This study systematically evaluates the role of PbF2 in altering the optical and radiation shielding properties of bismuth gadolinium borate glasses with compositions 30Bi(2)O(3)-Gd2O3-xPbF(2)-(70-x)B2O3, for x ranging from 0 to 40 mol. %. The introduction of PbF2 significantly modified the absorbance profile, exhibiting distinct absorption peaks at 3.45, 4.15, and 4.69 eV, shifting from a flat curve in the undoped sample to well-defined peaks with increasing PbF2 content. Crucially, a reduction in both the direct and indirect optical band gaps was observed as the PbF2 content increased, indicating changes in the electronic structure of the glasses. Photon and neutron shielding capabilities were analyzed, revealing that the linear attenuation coefficient (mu), half-value layer (T-0.5), and effective atomic number (Z(eff)) were enhanced with PbF2 additions. Notably, the BGPB5 sample contained 40 mol. % PbF2 outperformed other compositions, offering the highest attenuation efficiency, which surpassed some conventional glasses and concretes. Simultaneously, an inversely proportional relationship was found between PbF2 concentration and the effective removal cross-section for fast neutrons (Sigma(R)), demonstrating the BGPB1 sample's superiority as a neutron shield. The incorporation of PbF2 in the glass matrix not only improved gamma radiation shielding but also tuned the optical properties, marking these glasses as potential candidates for multifunctional radiation shielding applications.

Nuclear radiation emitted by fusion reactors, nuclear power plants, and medical establishments presents potential risks to living organisms personnel, necessitating the implementation of protective measures. To enhance radiation protection for patients workers, various materials can be utilized. Concrete, augmented with various additives, has historically acted as a shielding material. Hence, recent research has predominantly focused on enhancing concrete's ability to attenuate the harmful energy emitted by nuclear sources through modifications to its composition. Accordingly, in the present work, the dose evaluation and radiation shielding characteristics of a range of concrete magnetite (CM) formulations designated as CM-0 (control sample), CM-25, CM-50, CM-75, and CM-100 have been analyzed using MCNPX Monte Carlo (MC) approach and theoretical computations concerning 252Cf mixed radiation radionuclide. In this work, the Watt Fission distribution was employed to derive the neutron spectrum of CM samples, and findings have been thoroughly elucidated in the presence and absence of the specified samples. Then, utilizing the Doppler Effect, the gamma photon spectrum within shielding materials exposed to a spontaneous fission 252Cf source is extracted and characterized. Estimation of Half Value Thickness (HVT) and Mean Free Path (MFP) are provided across a broad spectrum of energy levels. The analysis confirms the successful development of a new type of concrete magnetite (CM) sample that exhibits lower radiation exposure compared to the control sample. This study offers valuable insights into the use of concrete in shielding against mixed radiation radionuclides and opens the door for future research involving similar materials. Specifically, the CM-100 sample demonstrated the lowest half-value thickness (HVT) and provided the most effective reduction of both neutron and gamma radiation. The findings suggest that increasing the concentration of magnetite in concrete greatly enhances its ability to shield against mixed neutron-gamma radiation. This innovation has promising potential for applications in radiation protection, particularly within nuclear reactors and medical facilities. The CM-100 sample showed a notable improvement, achieving an HVT of 0.012 cm and a dose rate reduction of 2.95 x 10-9 Sv.h- 1, in contrast to the control sample (CM-0), which had an HVT of 10.358 cm and an equivalent dose rate of 2.84 x 10-9 Sv.h- 1. These results underscore the superior shielding properties of the magnetite-doped concrete formulations.

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) bio-composites play a prominent role in addressing the reparative and replacement needs of human bone and dental tissues. Despite the suboptimal mechanical characteristics inherent in pure HAP, strength and durability enhancements have been achieved by incorporating various alloys and materials. The provided study delves into the radiation shielding and mechanical attributes of Fe2O3-reinforced HAP composites intended for use as implants, featuring Fe2O3 concentrations at 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 wt%. In addition, by leveraging the robust FLUKA Monte Carlo simulation code, the study explores the composites' response to the magnetic field. The findings suggest that augmenting the Fe2O3 content improves radiation shielding and mechanical properties in the chosen samples. Furthermore, in the absence of a magnetic field, the particles' spatial distribution (contour curves) exhibits symmetry along the X-axis. Nonetheless, a discernible pattern becomes apparent upon exposure to a magnetic field of Bx = 5 micro Tesla. The data extracted from this article can be used for medical and therapeutic applications and subsequent studies.

This study presents a comprehensive examination of the glass systems consisting of TeO2, ZnO, Bi2O3, and Nb2O5. The objective is to assess their suitability as radiation shielding materials and analyze their mechanical characteristics. Analysis of TZBN1's mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) was conducted using FLUKA modeling and XCOM. The findings indicated that TZBN1 had the highest Mean Absolute Change (MAC) at low energy levels (0.02 MeV), measured 38.547 cm2/g. These findings suggest that TZBN1 has a more favorable photoelectric effect interaction. Over energies beyond 20 MeV, TZBN4 has exceptional performance in comparison to other samples, with a mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of 0.043996 cm2/g. These findings suggest an improved capacity to provide protection against high-energy photons. The density of the glass substrates is an essential factor, and TZBN4 exhibits a peak density of 6.15 g/cm3. Consequently, it exhibits a reduced gamma- ray transmission factor (TF), thereby underscoring its efficacy in mitigating gamma radiation. Based on the Makishima and Mackenzie model, TZBN1 exhibits the greatest Young's Modulus, measured at around 814.67 kJ/ mol per PD. These findings suggest that TZBN1 exhibits the highest level of mechanical strength and stiffness among the glasses examined. In contrast, TZBN4 exhibits the lowest Young's Modulus of 453.47 kJ/mol per PD, making it potentially appropriate for certain applications that need flexibility. The results underscore the importance of glass chemical composition in tailoring materials for radiation protection and mechanical robustness. The glasses composed of TeO2, ZnO, Bi2O3, and Nb2O5, namely TZBN4, are regarded as very promising for applications that need efficient shielding against high-energy photons, while also providing material flexibility and strength. This paper presents a substantial framework for selecting and creating glass materials for the goal of providing safe shielding in the domains of medicine, industry, and nuclear facilities.

The study has been carried out to check the influence of different Al contents (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 at.%) in the structure and morphology of Al-doped ZnO nanocrystals (AZO NCs) by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXS), as well as the optical properties by using the UV-vis-NIR double-beam spectrophotometer within the wavelength of 300-1100 nm. XRD pattern shows a polycrystalline behavior and strong orientation and shifts in the peaks toward higher diffraction angles for AZO NCs with a hexagonal structure, and the crystallite size reduces from 28 +/- 4 nm to 16 +/- 4 nm as the Al concentration rises. SEM analysis revealed that the AZO NCs exhibit dense crystal grains with sharp edges. With increasing Al concentration, AZO NCs exhibited an increase in the optical bandgap from 3.16 eV to 3.57 eV. The study of the photon attenuation characteristics and radiation shielding properties of the AZO NCs has been assessed. For varying concentrations of Al, the corresponding mass attenuation coefficient (GMAC) and linear attenuation coefficient (GLAC) were determined for different energies of the incident photons. The calculated results showed that the GMAC value dropped with a rise in the Al concentration and a fall in photon energy. However, the GLAC value increased with the increasing population density. This further extends to studying the effect of higher Al contents on reducing the effective half-value layer (GHVL) based on the thickness of the shielding. Accordingly, the present work extends further to find the effective atomic number (Zeff) and mean free path (GM & Oslash;) with respect to correlations in photon energy and Al content. However, the trends differed across the energies for evaluating the exposure buildup factor (EBF). But, in general, the present findings from this study can be used to develop Pb-free, effective radiation shielding materials.

Exploration of reinforcing alkaline oxide modifiers into the nominal composition of 40P2O5+(30-X) CaO+XMgO+9SiO2+6Sr2F+6LiF+6BaF+2.5Ce2O3+0.5Sm2O3 (where X= 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 in wt%) has been performed. Oxides from the same alkaline group (CaO and MgO) have been chosen as a modifier. Glasses were made through the customary melt-quench technique. Successful glass formation was confirmed by XRD and functional group and compositional analysis via FTIR. Electronic structures of the proposed poly-component glasses are visualized by absorption spectra in the three prominent regions of the (electromagnetic) EM spectrum. Auxiliary physical, structural, and elastic properties were scrutinized for the approval of glasses as an obedient shielding material and evaluation of some other attenuating factors of EM wave by poly-component glasses in the gamma-ray region. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) was reported in the energy range of 0.284-1.333 MeV. The LAC results demonstrated that the interaction of the photons with the prepared specimens is high at lower photon energies and the shielding provided by the samples is relatively high when the energy level is low. The addition of MgO results in an improvement in the LAC values, and as a consequence, PS0Mg and PS25Mg had the lowest and highest LAC, respectively. The highest transmission factor values were reported for a thickness of 0.3 cm and equal to 0.87 at 0.284 MeV, 0.91 at 0.551 MeV, and 0.93 at 0.826 MeV (this is for PS0Mg sample).

In this study, comprehensive experimental measurements have been achieved to assess the gamma shielding properties of the five unique compositions and highly dense PBSCCx-glass (4.13–4.51 g/cm3) at selected gamma-ray energies (81–2614 keV). Several significant radiation shielding factors, such as mass attenuation coefficient, half value layer, and Radiation protection efficiency (RPE), have been determined. The experimental outcome data agrees with those obtained via FLUKA codes. The PBSCCx-glasses possessed μ values as: 0.2813, 0.2881, 0.2939, 0.2999, and 0.3065 cm2/g for PBSCC00, PBSCC2.5, PBSCC5.0, PBSCC7.5, and PBSCC10 at 0.662 MeV, respectively. At all selected energy, PBSCC10 glasses (10 wt

This study explores the synthesis and characterization of borate glasses doped with varying concentrations of Terbium oxide (Tb4O7). Using the conventional melt-quench method, we investigated the effects of Tb4O7 on the physical, optical, gamma-ray shielding, and mechanical properties of the glass samples. Our findings indicate a significant increase in density with higher Tb4O7 content, attributed to the high molecular weight and density of Tb4O7. Optical properties assessed through UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed increased absorption intensity, a red shift in the absorption edge, and a decrease in the optical band gap, demonstrating enhanced optical absorption and refractive indices. Gamma-ray shielding effectiveness, evaluated using mass attenuation coefficients, halfvalue layers, and mean free paths, showed superior performance with higher Tb4O7 concentrations. The effective atomic number also increased, enhancing gamma-ray attenuation capabilities. Additionally, the elastic modulus of the glasses improved with higher Tb4O7 content, providing better mechanical stability. Our findings indicate that the density increased from 3.52 g/cm3 for undoped samples to 3.92 g/cm3 for the glass containing 2 mol% Tb4O7. Optical absorption measurements revealed a red shift in the absorption edge from 345.46 nm to 369.54 nm, with a corresponding decrease in the optical band gap from 3.48 eV to 3.18 eV. Gamma-ray shielding performance improved significantly, with the mass attenuation coefficient (GMAC) rising from 0.115 cm2/g to 0.162 cm2/g, while the half-value layer (GHVL) decreased from 3.22 cm to 2.86 cm. Additionally, the elastic modulus increased by 11.58 % as Tb4O7 content increased. These results suggest that Tb4O7-doped borate glasses significantly improve density, optical absorption, gamma-ray shielding, and mechanical strength. Finally, Increasing Tb4O7 content in borate glasses substantially enhances their multifunctional properties, making them suitable for advanced radiation shielding applications.

The present investigation used the melt-quench method to produce four distinct glass systems using boron-Dy2O3 glass. The glass system consisting of B2O3, BaO, ZnO, and Li2O was augmented with Dysprosium(III) Oxide. A series of borate glasses with the chemical formula (62-x)B2O3-18BaO-10ZnO-10Li2O-xDy2O3 where x=0, 1, 2, 3mol%. The experimental investigation of Dy2O3 as additives was conducted, with a specific emphasis on their optical characteristics. Also, the addition of Dy2O3 causes the intensity of absorption to increase. Moreover, because of changes in the glass network and modifier, the absorption edge moved to a higher wavelength as the concentration of Dy3+ ions increased, from 345.46nm for Dy–0 to 367.48nm for Dy–3. This study examined glasses with different compositions to evaluate their effectiveness in shielding γ-rays. The Phy-X/PDS and FULKA Code were utilised for this investigation. A comparison analysis was performed on the obtained results. The effective atomic number and other parameters, such as linear attenuation coefficient and half value layer, were calculated within the energy range of 0.015 to 15MeV. The study revealed that the Dy-0 has the lowest linear attenuation coefficient compared to the other samples analysed. The glasses Dy-0 and Dy-3 showed half-values of 0.044 and 0.039cm, respectively, when exposed to 0.05MeV. The increase in effective atomic number was attributed to a higher quantity of electrons that are accessible for photon interaction. This, in turn, resulted in a reduced probability of γ-ray passage through the shielding material. According to the findings of the gamma radiation shielding experiment, the sample that had the largest amount of Dy2O3 exhibited the most effective shielding qualities, making it an excellent candidate for use in radiation shielding applications.

This study comprehensively analyzes the gamma radiation shielding, mechanical, and acoustic properties of novel glass composites formulated from B2O3, SiO2, and Gd2O3. Utilizing the MCNPX simulation code and Phy-X: PSD software, key parameters such as Linear Attenuation Coefficient, Half Value Layer (HVL), Mean Free Path (MFP), and Effective Atomic Number (Zeff) were meticulously evaluated for three distinct glass compositions, denoted as GL-1, GL-2, and GL-3. The investigation revealed that incorporating Gd2O3 and SiO2 notably enhances the radiation shielding efficiency of these glasses, which is evident from the decreasing trends in HVL and MFP values across the series. Employing the Makishima and Mackenzie (MM) model, this study further delved into the mechanical and acoustic characteristics of the glass samples. An increase in Gd2O3 and SiO2 content, substituting B2O3, was observed to augment the bond dissociation energy and adjust the packing density, consequently improving the elastic moduli. These mechanical enhancements were quantified through measurements of Young's modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus, and longitudinal modulus. Acoustic properties were also calculated, including Longitudinal and Transverse velocities, mean velocity, and acoustic impedance. These parameters demonstrated a consistent improvement correlating with the increasing rigidity and mechanical strength of the glass samples, particularly for the GL-3 composition. The study concludes that the GL-3 glass sample exhibits superior performance regarding gamma photon attenuation, mechanical robustness, and acoustic properties. This underscores its potential as an effective material for radiation shielding in various industrial applications, benefiting from its enhanced mechanical and acoustic features.

This study investigates the radiation shielding properties of glass samples within the xGd2O3-5SiO2-40Na2O-(54.5-x) B2O3:0.5CeF3 composition, where x varies from 0 to 10 mol.%, which is coded as GSNBCX (X = 1, 2, 3, and 4). The assessment is done through comprehensive Monte Carlo simulation and Phy-X/PSD software analyses. The primary objective of this study is to comprehensively evaluate the radiation shielding properties of glass compositions with varying Gd2O3 concentrations. This evaluation encompasses both the attenuation of gamma radiation within the broad energy range of 0.015 MeV to 15 MeV and the assessment of fast neutron removal cross sections, with a specific focus on simulations spanning energy levels from 0.5 to 10 MeV. By examining these parameters, we aim to elucidate the impact of Gd2O3 concentration on the material's overall effectiveness in radiation shielding applications. The results reveal a significant variation in the mass attenuation coefficient (mu m) across the investigated glass samples. For instance, mu m values range from 3.244 to 0.019 cm2g-1 for GSNBC1, 20.471 to 0.025 cm2g-1 for GSNBC2, 27.245 to 0.027 cm2g-1 for GSNBC3, and 32.223 to 0.029 cm2g-1 for GSNBC4. Notably, GSNBC4, characterized by a substantial Gd2O3 concentration (10 mol.%), exhibits the highest values of both mu m and linear attenuation coefficient (mu). Furthermore, the investigation delves into the fast neutron removal cross section (FNRCS), which displays values of 0.97, 0.95, 0.094, and 0.93 cm-1, respectively. GSNBC1, marked by its elevated B2O3 content (54.5 mol.%), showcases the highest FNRCS. These findings underscore the efficacy of Gd2O3-doped materials in shielding against gamma rays, holding promise for various applications in radiation protection, particularly in the medical and nuclear sectors. This study contributes valuable insights into developing effective radiation-blocking materials for diverse industrial and scientific contexts.

This study studied novel bismuth silicate borate glasses with different bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) concentrations for their optical and gamma-radiation shielding capabilities. The glass samples were characterized using UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy to determine their optical properties, including the optical absorption spectra, absorption edge, and optical band gaps. The FLUKA algorithm was used to determine the radiation shielding parameters in the energy range of 0.01-15 MeV. The results revealed that the optical absorption edge and intensity were influenced by the Bi2O3 concentration, with the highest absorption observed in the sample with 35 mol% Bi2O3. The direct and indirect optical band gaps decreased with adding Bi2O3 up to 15 mol%, then increased at 25 mol%, and then reduced to the lowest value at 35 mol%. The system's crystallite size grew as the amount of Bi2O3 in the sample increased, as revealed by XRD. With increasing Bi2O3 content, it was discovered that the mass attenuation coefficient (mu m) and radiation shielding effectiveness rose. The effective atomic number (Zeff) values increased as Bi2O3 content grew. T0.5 values of the glass samples increased as the energy increased and decreased as the Bi2O3 concentration increased. These findings suggest that prepared glasses with high Bi2O3 concentrations have potential applications in radiation shielding and optoelectronics.

In this study, the structural and optical properties as well as the radiation shielding capabilities of Holmium Dolomite Glass (HDG) 30CaMgC(2)O(6)-34P(2)O(5)-(36-x)CdO-(xHo(2)O(3)), (x = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 5 wt%), were investigated. The HDG samples were prepared using a melt -quenching method, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that they had an amorphous structure with no prominent peaks. The FTIR spectra over a range from 4000 to 400 cm (-1) and a deconvoluted view of the spectra within the 1600-400 cm (-1 )range were recorded. The optical properties were characterized through transmission and reflectance spectra across a wide wavelength range. HDG exhibited high optical transmission, with over 90 % average transmittance in the visible spectrum. The refractive index was found to be in the range of 2.1-2.3, while the absorption coefficient exhibited values between 0.01 and 0.1 across the studied wavelengths. The calculated direct energy gap E-g(Opt) value for HDG is 4.43 eV which decreased to 3.91 eV upon increasing Holmium concentrations in HDG. Beyond optical properties, we delved into the radiation shielding capabilities of the HDG samples by meticulously measuring linear attenuation coefficients (mu) at multiple energy levels. The mass attenuation coefficient (mu m), half value layer (T0.5), and mean free path (lambda) values were then extracted from the mu measurements. Strikingly, our results showcased that the 5-H/ C glass sample, showed outstanding performance, exhibiting a linear attenuation coefficient of around 0.025 cm(-1) at 662 keV. This resulted in a remarkable mass attenuation coefficient of about 0.050 cm(2)/g, with a halfvalue layer of approximately 27 cm and a mean free path of 40 cm. These findings position the 5-H/C glass as an environmentally friendly and highly promising material for diverse radiation shielding applications, supported by robust numerical evidence.

This study presents an in-depth analysis of the physical, optical, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and radiation shielding properties of vanadium-doped cadmium lead borate tellurite glasses, coded as PCTBVX. A series of glasses with varying concentrations of vanadium oxide (V2O5) were synthesized and characterized to understand their structural and functional capabilities. The physical properties, determined through density and molar volume measurements, revealed a notable decrease in density and an increase in molar volume with increasing V2O5 content. This trend was attributed to the substitution of denser CdO with lighter V2O5, and the transformation of BO4 tetrahedra into BO3 triangles in the glass network. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis provided insights into the crystalline structures, indicating distinct patterns for each glass composition. Optical properties were investigated using UV–Visible spectroscopy and Tauc plots, revealing a nonlinear decrease in optical band gap energies as V2O5 concentration increased. This observation suggested alterations in the boro-tellurite network structure due to V2O5 addition. EPR spectroscopy was employed to examine the local structures around V4+ ions, demonstrating a correlation between V2O5 concentration and EPR signal strength, indicative of the vanadium ions' coordination environment. The study's highlight was the comprehensive evaluation of radiation shielding properties using Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code (MCNP5) simulations and Phy-X/PSD software. These analyses showcased the glasses' capabilities in gamma and neutron attenuation, with a focus on parameters such as attenuation coefficients, effective atomic numbers, and removal cross-sections. The findings revealed that increasing vanadium concentration enhanced the glasses' shielding effectiveness against both gamma and neutron radiation. Overall, the synthesized PCTBVX glasses demonstrated promising attributes for applications in radiation shielding and optical technologies, owing to their modified density, structural alterations, and improved functional properties brought about by vanadium doping. This research not only contributes to the understanding of vanadium's role in glass matrices but also paves the way for developing advanced materials for protective and optical applications.

This study investigates the characteristics of lanthanum (La)-doped lead titanate (PbLaxTi(1-3x/4)O3 where, x = 0.0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1), a type of perovskite ceramic. It specifically focuses on analyzing its structure, vibrational properties, and efficacy in shielding against radiation. The prepared samples are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), which clarified that the small doping of La (x <= 0.06) produced the required phase, and increasing the La doping (x > 0.06) produced nonrequired phases (secondary phase). Also, increasing the La doping converted the crystal symmetry from tetragonal to cubic, which was confirmed by the tetragonality raio (c/a) calculations. Also, the samples are investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to confirm the XRD results. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination clarified that the prepared samples were in the nanoscale range with a maximum crystallite size value of around 70 nm. In addition, the shielding effectiveness of all the prepared samples was theoretically evaluated using the Phy-X/PDS program by considering characteristics such as the linear attenuation coefficient (G(LAC)), mean free path (G(MFP)), transmission factor (TF), and radiation protection efficiency (RPE). Increasing the La concentration increases the theoretical density to 4.98 gm/cm3 at x = 0.1, leading to low TF and G(MFP) values and high G(LAC) values. This produces samples with high attenuation to radiation and high shielding effectiveness.

Flexible supercapacitors (FS) are ideal as power backups for upcoming stretchable electronics due to their high power density and good mechanical compliance. However, lacking technology for FS mass manufacturing is still a significant obstacle. The present study describes a novel method for preparing FS based on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) using the N+ plasma technique, in which N+ reduces graphene oxide on the surface of a cotton/polyester substrate. The effect of aloe vera (AV) as a natural reducing capping agent and carbon nanotubes (CNT) as nanoconductors on the electrochemical performance of the electrodes is studied. FESEM and XPS were employed to investigate the electrodes' structural and chemical composition of electrodes. The galvanostatic charge–discharge curves of electrodes revealed the enhancement of the electrochemical activity of the as-prepared electrode upon additions of AV and CNT. The areal capacitance of the RGO, RGO/AV, and RGO/AV/CNT supercapacitors at 5 mV/s was 511, 1244.5, and 1879 mF/cm2, respectively. The RGO electrode showed capacitive retention of 80.9

The conventional Bi2Te3 thin film can be used for thermoelectric power factor. However, the poor efficiency of Bi2Te3 thin film severely limits its wide range of applications. In this study, we have reported the Sr doped Bi2Te3 thin film coated on a glass substrate via a simple thermal evaporation route. The synthesized thin films have been post-annealed at a temperature (773 K) in the tube furnace for 30 min. The x-ray diffraction data confirmed that the planes of the pure and Sr doped Bi2Te3 thin film and also studied the effect on the parameters of the crystal. The surface morphology of the pure and Sr doped Bi2Te3 thin film samples has been studied via a scanning electron microscope. The highly intact grains with no porosity and uniformly oriented granular surface morphology have been observed. The grain size of the synthesized samples decreases with increasing the Sr content in the Bi2Te3 matrix. We have reported the enhancement of the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity. These factors control the grain size and density with the doping concentration. The Seebeck co-efficient enhancement has up to 91 mu V/oC due to the energy filtering effect at the small grain boundaries. The electrical conductivity increases with increasing the charge carrier concentration and decreasing grain size, making the small domain more conductive. As a result, the film with a small grain size exhibited a maximum room temperature power factor of 15.61 mu Wcm(-1) K-2. This work demonstrates that thermal evaporation is an effective approach for synthesizing the Sr doped Bi2Te3 thin films.

It has recently come to light that radiotherapy with Ra-223 (alpha emitter) radionuclides can be an effective therapeutic option for a variety of different cancers. A comprehensive knowledge of biodistribution, accumulation, and clearance pathways, as well as radiopharmaceutical kinetics, is required for an accurate assessment of therapy efficacy and a reduction in the severity of any adverse effects that the treatment may cause. Using the absorbed dose, measured in mGy/MBq, researchers can explore each organ in adult male and female animals and the differential accumulation, removal rates, and clearance pathways of radiopharmaceuticals. Because of their high linear energy transfer (LET) and limited range in tissue, the use of alpha emitter radionuclides in radiotherapy has attracted substantial interest recently. These properties allow for targeted therapy with minimum damage to the healthy cells in the surrounding area. This article provides a complete literature analysis on applying alpha emitter radionuclides in radiotherapy. The review focuses on zutilizing two well-known software tools, WinAct 1.0 and IDAC-Dose 2.1, for dosimetry calculations and treatment planning. The findings highlight the significance of tailored dose planning, organ-specific adverse effects, optimum treatment regimens, the potential for combination therapies, and the advancement of radiopharmaceutical development.

The Pseudomonas aeruginosa OG1 strain was used in the bacterial synthesis of MgSe compound nanoparticles. The obtained samples were subsequently shaped into nanocrystalline MgSe films, and their optical, structural, morphological, and electrical properties were assessed on glass and p-Si substrates. Structural and morphological characterizations showed that the fabricated thin film samples have a polycrystalline structure with high quality and uniform grain sizes. The MgSe films produced on glass substrates exhibit a direct spectral band gap of 2.53 eV, according to optical measurements. The Ag/MgSe/p-Si layered diode structure was fabricated using the produced MgSe nanoparticles and then characterized by electrical properties. Electrical measurements were carried out under these two conditions to assess the effects of dark and illumination conditions on the band dynamics of the heterostructure devices. Under illumination, the barrier height decreased while the interface density states distribution increased. These measurements showed that using bacterial-assisted grown MgSe nanocrystalline films, the developed Ag/MgSe/p-Si device structure exhibited a remarkable photoresponse and stable rectifying property. Green synthesis methods for the production of these nanocrystalline materials have the potential to offer low-cost alternatives for photosensitive applications.

The present work scrutinizes the radiation protection features and mechanical characteristics of neodymium zinc-tellurite of composition (TeO2)(75)-(ZnO)(10) - (Nb2O5)(15-x) - (Nd2O3)(x): x = 0-9 mol%. An MCNP Monte Carlo simulation code and Phy-X software were performed to evaluate the radiation shielding parameters (e.g., linear attenuation coefficient (mu), mass attenuation coefficient (mu(m)), half value layer (H-1/2), etc. of the investigated TZNNd(x) glasses. Results revealed that the increasing of Nd2O3 concentration in TZNNd-glasses from 1 to 9 mol% had a positive effect on their elastic parameters: Young's modulus increased from 52.949 to 55.44 GPa, bulk modulus changed from 31.189 to 34.411 GPa, and the PR varied from 0.217 to 0.228 for TZNNd1 to TZNNd5. Compared to prior research on similar compositions, our findings indicate a more pronounced enhancement in both mechanical and Radiation shielding properties, suggesting an optimized composition strategy. The linear attenuation coefficient (mu) increased in the order TZNNd0 < TZNNd3 < TZNNd5 < TZNNd7 < TZNNd9. The half-value layer varies inversely with the linear attenuation coefficient and varies from 0.004 to 3.600 cm for TZNNd0, 0.003-3.453 cm for TZNNd3, 0.003-3.346 cm for TZNNd5, 0.003-3.253 cm for TZNNd7, and 0.003-3.159 cm for TZNNd9. Throughout the considered energy spectrum, the range of Z(eff) for the glasses varied from 44.98 to 30.51, 46.31 - 31.51, 47.13 - 32.18, 47.89 - 32.85, and 48.61 - 33.53 for TZNNd0, TZNNd3, TZNNd5, TZNNd7, and TZNNd9, respectively. Also, the values of fast neutron removal cross-section Sigma(R) were calculated and showed a steady increase as the partial densities of Nd and oxygen of the TZNNd-glass systems increased. The FNRCS (Sigma(R)) of the TZNNd glass samples have FNRCS values of 0.093, 0.106, 0.107, 0.108, and 0.109 cm(-1) for TZNNd0, TZNNd3, TZNNd5, TZNNd7, and TZNNd9, respectively Generally, one can conclude that the additive of Nd2O3 to Nb2O5-TeO2-ZnO glasses enhances their mechanical properties and increases their ability to absorb neutrons and photons to apply in nuclear medicine applications.