath deposition method were adopted to grow the zinc oxide (ZnO) nano rods on AAO template. These templates can be used to develop MEMS devices.

Zinc oxide nanowires were synthesized by simple hydrothermal method at 65 degrees C for 12 hour. We have used the neutrient solution of zinc-nitrate ((Zn(NO3)(2)) with hexamethylene tetramine (C6H12N4) in equimolar ratio. Growth pattern of ZnO NWs were epitaxial and investigated by X-ray diffraction for crystal structure that shows the zinc oxide nanowires are in hexagonal (wurtzite) structure form. UV-visible photometer spectro calculate the absorption (amalgamation) spectrum of zinc oxide nanowires. The surface morphology of as synthesized zinc oxide nanowires was measured by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). The sensor manufactured by zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires grown by hydrothermal technique was utilized for hydrogen gas sensing at 150 degrees C for about 1000 ppm concentration. The detector manufacture for hydrogen sensing shows a reversible cycle. The affect of working temperature was also tested on hydrogen gas sensing properties of ZnO nanowires.

In this paper, two different nanomaterials of pure anatase and Degussa-P25 TiO2 based dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) photoanode were fabricated and characterized to investigate the influence of the nanomaterials and the natural dye on various optical and structural parameters of the photoanodes. Adsorption of dye showed remarkable changes on the various structural parameters including crystallite size, strain, morphology index (MI), specific surface area (SSA), dislocation density, and crystallites per unit surface area (CPSA) for both the Degussa-P25 and pure anatase TiO2 samples analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). In UV-vis-NIR spectroscopic optical studies for the dye-adsorbed samples, the overall light absorption was found to decrease for both the anatase and Degussa-P25 from UV to NIR. On the other hand, the dye-free samples were found to exhibit a lower light absorption from UV to green and beyond that level, absorption showed higher value than the dye adsorbed samples. Among the dye-free and dye adsorbed samples, absorption depth was observed to increase more with the increasingly incident light wavelength for all the dye-adsorbed than the dye-free samples. Optical band gaps were found to decrease from 3.1 eV to 2.95 eV and 3 eV to 2.83 eV for dye-free and dye-adsorbed samples of Degussa-P25 and pure anatase, respectively.

The effect of time and pH on ZnO nanoparticles were observed as prepared via microwave-assisted approach. Zinc acetate dihydrate Zn (CH3COO)(2)center dot 2H(2)O used as precursor and 2 Propanol as solvent, NaOH was used as pH controller. ZnO nanoparticles (band gap 3.91 ev) of size within the range 50 nm to 80 nm were obtained by controlling the pH (6-8). Characterization techniques of synthesized samples were investigated by Xray diffraction (XRD), UV Visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM). Porous structure of ZnO nanoparticles was clearly observed with agglomeration. Above-mentioned variables, influenced the shape and size of prepared nanoparticles prominently. Briefly, the microwave irradiation technique with pH control was highlighted as quick, cheap and single step approach to control the morphology of semiconductor nanoparticles in present work.

The family of WG stream cipher is good for the security of resource constrained devices, they have good randomness properties. These ciphers applied efficiently on Microcontrollers, RFID tags and Sensor nodes. Structures of these ciphers are simple and easy to implement. Security of these ciphers against Time/Memory/Data tradeoff attack, algebraic attack, correlation attack, differential attack, distinguishing attack, cube attack and discrete fourier transform attack. Implementation on 4-bit microcontroller ATAM893D, 8-bit microcontroller ATmega128L from Atmel and 16-bit microcontroller MSP430 from Texas instruments offering a good security on these devices. Comparison with the other stream ciphers, series of lightweight WG stream ciphers WG-7, WG-8 and WG-16 better secured for lightweight embedded applications regarding their utilization of energy and the performance.

Cloud computing has brought new innovations in the paradigm of IT industry through virtualization and by offering low price services on pay-as-per-use basis. Since the development of cloud computing, several issues like security, privacy, cost, load balancing, power consumption, scheduling algorithms are still under research also the advent of newer technologies announces new-fangled risks and vulnerabilities. Although the cloud has a very advanced structures and expansion of services, security and privacy concerns have been creating obstacles for the enterprise to entirely shift to the cloud. A Threat Agent is an attacker, intruder, employee that takes the benefits of the vulnerabilities and risks in the system. Failure to ensure appropriate security protection when using cloud services could ultimately result in higher costs and potential loss of business, thus eliminating any of the potential benefits of cloud computing. There are different Information Security standards, governance and security frameworks, and guides to protect the organizations to protect from threat agents. In this research, cloud vulnerabilities and risks have been identified that can be exploited by the threat agent and mapped into renowned information security standard by National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST SP 800-53 Rev.3 to check whether the standard provides claim security to cloud users.

In the current research, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods and nano-walls are prepared which credibly shows high sensitivity to ethanol gas detection at room temperature. ZnO nanorods were synthesized by chemical method using liquid solution method on aluminum foil as a substrate. Its sensitivity for ethanol gas detection at low temperature was investigated. X-ray diffraction shows the crystal arrangement that is hexagonal wutzite and FE-SEM investigates the surface morphology is hexagonal wutzite. Sensing response was measured against different parameters such as time, temperature, gas concentration and metal catalyst. The working temperatures varies from 20-300 degrees C for ethanol sensing. We investigated percentage sensitivity and response versus time (s) on various substrates at 150 degrees C working temperature. We had also investigated that resistivity decreased with metal catalyst. Photoluminescence spectra show that ZnO is good absorber. Sensing response versus gas concentrations in ppm (10-1000ppm) ethanol shows that its sensitivity increases with gas concentration. The experimental results show that response is excellent at low temperature and increase gradually with temperature.

This papar presents the design, modeling and simulation of nanogenrator. Nano structure based energy genrator is used to convert the small physical motion into electrical energy such as body part motion, heart beating, vibrating parts of the factory machines walls, floors and thrilling parts of transports. In the present study, two input parameters like force and thickness and two output parameters like voltage and current have been considered and simulation was performed using the fuzzy logic technique. This approach helps to optimize the durable, accurate and efficient nano-generator. Basic Madami model of the fuzzy logic is used for calculations. The input and output parameters have been assigned three membership functions (MFs). The device works according to the instructions well-defined in the fuzzy inference system (FIS). On the basis of simulation we observed operational diagrams. Surface viewer were used to observe the curves and to analyse the results of all defined MFs. Diverse rules by making various group were defined in MATLAB rule managing editor and AND logic is adopted for simulation. Mamdani’s expression is used for the calculation of the outputs. The calculation based results and simulated results show very littile variation for fuzzy logic (FL) nanogenrator. There is present 1% error in simulated and theoretical values that shows that FL based nano-generator controller is very efficient to harvest the energy from nano structure based device.