Background: Helicohacter pylori is rod shaped Gram negative bacteria, and involved in different gastric complications, such as antral gastritis, gastric ulcer and gastric cancer. H. pylori have affected about half of the population around the world. Non invasive detection of H. pylori is the last technique for infection control. This study was aimed to detect H. pylori from saliva and gastric biopsies samples using molecular approach. Methods: Human saliva (n=150) and stomach biopsies (n=150) of the same patients having GI disturbance were collected, processed for culture and biochemical identification, PCR and species specific 16srRNA genes sequencing. Results: Phenotypically, H.pylori was observed in 20.6% (n=62) samples which includes detection rate of 16% (n=24) in saliva and 25.3% (n=38) in biopsies samples. The phenotypically positive H.pylori (n=62) samples were processed for PCR assay. The molecular detection rate of H.pylori was 58.3% (n=14) in saliva while 63.1% (n=24) in gastric biopsies. A nonsignificant difference (p=0.7040298) was observed in the PCR detection rate of H. pylori in saliva and biopsies samples. Selected H. pylori isolates from saliva were further confirmed on species specific 16s rRNA gene sequencing. Conclusion: The present study detected IL pylori is the saliva of GI disturbed patients. Findings of the study will be helpful to use saliva as diagnostic sample for IL pylori detection in high disease burden area like Pakistan.

Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. Millions of people die of cancer because of poor economic condition. Chemotherapy and surgical removal of tumor is last option in carcinoma but there are several drawbacks of chemotherapy and surgery. Because even after the chemotherapy there are high chances of cancer reversion, chemotherapy is highly expensive, and it has a lots of side effects. Nanotechnology is revolutionizing the medical field. Nanotechnology is the ability to work at the atomic, molecular, supramolecular levels (on a scale of similar to 1-100nm). A natural antioxidant flavonoid luteolin 30, 40, 5, 7-tetrahydroxyflavone nanoparticles present in vegetables is non-toxic and highly effective in cancer treatment. PLGA-PEG nanoparticles loaded with cisplatin has potent role in treating prostate cancer. This nanoparticle is commonly applied against LNcapcel a human prostate cancer cell line. Copper oxide nanoparticles active against A549 lung cancer cell. Photodynamic therapy is also good in cancer treatment. An analogue to surgery and chemotherapy in carcinoma treatment is through the applications of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Here we are providing an overview of nanoparticles characteristics their use in medical field especially in cancer therapy. In this review the anticancer activity of nanoparticles like zarconia, silver, gold, luteolin, titanium, copper oxide nanoparticle are studied. These nanoparticles possess anticancer activity against human cancer cell lines like lung, head, neck, intestinal etc.

Salmonella typhimurium is a pathogenic gram-negative bacterium, which is found primarily in the intestinal lumen. It often causes diarrhea in infants and young children and leads to food poisoning. Drug resistance of Salmonella typhimurium presented serious complications in clinical patients. The purpose of this study was to find out the prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi isolated from blood samples of typhoid suspected patients of both sexes. Samples were inoculated on MacConkey agar media and Blood agar media for primary identification of Salmonella species. Depending on colony formation, pigmentation, elevation and margins, colonies were presumably identified. All the islolate were were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility was measured in vitro by the Kirby-Bauer method. Out of total samples 1494 (76.8%) were positive for Salmonella typhi and 451 (23.2%) isolates were positive for Salmonella paratyphi. The growth positive rate in the samples of the two genders for Salmonella typhi-Male: 58% and Female: 42%, and for Salmonella paratyphi male: 74% and female: 26%. Of total isolates studied (60%) were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR) (defined as resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole, Azithromycin). Sensitivity ciprofloxacin of S. Typhi was high. Concurrently, there has been an increase in the number of isolates sensitive to all antibiotics except nalidixic acid. MDR S. Typhi continues to be an important public health issue. Presence of associated low-level ciprofloxacin resistance is a concern and requires further study.

The rational use of drugs requires that patients receive medicines appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses that meet their own individual requirements, for an adequate period of time and at the lowest cost to them and community. On other hand irrational use of refers to use of medicine without prescription of registered medical practitioner. First antibiotic was discovered by Alexander Fleming the potent effect of this antibiotic earlier against many microorganism is due the fact at that time there was a lack of drug resistance among many of the microorganism. This antibiotics work best for sometimes but after sometimes the irrational use of this antibiotics came in to being. Irrational use of antibiotics leads to the emergence of drug resistance and medicinal therapy failure. WHO announces that antibiotics is the most prescribed drugs all over the world and approximately 50% of antibiotics is prescribed or use without need of the patients. Therefore it is needed to use it appropriately. First step in minimizing the irrational use of antibiotics is to properly observe the quantity of dose, proper diagnoses of the disease so that particular antibiotics may be prescribed, measure the overall use of medicines. The second principle is to choose a drug that has the fewest adverse events for that patient. Third, clinicians should choose a drug that has efficacy in treating or preventing the disease but leaves other bacteria in the body intact. This review is an effort to highlight the risk associated with irrational use of antibiotics and step to minimize the irrational use of antibiotics.

H. pylori are the highly alarming and most frequently gastrointestinal-associated Gram-negative rod bacteria that cannot be easily eliminated from the body. H. pylori has always been known as related to acute or chronic gastritis, stomach, cancer, duodenal and peptic ulcers and lymphoma. Same to all under developed and developing countries, there is also high H. pylori prevalence in Pakistan. The prevalence of H. Pylori identified within a range of 50-90%. Various testing strategies and populations can be used because of this huge variation in prevalence. 135 chronic dyspeptic patients went for endoscopy procedures. From each patient two biopsies were collected (from the body and antrum of the stomach). The collected biopsies were quickly and aseptically transported to the department of pathology for histological examination for H. Pylori infection. Histological stains Hematoxylin & eosin along with Giemsa stain were performed for the identification. Histopathological examination revealed 116 (85.9%) out of 135; 71 mild, 20 moderate and 25 in severe condition. While in 83 (61%) patients atrophic changes were observed; 55 mild, 22 moderate and 6 patients in severe condition. Intestinal metaplasia was observed in 12 (8.8%) patients; including 8 mild and 4 moderate patients. In 70% patients' gastric atrophies were also observed therefore the severe atrophic changes could be 22%. It is concluded that Gastritis is the major gastrointestinal problem in patients having dyspeptic disease. Moreover the low prevalence of H.pylori in aspect to severe atrophy and intestinal metaplasia suggests low risk of gastric mucosal cancer.

The current study was designed to investigate the potential of Euphorbia wallichii shoot extract for reducting Au3+ and stabilizing gold nanoparticles. UV-visible spectra of gold nanoparticles showed obvious surface plasmon resonance peak at 548 nm. Microscopy (SEM and TEM) showed spherical dimensions, and the energy dispersive X-ray spectra displayed the strongest optical absorption peak for gold (Au) at 2.1 keV. Dynamic light scattering spectra represent polydispersed mixture with particulate diameter of 2.5–103.2 nm. The IR spectra confirm the potential functional groups of shoot extract responsible for the reduction of Au3+ to gold nanoparticles which exhibit tremendous antibacterial potential of 76.31%, 68.47%, 79.85%, 48.10%, and 65.53% against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively. Gold nanoparticles showed markedly elevated fungicidal potency compared to the shoot extract alone against the tested fungal strains. IC50 for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging was 31.52, 18.29, and 15.32 µg/mL at 30, 60, and 90 min of reaction time, respectively. Both shoot extract and nanoparticles revealed 71% mortality at 100 µg/mL, with LD90 values of 310.56 µg/mL. Experimental mice acquired dose-dependent analgesia of 54.21%, 82.60%, and 86.53% when treated with gold nanoparticles at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bw. Inhibition of gastrointestinal muscular contraction was 21.16%, 30.49%, and 40.19% in mice feed with 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bw, respectively.

This research study is mainly focused to evaluate the anti-parasitic, insecticidal, cytotoxic and anti-alzheimer potential of various leaf extracts of Ajuga bracteosa Wallich ex Bentham. 04 different extracts were prepared using solvent of different polarity to determine the best candidate for potent bioactivity i.e. n-hexane (NH), Ethyl acetate (EA), Ethanol (EL) and Chloroform (CH). Concentrations of each extracts were made specified for all activities. All extracts were exploited for broad range of biomedical applications including leishmaniasis, in vitro anti-Alzheimer, insecticidal and cytotoxic studies. Our results showed that A. bracteosa n-hexane extract was highly active against Leishmania Tropica with significant inhibition of 58 ± 1.61 for promastigote and 63 ± 2.29 for amastigote at 1000 μg/mL. Furthermore, promising anti-alzheimer activity acetylcholinesterase (AChE) 46 ± 0.83 and butrylcholineterase (BChE) 49 ± 1.17 was noted for n-hexane. The insecticidal potential of these extracts were test against five different insects (Rhyzopertha dominica, Trogoderma granarium, Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus oryze, and Callosobruchus analis). The higest mortality rate of insecticidal activity was recorded by n-hexane followed by Ethyl acetate whereas ethanol extract was found to be less effective against all the test species. Significant cytotoxic potential of each plant sample against Artemia salina thus aware us for further detailed research to find out novel drugs. Based on our results we believe that Ajuga bracteosa could be used to develop as a potential botanical insecticide against different insect and pests, such as aphids as well as an excellent source for the compound isolation as anti-tumor agent.

In the present work, bioaugmented zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were prepared from aqueous fruit extracts of Myristica fragrans. The ZnO-NPs were characterized by different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The crystallites exhibited a mean size of 41.23 nm measured via XRD and were highly pure, while SEM and TEM analyses of synthesized NPs confirmed their spherical or elliptical shape. The functional groups responsible for stabilizing and capping of ZnO-NPs were confirmed using FTIR analysis. The ζ-size and ζ-potential of synthesized ZnO-NPs were reported as 66 nm and −22.1 mV, respectively, via the DLS technique can be considered as moderate stable colloidal solution. Synthesized NPs were used to evaluate for their possible antibacterial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiparasitic, and larvicidal properties. The NPs were found to be highly active against bacterial strains both coated with antibiotics and alone. Klebsiella pneumoniae was found to be the most sensitive strain against NPs (27 ± 1.73) and against NPs coated with imipinem (26 ± 1.5). ZnO-NPs displayed outstanding inhibitory potential against enzymes protein kinase (12.23 ± 0.42), α-amylase (73.23 ± 0.42), and α-glucosidase (65.21 ± 0.49). Overall, the synthesized NPs have shown significant larvicidal activity (77.3 ± 1.8) against Aedes aegypti, the mosquitoes involved in the transmission of dengue fever. Similarly, tremendous leishmanicidal activity was also observed against both the promastigote (71.50 ± 0.70) and amastigote (61.41 ± 0.71) forms of the parasite. The biosynthesized NPs were found to be excellent antioxidant and biocompatible nanomaterials. Biosynthesized ZnO-NPs were also used as photocatalytic agents, resulting in 88% degradation of methylene blue dye in 140 min. Owing to their eco-friendly synthesis, nontoxicity, and biocompatible nature, ZnO-NPs synthesized from M. fragrans can be exploited as potential candidates for biomedical and environmental applications.

The current study reports advanced, ecofriendly and biosynthesized silver NPs for diverse biomedical and environmental applications using Flammulina velutipes as biosource. In the study, a simple aqueous extract of F. velutipes was utilized to reduce the AgNO 3 into stable elemental silver (Ag 0 ) at a nanometric scale. The NPs had average size of 21.4 nm, spherical morphology, and were highly stable and pure. The characterized nanoparticles were exploited for a broad range of biomedical applications including bacteriocidal, fungicidal, leishmanicidal, in vitro antialzheimer’s, antioxidant, anti-diabetic and biocompatibility studies. Our findings showed that F. velutipes mediated AgNPs exhibited high activity against MDR bacterial strains and spore forming fungal strains. All the tested urinary tract infection bacterial isolates, were resistant to non-coated antibiotics but by applying 1% of the synthesized AgNPs, the bactericidal potential of the tested antibiotics enhanced manifolds. The NPs also exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxic potential against Leishmania tropica with significant LC 50 of 248 μ g ml −1 for promastigote and 251 μ g ml −1 for amastigote forms of the parasite. Furthermore, promising antialzheimer and antidiabetic activities were observed as significant inhibition of α -amylase, α -glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butrylcholineterase (BChE) were noted. Moreover, remarkable biocompatible nature of the particles was found against human red blood cells. The biosynthesized AgNPs as photocatalyst, also resulted in 98.2% degradation of indigo carmine dye within 140 min. Owing to ecofriendly synthesis, biosafe nature and excellent physicochemical properties F. velutipes AgNPs can be exploited as novel candidates for multifaceted biomedical and environmental applications.

Antibiotics are drugs used for the treatment most of the bacterial infections. The rapid and irrational use of antibiotics presents a high risk of developing health complications and also leads to antibiotic resistance. The current study is designed to know about the ratio of irrational use of antibiotics and associated risks with it. Antibiotics remain an integral part of the prescriptions at DHQ Hospital Charsadda. Our study was based mainly on antibiotic prescriptions. A total of 500 prescriptions were examined in which 62% of the prescriptions were examined thoroughly and found rational whereas 38% were irrational. 26.98% of these irrational prescriptions were due to inaccurate doses. Additionally, 25.39% of them were prescribed for incorrect durations, indicating basic misconceptions in the prescriptions. Among the total irrational prescriptions, the frequency of antibiotics-drug interactions, drug-food interactions, and contraindications were 18.51%, 14.5%, and 14.81% respectively. Irrational use of antibiotics is a serious health threat and its consequences lead to the development of antibiotic resistance in different bacterial species. There is a need for intervention of studies in different hospitals of Pakistan to avoid irrational use and encourage rational use of antibiotics.

COVID-19 is highly fatal disease having high mortality rate and is declared as pandemic situation by world health organization. It shows a clear indication that every individual is at risk of this pandemic especially older individual and immunocompromised persons. As its casual agent is SARS-Cov-2 and the main target site of this virus is the ACE2 receptor of lungs. But as compared to lungs ACE2 receptor is highly expressed in other organs i.e. kidney, liver, brain, GI tract, cutaneous, adipose tissues and cardiovascular system these organs are susceptible to COVID-19 infections because of having ACE2 receptor. Many co-infections associated with COVID-19 are reported i.e. neurological manifestation of COVID-19, cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19, endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis, adipose tissues infections, cerebral hemorrhage, liver injury, cardiovascular complications, kidney infection, trigger immune system response and subsequent organ failure. In this review we highlight ACE2 mediated viral entry of the SARS-Cov-2 and subsequent multi organ failure in COVID-19.

Increase in drug resistant pathogens has led a way for the development of new drugs by using herbal and medicinal plants extracts. In this study antimicrobial effect of methanolic and ethanolic extract of Sambucus wightiana was recorded positive against 9 pathogenic strains. Extracts of medicinal plant Sambucus wightiana possess cure for many diseases such as extract from ripe fruit cure chronic rheumatism, neuralgia and sciatica. Whole plant extract help in clearing skin and sought out skin problems and is locally used for curing fever, rheumatism and gout. The main purpose of this investigation was to evaluate antimicrobial activity of phenolic extracts of Sambucus wightiana against medically important bacterial strains. Antibacterial activity of whole plant’ s methanolic and ethanolic extract of S. wightiana was checked against 9 bacterial strains including gram positive and negative via agar well diffusion assay method. Antimicrobial activity has been tested against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, Enterobacter coleacae, Enterococcus faecalis, Shigella. The result of present study suggests that extract of Sambucus wightiana can be used for treating diseases caused by the tested microorganisms. The ethanolic extract were more potent then methanolic against both gram negative and gram-positive strains. The activity of collected plants was investigated against bacterial strains that cause UTI, GTI, RTI allergies and Skin diseases. The collected medicinal plant was used in folk medicine for treatment of health-related problems. E. coli and S. typhi were most susceptible to methanolic extract while E faecalis was least susceptible to methanolic extract. P. aeruginosa, S. typhi and E. coli were most susceptible to ethanolic extract of S. wightiana.

To minimize the hazardous effect of physical and chemical synthesis of nanoparticles we focused on the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Nanotechnology is a research hotspot and catch great attention because of its versatile applications in medical, biosciences and engineering fields. Purpose of our recent study is to synthesize bio-inspired metallic silver NPs by root mediated Zingiber officianale extract. The synthesized Ag-NPs were further characterized by using UVVisible spectroscopy, XRD, EDX, SEM, TEM and DLS techniques. The extent of crystallites were confirmed by X-ray diffraction. SEM and TEM revealed the morphological features with size of nanoparticles between 17.3 and 41.2 nm. FTIR analysis confirmed the capping of nanoparticles by bio active constituents present in Zingiber officinale extract. Later EDX confirmed the elemental composition of nanoparticles. Zeta potential, PDI and hydrodynamic size of Ag-NPs were confirmed by DLS. The synthesize Ag-NPs possess eminent biological potency against bacterial and leishmanial strains. Moreover considerable anti-diabetic, anticancer, antioxidant and biocompatibility nature of Ag-NPs was elucidated. The highest antioxidant activity of 50.61± 1.12%, 38.22 ± 1.18% and 27.39 ± 0.92 at 200 g/mL for TAC, TRP DPPH and was observed respectively. Ag-NPs exhibit potent leishmanicidal activity of 80% ± 1.4 against promastigotes and 77% ± 1.6 against amastigotes cultures of L. tropica. Highest antidiabetic activity 30 ± 0.77% recorded at 200 μg/ml. Highest Brine shrimps cytotoxicity of Ag-NPs was 60 ± 1.18 at 200 g/ml. Maximum dye degradation for Ag-NPs was recorded as 94.1% at 140 minute. All UTI isolates were resistant to antibiotics not coated with Ag-NPs. By applying 1% of Ag-NPs highest activity was recorded as 25 ± 1.58 mm against K. pneumoniae. Maximum zone of inhibition for Ag-NPs coated with Imipenem antibiotics 26 ± 1.5 mm against K. pneumoniae and coated with Ciprofloxacin 26 ± 1.4 m against S. aureus were measured. Last but not least high biocompatible nature of Ag-NPs was observed against fresh RBCs making the ecofriendly biosynthesized silver NPs a multi-dimensional candidate in biomedical field.

Malaria is a febrile illness, caused by malarial plasmodium parasite. It is the most prevalent infectious disease in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world in addition Pakistan is amongst the highly affected countries regarding infectivity rate of malaria. The main objective of the current research was to analyzed haematological changes and seroprevalence of malaria infection in patients caused by Plasmodium vivax. The study was conducted at Katlang Diagnostic Centre Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 188 patients having malaria disease were enrolled, in which frequency of male patients were 122 (64.9%) while frequency of female patients was 66 (35.1%). Results indicated that there was no association between gender and BT Ring condition, because the value of chi-square (0.215) was greater than p value (0.5). Similarly, the value of chi-square (0.540) was greater than p value (0.05), which showed that there was no association between gender and B Trophozoite condition. Analysis also showed that there was close association between BT Ring and B Trophozoite condition with each other, because the value of chi-square is (0.000) which is less than p value (0.05). The present study concludes that there is a close association between BT Ring and B Trophozoite conditions.

Introduction Multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB), defined as resistance to at least rifampicin and isoniazid together, has been rapidly spreading in recent years. In new pulmonary tuberculosis patients, rapid spread of MDR-TB and XDR-TB challenging the effectiveness of national TB control programs especially in many low-income countries. This study was aimed to determine the resistance pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among new cases, cured, failure, relapse, defaulted, treatment completed, treatment not evaluated and suspect to be resistant to first line antitubercular drugs of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Materials and Methods The study was conducted during 2013-2016 in which 148 patients were enrolled infected with pulmonary TB. Three sputum samples were consecutively collected and transported for drug analysis to the Provincial Reference Laboratory (PRL) at Hayatabad Medical complex Peshawar (HMCP) TB laboratory, within three days of collection at +4°C in a cold box. Using the standard proportion method, drug susceptibility test was performed on 132 (89.2%) sputum samples for rifampicin (R), isoniazid (H), pyrazinamide (Z), ethambutol (E), and streptomycin (S). Result Prevalence of resistance to one drug was 5 (3.4%). The highest proportion of mono-drug resistance was observed against E, 3 (2%), followed by H, 1 (0.7%), and R, 1 (0.7%). Pattern of resistant to two drugs was 14 (9.5%). The proportion of poly resistant was 3 (2%). 112 (93.33%) diagnose patients were MDR-TB. Conclusions To formulate an effective regimen, it is important to know drug resistant pattern because drug resistant pattern varies from different period of time also from one place to another.