Wasted lemon verbena leaves have been repurposed as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable biosorbent for the removal of Methylene Blue (MB), a hazardous dye, from aqueous environments. The structure of the produced biosorbent, functional groups, morphology and surface charge could all be clearly understood by XRD, FTIR, SEM, pHpzc and Boehm titration analysis. Batch sorption studies were then used to look at the effects of pH (2–10), dosage of biosorbent (0.05 g to 0.15 g), agitation speed (0–300 rpm), time (0–120 min), beginning MB concentration (20–80 mg.L−1), as well as temperature (20–50°C) and ionic force (via NaCl). At a pH of 5.13, 0.15 g of biosorbent, an agitation speed of 200 rpm and 20°C, MB uptake was determined to be 37.16 mg.g−1, indicating a significant removal. The equilibrium data were best described by the Freundlich adsorption model (R2: 0.953, Adj. R2: 0.945 and χ2: 2.988) and the kinetic studies were well-fitted to the pseudo-second order model (R2 > 0.992, Adj. R2 > 0.990 and χ2 < 1.221). Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption process is spontaneous (ΔG° < -3.536 kJ.mol−1), endothermic (ΔH°: 8.184 kJ.mol−1), and physical in nature (Ea: 12.12 kJ.mol−1). This study highlights the potential of waste lemon verbena leaves as an effective biosorbent for removing toxic dyes from wastewater, offering an environmentally friendly and economical alternative for water treatment.

The object of the study is the phosphates of the Djebel Onk region, which are part of a vast group of phosphate deposits formed in the Late Cretaceous-Eocene period on the South and Southeast Mediterranean shores. These concentrations of economic interest are operated near the town of Bir El Ater (Tebessa, Algeria). The mining industry based on the extraction and processing of different minerals while respecting the environmental framework plays an important role in the economy of a country. The economic potential of each country will be determined based on the level of production of metals and various mineral substances. In the case of the Djebel Onk phosphate ore, the most dominant mineral in addition to P2O5 is calcium carbonate CaCO3 with more than 50 % in the all-mineral content. In addition, phosphate concentrate contains harmful elements which reduce the value of the market product. Therefore, this study aims to recover the enriched product efficiently and profitably with a minimum of deleterious elements. This work aims to develop a treatment technology with a minimum rejection rate, which allows for achieving production goals and reducing environmental impacts. For this purpose, we proposed an enrichment of these phosphate discharges from the settling process utilizing pneumatic selection (Turbo Separator Ventilate – TSV). The results of the chemical analyses confirm the significant difference in useful and major elements (P2O5) and the minor and harmful elements (MgO). According to the granulochemical analysis of each slice, it is possible to note that the P2O5 content is similar to the various particle-size slices. It is therefore necessary to treat the mass of waste if we want to recover as much phosphate as possible. The obtained X-ray diffractograms highlighted appreciable differences between the raw phosphates and the concentrates, in fact, the qualitative and quantitative variation of the mineralogical species, particularly the calcite, quartz, dolomite, and apatite. TSV is a process used to improve the quality and quantity of phosphate and to eliminate the layer below 0.8 mm. Corresponding to the analyses it was appeared that the P2O5 content 29.5–30 % of the settled product increases to 30.2–31 % after dust removal. Then it is possible to achieve an increase in the quality of phosphate from 63/65 % TPL to 66/68 % TPL.

Because of their detrimental impacts on water quality and human health, dyes’ ubiquitous presence in the aquatic environment has aroused concerns over the last few decades concerning the methods to be employed to eradicate these emerging pollutants. In the ongoing study, raw cactus fruit peel (RCFP) is used as a low-cost, environmentally friendly sorbent to remove the hazardous dye Basic Red 46 (BR46) from aqueous solutions in the current study. The raw biosorbent was firstly characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, BET, pHpzc and Boheme titration techniques. Respectively, the influencing operational parameters such as pH, biosorbent dosage, stirring speed, temperature, contact time and initial dye concentration were tweaked to obtain a maximum adsorption capacity of 82.58 mg g−1. The Freundlich model was found to better represent the biosorption isotherm, whereas the pseudo-second-order model describes well the kinetic biosorption data obtained. The biosorption process of BR46 onto RCFP was spontaneous and exothermic, and the reuse study revealed the possibility of regeneration of RCFP after 3 successive cycles using HCl as a chemical reagent. Furthermore, the results revealed that raw cactus fruit peel is an untapped potential supply in Algeria, with the potential to provide low-cost environmental removal of additional toxins in the wastewater treatment domain.

Purpose. In this work, the influence of flotation reagents on the separation yield of the phosphate-carbonate system is studied. The investigation is conducted by the reverse flotation process in double stage of the phosphate ores from the Jebel Onk deposit-Algeria. Methodology. The experimental part can be divided into three aspects, a mechanical preparation of the samples, and flotation tests in the first stage followed by a double flotation and, finally, characterization of the flotation products by different physical-chemical analysis techniques. Findings. Reverse flotation double stage process was applied on two classes of phosphate ores (C1: 40–250 and C2: 250–500 m). The samples are constituted by phosphatic elements (apatite), cemented by a mixture of a great amount of dolomite with low amounts of quartz, clay and calcite. Flotation results showed that P2O5 recovery was higher for C2 compared to C1. Thus, oleic acid and double tartrate of sodium-potassium could be considered as the best reagent since the P2O5 recovery content corresponds to 29.27 and 31.25 % for C1 and C2, respectively. Compared to the oleic acid and pine oil reagent, the recoveries of P2O5 were 28.85 and 30.55 % for C1 and C2, respectively. However, when other reagents as (oleic acid  phosphoric acid) and (oleic acid + diesel fuel) were used, the recovered amount of P2O5 was found to be less important, 27.80 and 27.10 % for class C1, and 30.14 and 29.15 % for C2, respectively. Originality. During this study two main axes were discussed: the first one was the influence of flotation reagents on flotation of the first and second stages, the second one was to study the effect of grain size on the flotation yields. The flotation process has been shown to be effective both in terms of depressed phosphate elements in the phosphate concentrates and in gangue floated in the flotation tailings. It can be seen that the concentrate contents of around 32 % is achieved in P2O5 with superior recoveries of 99 %. Practical value. The results of analyses carried out on the flotation products showed, in most cases, that the streams are richer in phosphate elements (fluorapatite, carbonate hydroxylapatite, carbonate fluorapatite) and a low amount of carbonates (dolomite and calcite), unlike floating, mainly made up of dolomite with a small amount of phosphated elements.

Environmental requirements include sustainable materials with low investment costs and high performance for water treatment applications. The process of hydrothermal carbonization, on the other hand, offers a quick, economical, and green way to transform waste from natural resources into sustainable products. This study aims to produce a novel hydrochar-based material from pomegranate peel using NaOH cold-alkali activation. Extensive physicochemical characterization of the obtained material (NaOH-HCPP) was conducted. To assess the ability of NaOH-HCPP to remove acebutolol (ACE) drug from an aqueous solution, batch adsorption tests were performed, reaching (97.25 mg g −1 ) under optimal parameters. The isotherm fit best with the Freundlich model, whereas the kinetics were well described by both the PSO and Elovich models, indicating that the process was physicochemical. Moreover, thermodynamic studies stated that acebutolol uptake was distinguished by spontaneity (Δ G ° < 0) and exothermicity Δ H ° (− 31.91 kJ mol −1 ). Furthermore, a discussion of the empirical results and further analysis revealed that ACE adsorption onto NaOH-HCPP is controlled by pore filling, van der Waals forces, electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, π–π, and n–π interactions. Thus, NaOH-HCPP has demonstrated high promise for removing acebutolol and possibly other pharmaceuticals from aqueous media.

Algeria has important phosphate reserves (2 billion tons) located in the east of the country at Djebel Onk. This mining district, located in the northwestern part of the Algerian Sahara near the Algerian-Tunisian border, is composed of five sectors: Kef Essennoun, Djemi Djema, Bled El Hadba, Djebel Onk North and Oued Betita. Kef Essennoun and Bled El Hadba were selected for this study. The knowledge of the petro-mineralogical and chemical characteristics as well as the dimensions of the main existing minerals in the two types of phosphate ores is necessary to guide the choices of upgrading treatments and understand the reaction processes. The physico-chemical studies applied to the light and dark phosphates, respectively from the deposits of Bled El Hadba and Kef Essennoun revealed significant differences on the chemical and mineralogical level, with however a great similarity in terms of size and shape phosphate grains. The Kef Essennoun phosphate ore rich in P2O5 with a content of 28.23 % and the grain release mesh characterized by the slice of 800 to 125 microns. On the other hand, the Bled El Hadba ore less rich in P2O5 with a content of 23.90 % and the grain release mesh characterized by the slice of 500 to 100 microns. This study constitutes a criterion for assessing the quality and behavior of the two types of ore on the processing chain.

There are several disposal and governance difficulties due to rapid bio-waste growth. Therefore, recycling and repurposing them for environmental purposes is garnering increasing attention. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) followed by phosphoric acid activation was used in this investigation to synthesize a novel activated hydrochar (AHPP) from pomegranate peels. X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area analysis and BarrettJoyner-Halenda (BJH) pore size distribution, and pH of zero charge were exploited to define the characteristics of AHPP, which was then used to assess the uptake of Basic Red 46 (BR46) dye in the batch mode. Isothermal and kinetic investigations were accomplished with pH = 6, 0.5 g.L-1 of adsorbent, 400 rpm at 298 K upon 60 min. The Freundlich model accurately presented the equilibrium curves with an adsorption capacity of 998.95 mg g-1, while the PSO kinetic model adequately corresponded to the experimental data. Furthermore, thermodynamic data disclosed that the process was spontaneous, endothermic, and linked to a growing disorder at the adsorbent-adsorbate interface. Lastly, the reuse investigation using HCl ascertained that AHPP might be recycled ten times, whereas a probable adsorption mechanism was proffered. Overall, it is possible to conclude that activated hydrochar generated from pomegranate peels as cost-effective waste could be employed as an alternative sorbent in dining substantial effluents retaining BR46.

The production of phosphate concentrates is confronted with problems of treatment of wastes, of which the quantities are considerable. These wastes contain a large number of elements that are harmful to the environment. In this case, of phosphate wastes from Djebel Onk in the form of sludge that are the subject of our work, several trace elements have been recorded in limited levels. Indeed, elements such as lead and chromium have levels that exceed 60 and 300 ppm respectively. They far exceed the requirements of the mineral industry. The legislation, the severity of which varies from country to country, increasingly requires rigorous management and monitoring of these wastes in order to guarantee the protection of the environment from these toxic substances contained in the wastes. This work focuses on the management of phosphate wastes from Djebel Onk in liquid or sludge form. Current practices on their evacuation from neighbouring valleys to the operating site may harm the local environment. Moreover, the flow of this sludge which is increasingly thickened becomes more difficult. In this context, for environmental considerations and in order to define a concept linked to sustainable development, this study advocates a new approach in the recovery of phosphate wastes. It is based on the intrinsic properties of the present minerals determined by qualitative and quantitative analysis developed by different characterization techniques (XRD, XRF, IR, etc.). This makes it possible to define the chemical and mineralogical composition of liq- uid phosphate wastes which are rich in calcite (44.45 % in CaO) to those of phosphate elements (21 % in P2O5) and gangue minerals such as dolomite (7, 6 % in MgO), and quartz (5.8 % in SiO2). The microscopic observations carried out on these wastes showed the presence of the main minerals identified by XRD: fluorapatite, hydroxylapatite, carbonate, dolomite, calcite and quartz. The sought objective is to contribute to controlling these impurities to recover them from the water generated by the industrial installations for the exploitation of these materials with a view to their reuse in the laundries of the mining complex.

Hydrothermal Carbonization presents an easy, inexpensive, and eco-friendly method to convert waste from natural resources into sustainable materials. This study used the Hydrothermal Car-bonization (HTC) approach to make hydrochar from locally available pomegranate peels. Several analytical tools were employed for its characterization, including elemental analysis, X-ray Dif-fraction, micro-Raman, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Textual analysis, pHpzc, and Boehm titration. The produced hydrochar performed well in remov-ing cationic dye Basic Red 46 (BR46) from an aqueous medium, adsorbing 286.90 and 367.72 mg g-1 within only 5 and 60 min, respectively, at ideal circumstances. The Freundlich model was the most appropriate for the equilibrium data, whilst the pseudo-second-order model was found closest to the kinetic data (R2 = 0.980; Delta qe = 7.934%). Per the thermodynamic study, the dye adsorption was spontaneous (Delta G degrees < 0) and endothermic (Delta H degrees = 32.777 kJ mol-1). Furthermore, the prepared hydrochar (HCPP) has revealed good reusability, as it can be reused up to five times without losing its effectiveness. In summary, the outcomes obtained revealed that HCPP could be an effective and eco-friendly adsorbent for the treatment of colored wastewater.

Algeria has important phosphate reserves (2 billion tons) located in the east of the country at Djebel Onk. This mining district is located in the northwestern part of the Algerian Sahara near the Algerian-Tunisian border. The granulo-chemical and XRD analytical results confirm the phosphate depletion of Bled El Hadba layer and their enrichment in carbonate and dolomite, in comparison with the layer of Kef Essennoun. Phosphorite particles are heterogeneously grained. Although the two deposits are relatively close to each other, they show different mineralogical and chemical characteristics, which may cause the use of different mining exploitation methods.

This article investigates experimentally and theoretically the adsorption of Basic Red 46 cationic dye (BR46) using activated carbon generated from cactus fruit peels (ACCFP). The prepared adsorbent was characterized by different analytical tools showing a good surface for the uptake of pollutants. A maximum batch adsorption capacity of 806.38 mg g−1 was achieved at optimal conditions. The Freundlich model best represented the equilibrium data, although the pseudo-second-order kinetic model best described the adsorption kinetics. The thermodynamic studies demonstrated that the adsorption process was spontaneous (ΔG° < 0) and endothermic (ΔH° = 32.512 kJ mol−1). DFT descriptors were combined with COSMO-RS and AIM theory to provide a complete picture of the adsorbate/adsorbent system and its molecular interactions. Last, the ACCFP was regenerable up to four times, emphasizing the idea of using it as an adsorbent to treat textile wastewaters.

Algieria posiada ważne rezerwy fosforanów (2 miliardy ton) zlokalizowane na wschodzie kraju w Djebel Onk. Ten obszar górniczyznajduje się w północno-zachodniej części algierskiej Sahary, w pobliżu granicy algiersko-tunezyjskiej. Wyniki analiz granulochemicznychi XRD potwierdzają zubożenie fosforanów w warstwie Bled El Hadba i ich wzbogacenie w węglan i dolomit, w porównaniuz warstwą Kef Essennoun. Cząstki fosforytu są niejednorodnie ziarniste. Chociaż oba złoża znajdują się stosunkowo blisko siebie,wykazują różne właściwości mineralogiczne i chemiczne, co może powodować stosowanie różnych metod eksploatacji górniczej.

This study sought to reckon the efficacy of activated carbon from pomegranate peels (ACPP) in removing Basic Red 46 (BR46). The yielded sample was then characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM/EDS, BET/BJH, pH pzc , and Boehm titration, showing an amorphous and mesoporous structure with a specific surface area of 102.068 m 2 g −1 , along with the sight of varied functional groups on the surface. The highest adsorption capacity of 1021.11 mg g −1 was attained at a solution pH of 6, an adsorbent dosage of 0.8 g L −1 , and a stirring speed of 500 rpm at 25 °C for 60 min. The equilibrium investigation revealed that the Freundlich model is the most suitable, while the kinetic study implied that the pseudo-second-order model accurately characterizes the process ( R 2 ≥ 0.999). In addition, the thermodynamic study disclosed that the adsorption process was spontaneous (Δ G ° < 0) and endothermic (Δ H ° = 95.41 kJ mol −1 ), with a growth in the randomness at the solid–liquid interface (Δ S ° > 0). Besides, the adsorption capacity is reduced to 932 mg g −1 after the 4th cycle, meaning the material may be recycled four times without losing its effectiveness. In closing, ACPP exhibited good surface properties and high effectiveness in removing BR46, demonstrating its promise of being employed in wastewater treatment.

Carob waste (CW) is an agro-biomass material abundant in nature with potential use for eco-friendly remediation. However, like many biomass-based adsorbents, it suffers from its low adsorption capacity for organic/inorganic pollutants. Therefore, modification using physical and/or chemical means is commonly applied to improve the adsorptive properties of biomass-based adsorbents. In this study, carob waste (CW) and carob waste functionalized with phytic acid (PA-CW), as an ecofriendly product, were applied for the first time for Cr(VI) elimination. Various methods were applied for the material characterization like Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA and DTG), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), specific surface area and porosity measurements. The results proved that both CW and PA-CW own appropriate features for efficient adsorption. Bach experiments revealed that the optimum parameters for Cr(VI) (100 mg/mL) removal at 25 °C were pH 2, 0.05 and 0.025 g as adsorbent dose for CW and PA-CW, respectively, over 120 min contact time. The kinetic of adsorption was well-described by the pseudo-second order model, whereas the isotherm modeling fitted well the modified Langmuir model. CW and PA-CW achieved respectively maximum adsorption capacities of 212.4 and 387.9 mg/g, which are among the highest values so far reported for biomass-based adsorbent materials. These results confirmed that CW and PA-CW could be alternative cost-effective adsorbents even for high concentrations of Cr(VI) in industrial wastewaters along with their reduction capacity.

Purpose. Valorization of phosphate waste and diversification of the range of bricks by improving their mechanical properties. In this context, our work focused on the use of phosphate wastes from Djebel Onk (Tebessa) combined with clays from the Sidi Aich region (Bejaia) to manufacture a new variety of brick. The principle consists in varying the percentage of these wastes and the firing temperature. Methodology. After mechanical preparation in the laboratory, which consists of crushing, grinding and sieving operations, the two materials of phosphate and clays are characterized by several analysis techniques (XRD, IR and XRF). The brick manufacturing tests from these two materials were carried out for different weight percentages and for different firing temperatures. Findings. The combination of these two materials constitutes a new approach to the recovery of natural phosphates, which has a very high waste rate. Tests of making bricks from these two materials have yielded promising results. From a mechanical point of view, the best flexural strengths obtained at a temperature of 900 C vary from 3 to 5 MPa depending on the type of phosphate/clay mixture. The same goes for the compressive strength, which varies from 15 to 27 MPa depending on the type of mixture as well. These results conform to ASTM-C674, 1999 construction standards. Originality. The use of natural phosphate wastes from Djebel Onk in various proportions has resulted in a quality of brick that meets the international standards. Practical value. The mechanical properties of the brick made from these two materials, such as resistance to bending and compression constitutes a real significant recovery for the phosphate wastes from Djebel Onk.

In the current work, a by-product of local olive pomace was valorized as an eco-friendly biosorbent to clear Basic Red 46 dye (BR46). The surface properties of the biosorbent were studied by various analytical implements such as XRF, XRD, FTIR, SEM, and pHpzc. High removal rates (> 90

This work reports the use of raw pomegranate peel (RPP) as a low-cost biosorbent for the removal of Basic Red 46 (BR46) dye from aqueous solution. The XRD pattern indicates the amorphous nature of RPP. Hydroxyl (OH), carboxyl (COOH), and amine (NH2) are the main functional groups of the biosorbent. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows the heterogeneous and rough surface of RPP. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface of 1.046 m2.g−1 and the average pore diameter of 60.121 Å indicate that the molecule could easily access into the pores. The pH at the zero point charge (pHpzc) and the Boheme titration show the slight acidic property of RPP. Reduced particle size of RPP gives up an increase of the adsorption capacity of 70 mg.g−1 in 2 min, to attain 86.13 mg.g−1 with a removal rate of 86

OPtImISAtIOn OF the FLOtAtIOn PARAmeteRSOn the enRIChment OF PhOSPhAte ORe (ALGeRIA) Purpose.Treatment of the Algerian natural phosphate ore from the Jebel Onk deposit by flotation process with the use of flotation cell of the Motso Mineral Industries type (Inc.Darville, PA USA).This phosphate ore has a carbon ate and silicate gangue, which negatively affects viscosity in the production of phosphoric acid.methodology.The experimental procedure used is based on two aspects: 1) a prior mechanical preparation of all the processes: crushing, homogenization, quartering, sieving, followed by attrition and desliming operations; 2) a preparation of reagents of different qualities followed by pulping, packaging and flotation.Findings.We can conclude that the reverse flotation is perfectly favorable and presents an excellent economic yield.The flotation process has shown its efficiency in depressed phosphatic elements in the phosphate concentrates (flowings) as well as in floated carbonates in the carbonated wastes (floatings).Indeed, it was possible to attain the phosphate concentrate contents of nearly 31 % in P 2 O 5 with a satisfactory recovery (85-95 %).Originality.Flotation tests are applied for both granulometric classes C1(40-250 μm) and C2(250-500 μm) treat ing a little more than 30 % of P 2 O 5 with respect to raw sample (26 %), which allowed achieving satisfactory yields (85 to 95 %).The best yields were obtained under the following optimal conditions: the conditioning and flotation optimal time periods recorded for both classes are 10 and 8 min for class C1, whereas for class C2 they were found to be 7.5 min and 6 min, respectively.The best pH that corresponds to a higher flotation recovery for both classes is 9.The oleic acid adsorption optimal dosages on the gangue elements are 2500 and 2000 g/t for class C1 and C2, respectively.Practical value.Different analytical techniques (XRD, XRF, FTIR) were applied for the flotation products name ly: the flowings (phosphate concentrate) and the floatings (carbonated waste), which allows a new approach in the optimization of exploitation and valorization of the phosphate ores, as well as the focus of organizational chart of the treatment, aiming to provide the best quality of the phosphate concentrate.

ChARACTeRIZATIoN AND homogeNIZATIoN of BleD el-hADBAPhoSPhATe oRe, CASe of DjeBel oNK (AlgeRIA