According to Siddha literature, "Manparavu kizhangukalir karunayindri pusiyom" is mentioned in Pini Anuga Vithi. Here, it says that while other tubers exacerbate Moolam (hemorrhoids), Karunai Kizhangu treats it. According to Siddha literature, Moolam is brought on by eating more other tubers than Karunai Kizhangu, as well as by sitting for extended periods, riding a horse, and climbing an elephant. According to Siddha literature, it can result in death if left untreated. Then, two types of medicine—internal and external—are used in Siddha to cure it. Accordingly, Karunai Kizhangu is a component in numerous Moolam internal medicine formulations. In Siddha medicine, Karunai Kizhangu is a frequently utilized tuber. It comes in three varieties and has several therapeutic applications. They have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antihemorrhoidal activities. Karunai Kizhangu types have hemostatic, appetizer, analgesic, and astringent actions, and their therapeutic uses are hemorrhoids, constipation, and flatulence. Their phytochemicals are steroids, flavonoids, and saponins. Then, Karunai Kizhangu varieties fall under the yam category. Yam varieties have high crude fiber content. So, this review attempts to explore the therapeutic potential of Karunai Kizhangu among tubers in treating hemorrhoids.

Introduction: The Siddha system identifies Moolam as a major anorectal disorder influenced by diet, lifestyle, and psychosomatic factors. This study assesses the impact of Siddha interventions on quality of life in patients with Moolam, addressing physical, psychosocial, and defecatory aspects, while analysing preventable etiological risk factors. Objectives: Primary objective: To assess the quality of life in patients with Moolam (Anorectal diseases) reporting at OPD of Ayothidoss Pandithar Hospital, NIS before and after taking Siddha interventions through HEMO-FISS QoL questionnaire and QoLAF questionnaire. Secondary objective: To assess the etiological factors with respect to diet, habits and occupational history mentioned in Siddha classical text.Materials and methods: This observational study (IEC No: NIS/24/IEC/2023/MP/40; CTRI/ 2023/08/056647) involved 60 patients aged 20-60 years with anorectal diseases (hemorrhoids, fissure, fistula), selected from 100 screened cases based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. After obtaining informed consent, QoL data were collected at baseline and after 48 days of Siddha interventions through regular OPD. Results: The study results showed that there is a statistically significant reduction (p value<0.001) in HEMO-FISS & QOLAF questionnaire scores, in patients who underwent Siddha interventions on comparing scores of baselines. Discussion: Anorectal disorders significantly affect quality of life, yet most Siddha studies focus only on symptom relief. This study highlights the holistic Siddha approach, targeting physical, psychological, and lifestyle factors through internal medicines, external therapies, Yoga Maruthuvam, and diet, thereby improving overall well-being and preventing recurrence. Conclusion: Based on the reduction of clinical symptoms and HEMO-FISS QoL & QoLAF Questionnaire scoring, it can be concluded that Siddha interventions are effective in the treatment of Anorectal diseases.

Kumaara Veeriya Kaantha Chenduram (KVKC) is a siddha herbomineral formulation indicated for paandu noi in Siddha literature. Paandu noi is a disease characterised by changes in the body's natural colour and pallor found in the skin, nails and conjunctiva. Objectives: To determine the efficacy of the KVKC , the open labeled clinical study was conducted in National Institute of Siddha OPD. Materials and Methods: The 30 patients with Iron deficiency anaemia were selected and treated with KVKC orally with the dose of 260 milligram twice in a day with Nellikai legiyam 6 gram continuously for 45 days. Laboratory investigations for haemoglobin was done on 1 st day and every 15 days once of the study. Results: Clinical assessment was done, based on the before and after treatment scores which were compared statistically and recorded. Regarding Haemoglobin level, 24(80%) patients showed increase of 1 to 3 grams from base level, 6(20%) patients showed increase of 0.1 to 0.9 grams from base level. Regarding Serum Ferritin, out of 30 patients, 9 (30%) patients showed 0.1-3.5ng/ml increase from its base level, 21 (70%) patients showed 3.6-7.0ng/ml increase from its base level.From the Statistical studies, the Mean +/- Standard deviation for Haemoglobin before treatment was 9.7 +/- 0.93 and after treatment was 11.18 +/- 1.08 which was statistically highly significant (p<0.0001).And Serum ferritin before treatment was 9.27 +/- 3.31, after treatment was 13.5 +/- 3.49 which was statistically significant (p<0.0001). Conclusion: It is concluded that Kumaara Veeriya Kaantha Chenduram is proved safe and clinically effective in treating Iron deficiency anaemia.

Background: The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress is common among madhumegam (Type 2 Diabetes mellitus) patients. Association of depression, anxiety and stress increase the risk of madhumegam (Diabetes mellitus) and its complications and reduce the quality of life. Hence, this study aimed to assess depression, anxiety and stress among patients with madhumegam (Diabetes mellitus). Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out among 100 patients those who purposively selected and clinically diagnosed madhumegam (Diabetes mellitus) attending Ayothidoss Pandithar Hospital, National Institute of Siddha, Tambaram Sanatorium, Chennai. The patients were selected by inclusion and exclusion criteria and interviewed using a pre-designed DASS 21 Questionnaire. Data were analysed by using inferential statistics. Results: Out of 100 patients, 23% of patients had depression, 30% of patients had anxiety, and 12 % of patients had stress. Conclusion: Patients with madhumegam (T2DM) had significantly high rates of depression, anxiety and stress. Hence, regular screening of Diabetes Mellitus patients for psychological distress is recommended, along with a diabetes management plan for early identification and treatment.

Background: In siddha system of medicine diarrhoea can be compared with kazhichal. Diarrhoea results from several factors like intestinal hyper-motility, malabsorbtion of water, inflammation of GIT or use of laxatives. In siddha literature, the preparation named lagu gangathara chooranam is indicated for kazhichal. Aim: The study aims to perform the in-silico computational studies of phytoconstituents of the siddha formulation lagu gangathara chooranam targeted against m3 muscarinic acetyl choline receptor for anti-diarrhoeal activity. Methods: The retrieved phytocomponents were subjected for docking calculations against target enzyme m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Results: The computational analysis retrived 11 bio-active compounds from herbal formulation. It includes limonene, α-humulene, cyperolone, lupeol, beta amyrin, betulinic acid, mangiferin, quercetin, caryophyllene and luteolin. These compounds significantly bind against the target m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Hence these phytocompounds may produce significant anti-diarrheal activity by hindering the activity of m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in the intestinal region which mediates the diarrhoea. Conclusion: Further clinical trials or experimental studies could be conducted to confirm the effectiveness of this siddha formulation lagu gangathara chooranam against diarrhoea.

COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV2. Post-COVID syndrome is described as signs or symptoms that develop during an infection or after an infection which continue for more than 12 weeks. The lockdown of COVID-19 had worsened the mental health in both general population and COVID-19 patients. It was reflected in well-being of the people. Hence, a study was carried out to get the better understanding of the health status and limitations in their functions of post COVID-19 patients who were infected within 6 months. AIM: To estimate the quality of life and the functional status in post COVID-19 patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A hospital-based study which was Cross sectional in nature was carried with 100 post COVID-19 patients infected within 6 months, attended between the age group of 18 and 70 of all genders. After obtaining the informed consent, the quality of life of post COVID-19 patients within 6 months was assessed using EQ-5D-5L questionnaire and functional status was assessed using postCOVID-19 functional status scale (PCFS) RESULT: According to EQ-5D-5L scale 43% people affected with Mobility,30% by Self-care, 42% by Usual activities, 65% by Pain/discomfort, 42% by Anxiety/depression. In Post Covid Functional Status Scale - PCFS scale, 65% had limitations in their function ranging from (grade 1 to grade 3).

Background: Thyroid hormones have a major role in renal development and physiology. It has been shown that in chronic kidney disease (CKD), as the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) falls, there is a higher possibility of developing clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). With falling GFR, several abnormalities are growing in the thyroid gland at both structural and functional levels. Objective: To estimate the frequency of kuraiveethana noi (subclinical and clinical hypothyroidism) among CKD patients through lab investigation (Thyroid Function Test). Materials and Methods: It is a cross-sectional study carried out on 50 CKD patients reporting at the National Institute of Siddha using a non-random sampling method. After obtaining informed consent, Blood samples were collected from each patient to document their Thyroid profile. Results: Based on their report of thyroid profile, 19 patients had subclinical hypothyroidism, and 6 patients had clinical hypothyroidism. Conclusion: The study concludes that the frequency of subclinical and clinical hypothyroidism is found to be 38% (19 patients) and 12% (6 patients), respectively, among 50 chronic kidney disease patients who visited OPD of Ayothidoss Pandithar Hospital, National Institute of Siddha, Tambaram sanatorium.

Background: Peenisam (sinusitis) is a widespread condition, and patients are visiting Ayothidass Pandithar Hospital, National Institute of Siddha, to manage this condition. The signs and symptoms of peenisam (sinusitis) are mentioned in Siddha literature Yugi vaithya chinthamani, such as lacrimation, nasal block, headache, rhinorrhea, cough, absence of taste, may be correlated with maxillary sinusitis in biomedicine. Objectives: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of Siddha formulations Sombu theeneer (internal) and Peenisathirku thailam (external) in the management of sinusitis by using Adelaide Disease Severity Score (ADSS) and to observe changes in clinical lab parameters, total count, differential count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, absolute eosinophil count and serum immunoglobulin E pre and post-treatment. Methods: An open Non-Randomised clinical trial with a sample size of 10 patients diagnosed with Peenisam within the age limit of 18-60 years. The approval was obtained from Institutional Ethical Committee for conducting this clinical study with the IEC No: (25/11/2021; NIS/IEC/2021/MP-3). It was registered prospectively in the Clinical Trail Registry of India (CTRI Reg No: CTRI/2022/01/051045). The trial drug Sombu theeneer (internal) 30 ml BD with water after food and Peenisathirku thailam (external) were given for 48 days and two months follow up without the trial drug. Results: Biostatistical reports of ADSS scores and lab investigations before and after treatment were statistically analysed using paired t-tests. There was a significant reduction in both the ADSS.

Background: Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic multi-organ inflammatory disease which impacts both physically and psychologically. The symptoms of Kaalanjaga vaatham mentioned in Siddha text Yugi vaithiya chinthamani are closely related to Psoriatic arthritis. In Ayothidoss Pandithar Hospital, National Institute of Siddha, kaalanjagapadai is one of the most commonly reported diseases. Psoriatic arthritis patients have impaired health-related –the quality of life. Therefore, this cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Kaalanjaga vaatham and quality of life in Kaalanjaga vaatham patients before and after taking Siddha medicines. Aim & Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of Kaalanjaga vaatham in patients with Kaalanjagapadai; To evaluate the nature of quality of life in patients with Kaalanjaga vaatham before and after taking Siddha medicines. Materials and Methods: In this study, about 100 patients with Kalanjagapadai were studied to assess the prevalence of Kaalanjaga vaatham. According to the ClASsification for Psoriatic ARthritis (CASPAR) criteria, the quality of life in Kaalanjaga vaatham patients were evaluated using the Psoriatic Arthritis Quality of Life (PsAQoL) questionnaire. Results: In the entire study population of patients with psoriasis, the total prevalence of Psoriatic arthritis was 13% (n/N = 13/100), with 69% (9/13) of Psoriatic arthritis cases were diagnosed as new cases, and the quality of life in Kaalanjaga vaatham patients were moderately improved with 52% after Siddha treatment. Conclusion: After taking Siddha medicines, the Psoriatic arthritis patients' quality of life improved significantly. Thus, early diagnosis and intervention play an essential role in enhancing the Quality of Life of Psoriatic arthritis patients.

Lumbar Spondylosis in earlier days used to be an ailment of people in their 60s and above. In recent years this trend is changing. Many lifestyle factors are blamed for this transition. Yet the factors are different for each population. In National Institute of Siddha Hospital, Lumbar spondylosis is one of the most common ailments for which patient visits OPD. Hence, A cross-sectional study was carried out to get an idea about which of those factors were common in the Thandagavatham patients visiting this hospital. Aim: To establish the most common lifestyle factors in Thandagavatham patients reporting at Ayothidoss Pandithar hospital OPD, National Institute of Siddha. Materials and methods: All the patients with a known history of Thandagavatham (Lumbar Spondylosis) were screened for this study. After obtaining informed consent, about 200 people were questioned to know about their lifestyle. Data was collected using the pre-designed questionnaire. The frequency for each factor was obtained after feeding the data in MS excel software. Result: Out of 14 factors considered in the study, age, menopause, BMI, socioeconomic status, exercise, history of falls were common among the study population.

Background: Siddha medicine is an ancient script of medicine has been originated in South India. The concept of the Siddha system is based on fundamental principles of 96 thathuvangal which include five basic elements of the Universe, Udal thadhugal, and Uyir thadhugal etc. The physical health of the human body is maintained by three humors vathm, pitham, kabam which are the basic vital forces of humans. Udaliyal assessment is an essential tool, to diagnose any variation in the three vital forces. This study was to evaluate the body constitution in Uthiravatha Suronitham (Rheumatoid arthritis). This study was conducted in the outpatient department maruthuvam, Ayothidoss pandithar hospital, National Institute of Siddha, Chennai. 50 Uthiravatha Suronitham patients were selected to analyze the body constitution of Uthiravatha suronitham disease. The study details were collected by using the questionnaire in the data collection questionnaire. vathakaba thegi and vathapitha thegi body constitutions were more prone to Uthiravatha suronitham disease. The traits of thega illakanam, can be used for the line of treatment to the Uthiravatha suronitham patients along with dietary habits, behavioural modifications. etc.

Yoga , which originated in India 5000 years ago, helps the human beings to make their body healthy. Yoga is an essential practice to increase the physical and mental activity and prevent the occurrence of Non-Communicable Diseases. Yoga practice can improve the function of different system of the body, foster psychological wellbeing and improve the oxygen delivery to tissue, remove the metabolic waste product, carcinogens and cellular toxin and scientific evidence has begun to emphasize its efficacy. It helps to get rid of toxic substances which create disturbances in the body. In this review, the authors explain the role of various yoga practices in the management of four major Non-Communicable Diseases i.e. Diabetes Mellitus, Respiratory Disorders, Cardiovascular Diseases and Cancer based on evidences from various literatures and research and review articles.

Azhinjiathikashayam is a herbo mineral Siddha poly herbal formulation said for the management of Madhumegam (Type-2 Diabetes mellitus) in ancient Siddha literature. The study drug was subjected to estimate the therapeutic efficacy in Madhumegam patients. A well designed study protocol was approve by Institutional Ethics Committee and the clinical study was conducted as an open clinical trial in OPD/IPD of Ayothidoss pandithar Hospital of National Institute of Siddha Chennai. Based on the inclusion criteria 40 Madhumegam patients (Type -2 Diabetes mellitus) were enrolled in this study. Informed consent was obtained from each patient before study initiation. 60ml of Azhinjiathikashayam was administered orally before food twice a day for a period of 90 days and advised to follow the prescribed dietary regimen. All the baseline data, Laboratory investigations were recorded in the prescribed Case Report Form of each patient. Blood sugar level in fasting and postprandial was done once in 30 days and HbA1c was done before treatment (0th day) and after treatment (90th day). The clinical assessment was recorded once in 10 days. Paired ‘t’ test was used to test the significance of treatment using before and after treatment data on HbA1c, Clinical symptoms, Blood sugar fasting and postprandial. The level of significance probability 0.05 was used to test the treatment difference and the values are statistically significant. In this study there is statistically significant difference between before and after treatment on average HbA1c, average blood sugar of fasting and average clinical feature score (p u003c 0.0001).

Nandukkal parpam is a siddha formulation indicated mainly for kidney diseases especially kidney stone. This drug was tested for anti microbial property against Proteus Vulgaris, E-cloi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus by Agar-disk diffusion method and the results obtained from the study showed that NKP has antimicrobial property against Proteus Vulgaris, E-cloi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the drug is not effective against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus.

Kidney stone affect 10-12% of the population in industrialized countries. The average life time risk of stone formation has been reported in the range of 5-10%. Recurrent stone formation is a common part of the medical care of patients with stone diseases. The aetiology of this disorder is multi factorial and is strongly related to dietary lifestyle habits or practices. Increased rates of hypertension, diabetes and obesity which are linked to nephrolithiasis, also contribute to an increase in stone formation. Hence, this study was undertaken to find out the prevalence among kidney stone patients. Aim and objectives: To assess the prevalence of kidney stone among patients visiting in OPD-1, Dept.ofMaruthuvam (Medicine), National Institute of Siddha and also to find out the risk factors influencing the development of kidney stones especially Family history, inadequate fluid intake, Stress, Over weight and Obesity, Dietary habits and lifestyle modifications, association with other diseases (diabetes, hypertension). Materials and methods: The study was conducted among 666 kalladaippu (kidney stone) patients. Details of factors influencing the formation of kidney stone were obtained using a pretested questionnaire. Results and conclusion: The study revealed a high prevalence of kidney stone is due to low fluid intake 72.07%(p=0.000),dehydration 67.56% (p=0.012) and dietary habits ofmixed diet 91.59%(p=0.000),, high intake of coffee and tea 57.50%, sodium 64.26%, sugar 49.84%. Life style modifications of smoking 36.03%, alcohol consumption 41.59%, lack of physical activity 42.79%, obesity 54.80% also revealed a high prevalence of this disease.

Objective: The present pilot study was designed to evaluate the effect of Nandukkal parpam (Calx of Fossil stone crab) a Traditional Siddha medicine in Kalladaippu (Urolithiasis) patients. Method: This study was conducted at the National Institute of Siddha, Tambaram, Chennai, India. The investigator recruited 10 patients with an inclusion and exclusion criteria. The patients were treated with 260 mg of Nandukkal parpam along with 50 ml Sirupeelai kudineer (freshly prepared decoction of the whole plant of Aerva lanata - Mountain Knot grass) twice a day for a period of 60 days. All the patients were taken laboratory investigations and Ultra Sono Gram (USG-KUB). Results: Normal sonographic study was observed in 6 patients and reduction in number of stones and stone size in 4 patients. There were no adverse events reported during the study and no recurrences during the follow up period of up to one year were reported. Conclusion: Results suggest that the trial drug Nandukkal parpam is effective and safe for the management of Kalladaippu (Urolithiasis) and in alleviating recurrences.

The World Health Organization (WHO, 2002) emphasized development and utilization of herbal drugs and traditional medicines for the benefit of the world population in terms of cost effectiveness and low side effect. Plant medicines are in great demand both in the developed as well as developing countries for primary health care because of their wide range of biological and medicinal activities, higher safety margin and low cost. Many medicinal plants have been employed for centuries to treat urinary stones. The present review focus on the botanical information, Phytochemistry, Therapeutic uses, potential Pharmacological effect of some of the herbs, and Siddha formulations, being used in Siddha system of medicine for urolithiasis.

"Thamboolam " is a name referred to betel leaf, areca nut and slaked lime taken together or considered as a whole . Sometimes cardamom, long pepper, clove, calophyllum aromaticum, nutmeg, mace and dried ginger are also added with them and chewed. Areca nut has a long history of use and is deeply ingrained in many sociocultural and religious activities. The use of betel leaf can be traced as far back as two thousand years. It is described in the most ancient historic book of Ceylon, the Mahavasma, which is written in the Pali language. Areca nut is the seed of the fruit of the oriental palm, Areca catechu . Thin slices of the nut, either natural or processed, may be mixed with a variety of substances including slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) and spices such as cardamom, coconut, and saffron. Most significantly, they may be mixed with tobacco products or wrapped in the leaf of the piper betel plant. Areca nut is used by an estimated 200-400 million people, mainly IndoAsians and Chinese. Betel chewing is considered as a good and cheep source of dietary calcium .