Background Functional vocabulary selection is a key component of post-stroke language rehabilitation, yet limited evidence exists regarding which words are perceived as most meaningful by people with aphasia themselves. This study examined which vocabulary items are prioritised by individuals with aphasia or their relatives, as well as by chronic aphasia patients enrolled in the DULCINEA clinical trial.Methods and Procedures This cross-sectional observational study comprised two phases. In Phase 1, 15 individuals previously affected by aphasia and their relatives completed an online survey designed to identify everyday words and short phrases considered essential for functional communication. After refinement and categorisation, a base list of 183 items was generated. In Phase 2, 20 participants with chronic post-stroke aphasia selected, with support from relatives and speech and language therapists, the words they wished totrain during the DULCINEA intervention. A total of 891 trained words were analysed. The analyses were conducted at two levels and on an exploratory basis. At the word level, generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) with a negative binomial distribution were used to examine differences across semantic categories and selected subgroups (sex, age, and depressive symptoms). At the participant level, individual proportional distributions were compared between subgroups using Mann - Whitney U tests with false discovery rate (FDR) correction.Results Conversation was the most frequently selected category in both the baseline list and the training items, followed by Series, Foods and Drinks, Emotional and Physical States, and Verbs. Descriptive variations were observed in certain categories according to sex and, to a lesser extent, age. No differences were observed according to the status of depressive symptoms. However, these subgroup differences were not statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons and were associated with small effect sizes.Conclusions Individuals with aphasia prioritise highly functional vocabulary relevant to everyday communication, particularly conversational terms. While exploratory variations were observed across subgroups, these findings should be interpreted with caution given their lack of statistical significance, the small sample size, and the exploratory nature of the analyses. Larger studies are needed to confirm these preliminary observations and to further inform patient-centered vocabulary selection approaches in aphasia rehabilitation.

Abstract The study of great ape cognition offers insights into the evolutionary origins of human intelligence, but is hindered by small sample sizes and restricted access to data. To address this, we present the EVApeCognition Dataset, a publicly available resource comprising 262 experimental datasets from 150 scientific publications from the Wolfgang Köhler Primate Research Center (2004–2021) in Leipzig, Germany. Eighty-one apes participated in 150 studies, with a majority (N = 78) participating in more than one study. Publication of the dataset aims to make these unique datasets accessible for future meta-analyses and correlational analyses, helping us better understand how our great ape relatives think, learn, and behave.

The article presents the results of part of the research conducted for the European Union Horizon 2020 project RAYUELA on cybercrime and minors, analysed from a gender perspective. Using a qualitative approach in eight preliminary discussion groups with adolescents in different European countries (Estonia, Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Slovakia), and a second phase of further investigation through quantitative analysis of a representative survey in Madrid (N = 682) and Estonia (N = 415), we expose the gender differences both in victimisation (higher in girls and non-heterosexual youth) and in aggression (higher in boys) related to different forms of online violence including cyberbullying, hate speech, and online grooming. These differences can be understood as forms of violence that are sustained while promoting gender normativity. We discuss three conclusions: 1. Online violence as a practice that reinforces gender roles; 2. The trivialisation of symbolic violence through humour and consequent victim blaming; and 3. The effects that differential discourse on risk can have on the construction of sexuality.

La pedofilia es la atracción sexual hacia niños prepúberes; si bien no es un sinónimo de pederastia ni entraña la comisión de delitos sexuales, es usual que ambos fenómenos se confundan en referencias informales. Su caracterización clínica es debatida (puede interpretarse como trastorno parafílico, cronofilia o interés sexual atípico), pero su diagnóstico adquiere relevancia en la valoración de la imputabilidad de quien ha cometido un delito contra la libertad sexual de un menor de edad, pues se invoca para alegar una alteración de su capacidad. En este trabajo se analizan 29 sentencias españolas en las que tal diagnóstico conduce a estimar una atenuante o una eximente incompleta y se examinan los argumentos aducidos tanto cuando la pedofilia se diagnostica con otro trastorno como cuando concurre en exclusiva. En el primer grupo de casos, cuando la perturbación afecta también a la capacidad intelectiva, determina en ocasiones la apreciación de una eximente incompleta. En el segundo grupo de casos, algunas sentencias, pese a estimar que la capacidad cognitiva se conserva, identifican una perturbación de la capacidad volitiva y aprecian una atenuante analógica. En el trabajo se discute el acierto de estas resoluciones a la luz de la psicología clínica y se exponen propuestas para abordar la pedofilia en el ámbito jurisprudencial y pericial de modo congruente con un enfoque preventivo y no promotor del estigma.

We present research conducted in the framework of the European project H2020 RAYUEALA on cybercrime and minors with the aim of analyzing the prevalence of and relationship between cyberbullying and online hate speech among adolescents in two different areas of Europe (Spain-South-and Estonia-North-). We implemented a representative survey in the region of Madrid (Spain, n = 682) and Estonia (n = 415) with a stratified probability sampling method. We analysed frequencies together with a bivariate analysis and logistic regression. The results show a similar general prevalence in cyberbullying victimization, but online insults were more common in Estonia and account takeover and exclusion from a group were more common in Spain. However, online insults, racism, and LGTBIphobia had a higher difference in perpetration prevalence in Estonia. While common risk factors for victimization were being a female, being LGTBI, and spending more than three hours online, the leading risk factor for perpetrating was being male. Finally, there was strong overlap between being a cyberbullying and a cyberhate offender. We suggest some potential explanations for these differences: the extent of technological implementation in the region and the time spent online, information provided in the school and at home, and culturally predominant racism and LGTBphobia. The overlap between being a cyberbullying and a cyberhate offender, the gender-and sexual orientation-related risk factors, and the regional differences in prevalence show the importance of addressing the social and cultural aspects of online violence and the importance of social inequalities and power imbalance.

Background: Adult disclosure of child sexual abuse (CSA) is often addressed to partners and friends. The risk of negative reactions is high due to the stigma associated with CSA, however receiving social support is a protective factor. Therefore, educating the environment on how to face disclosure becomes crucial. Most education recommendations are focused on young victims, and the few addressed to adults are not evidence-based. Objective: Our aim was to develop an evidence-based guide of action for adult CSA survivors' relatives. Methods: First, we conducted a survey with individuals who had never received a disclosure to identify their concers if they recived a testimony of sexual abuse in their environment. The participants here were individuals who had never received a disclosure (N=9, 66.7% female; mean age: 39, SD: 17.63). Next, we elaborated a semi-structured interview based on these concerns to request recommendations from survivors on how to approach them during disclosure plus including questions about how their own disclosure flowed and which emotional needs they had. Finally, we conducted in-depth interviews with CSA survivors, collected their answers and performed a content-based analysis. The participants here were 12 CSA survivors (91.67%, female; mean age: 37.58, SD: 12.42). Results: In general, disclosure appears to benefit from respecting five principles: (1) respecting survivors' timelines, including not reporting to the police until they feel ready for it (if adults, in case of children immediate report must be done instead); (2) letting them have control over the recipients of their victimization; (3) not associating their victimization with their identity; (4) asking them about their emotional experience rather than about the criminal act and (5) empathizing with each individual's need for forgiveness in three dimensions: themselves (self- blaming), the environment (lack of protection) and the abuser (aggression).

This study investigated how children’s punishment affective states change over time, as well as when children begin to prioritise intentions over outcomes in their punishment decisions. Whereas most prior research sampled children from Anglo-America or Northwestern Europe, we tested 5- to 11-year-old children from Colombia and Spain (N = 123). We focused on punishment behaviour in response to ostensibly real moral transgressions, rather than punishment recommendations for hypothetical moral transgressions. We employed moral scenarios involving disloyalty (group-focused moral domain) and unfairness (individual-focused moral domain). Regarding punishment affective states, on average children did not derive much enjoyment from administering punishment, nor did they anticipate that punishment would feel good. Thus, children did not make the same emotional forecasting error adults commonly commit. Regarding the cognitive integration of outcomes and intentions, children began to punish failed intentional transgressions more harshly than accidental transgression, in both disloyalty and unfairness scenarios, much earlier than in previous behavioural studies: around 7 years of age rather than in late adolescence. This could be due to the lower processing demands and higher intention salience of our paradigm. Exploratory analyses revealed that children showed higher concern for disloyalty than unfairness. Punishment of disloyalty remained relatively stable in severity with increasing age, while punishment of unfairness decreased in severity. This suggests that the relative importance of moral concerns for the individual vs. the group may shift because of culture-directed learning processes.

Objective To assess the psychological impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the police and armed forces. Methods Participants ( N = 242) completed an online survey that assessed posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), burnout, emotional suppression, and labor and sociodemographic variables. Mean difference, correlation, and stepwise linear regression tests were performed. Results One-third of participants showed severe PTSS, linked to patrolling duties, very frequent contact with other people, fear of contagion, perceived pandemic severity, living with at-risk people, taking a COVID-19 test, working more than normal, suffering an assault, having little vacation, and having to distance from loved ones. PTSS also correlated with the burnout dimensions and emotional suppression. Three-quarters had not received any support from their workplace. Conclusions Effective interventions to optimize these professionals’ personal, social, and working conditions are needed.

There are specific treatment programs in prisons for those convicted of sexually assaulting minors; however, those who also have pedophilia require specific attention. The aim of this study is twofold: first, to offer a specific intervention proposal for pedophilia in the prison setting based on the available scientific evidence, and complementary to the Sexual Assault Control Program, and second, to justify this proposal through the case of an inmate with pedophilia. Specifically, we propose an individual intervention focused on people with pedophilia; working on low self-esteem, assessing suicidal ideation, and restructuring cognitive distortions with minors, facilitating the creation of functional personal relationships with adults, assessing past polyvictimization and its possible influence on subsequent sexual behavior, providing inmates with psychoeducation on pedophilia; specifically addressing sexual fantasies with minors, avoiding dissexual behavior, and eliminating the consumption of abusive material.

Online grooming is the process by which an adult uses the Internet to initiate a dynamic of sexual persuasion and victimisation through online contact to obtain an encounter or sexual content from a minor. Although there is an abundant literature of attempts to define the risk factors for grooming, fewer studies have addressed the risk factors qualitatively through direct interviews with offenders, victims and experts. Further understanding such characteristics of the grooming process allows the development and improvement of evidence-based prevention programmes, designed to target specific risk factors. To deepen our understanding of how risk factors operate and how offenders exploit minors’ vulnerabilities, the European H20201 project RAYUELA conducted 15 in-depth interviews with offenders, 8 with victims, and 23 with subject-matter experts from different European countries. The results, based on a categorical content analysis, are consistent with previously reported risk factors for victims. Social isolation was revealed as the most relevant factor. The age of greatest risk is in adolescence due to the characteristics of this developmental stage, among which sexual curiosity stands out. In relation to gender, although girls receive more requests from groomers, boys are more likely to accept them, showing a different perception of the risk. Other relevant factors found non-heterosexual sexual orientation, and poor family communication. In addition, a high percentage of offenders were found to be from the victims’ environment. Thus, a relevant conclusion is that risk factors cannot be separated from structural aspects of the offline reality, such as gender stereotypes and lack of sex education, so focusing on them in prevention may be more effective than addressing exclusively Internet aspects.

Online grooming has increased along with the development of new technologies. To prevent it, we need to know the characteristics of offenders and victims, and the modus operandi. To do so, we analysed 20 Spanish court sentences (2017-2020 period). The sample is made up of 20 offenders (men, mean age = 35 years old) and 65 victims (46% girls, mean age = 14 years old). Although there was no homogeneous profile, in line with previous investigations, offenders were mostly unknown young men with no criminal records with a higher average age. The persuasion strategies that were found were similar with those of the literature but different by sex (deception and coercion girls, corruption boys). An offline meeting was suggested in 90% of the cases, being more accepted if the offender was known. Disability in the victims worked as a risk factor. In the discussion section we debunk myths, hoping to contribute with evidence-based material for further prevention programs.

The main objective of this research is to study the relationships of offense-supportive cognitions and sexual fantasies with sex crime. The research involved 48 men: 26 convicted of sexual offenses against minors and 22 convicted of sexual offenses against adults from different prisons in the Community of Madrid, Spain. We used the RAPE Scale and the Sex With Children Scale to evaluate offense-supportive cognitions and an ad hoc adaptation of the Multidimensional Developmental, Sex and Aggression Inventory to evaluate sexual fantasies with minors and sadomasochistic fantasies. The results show that both groups present similar offense-supportive cognitions, while each group had significantly more sexual fantasies related to their specific crime. Participants who had sexual fantasies about minors presented significantly more offense-supportive cognitions justifying child sexual abuse than those who did not present these fantasies, while participants with sadomasochistic fantasies did not present more offense-supportive cognitions about rape. After collecting this information, we ran four mediation models to assess potential relationships between fantasies, offense-supportive cognitions, and specific sexual crime. The mediation models showed that both sexual fantasies with minors and sadomasochistic fantasies had direct relationships with sex crimes. Upon further confirmation with studies with larger sample sizes, our findings support the importance of dealing with sexual fantasies in treatment of people convicted of sexual offenses and imply a need for differentiated treatment, since the content of sexual fantasies was different in each group.

Young people might be especially vulnerable to fake news as they tend to get informed mainly online. Besides, much of the content of these fake news may contain hate speech and therefore support discrimination against minorities. This article presents the results of eight European focus groups and a regionally (Madrid) representative survey about how young people access and share fake news information online carried out in the framework of European Project H2020 RAYUELA. The results show a general preference among young people to get information from social networks despite admitting that traditional media are more reliable because the former use more videos, congregate more people and post comments with opposing opinions. We also describe differences between teenagers sharing fake news on purpose or unintentionally. The latter tend to more frequently use hand devices (i.e., smartphone, tablet), while the former more widely admit having become offenders of online hate speech (sexism, racism and LGTBIphobia).

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Post-stroke aphasia is associated with a reduced quality of life (QoL) and higher risk of depression. Few studies have addressed the effect of coping with aphasia. Our aim is to evaluate the impact of post-stroke aphasia on self-reported QoL and symptoms of depression. METHODS:This was a cross-sectional prospective case-control study. Cases involved patients with post-stroke aphasia included in the DULCINEA trial (NCT04289493). Healthy controls were recruited using snowball sampling. All subjects completed the following questionnaires: General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), Stroke Aphasia Quality of Life Scale (SAQOL-39), Communicative Activity Log (CAL) and Stroke Aphasic Depression Questionnaire (SADQ-10). RESULTS:Twenty-three patients (eight women; mean age 62.9 years) and 73 controls (42 women; mean age 53.7 years) were included. Cases scored lower than controls in perception of health (GHQ-12: median 3 [IQR 1; 6] vs. 0 [IQR 0; 2]) and perception of QoL (SAQOL-39: median 3.6 [IQR 3.3; 40] vs. 4.6 [IQR 4.2; 4.8]). Functional communication (CAL: median 135 [IQR 122; 148] vs. 94 [IQR 74; 103]) and SAQOL-39 communication subscale (median 2.7 [IQR 2.1; 3.2] vs. 4.8 [IQR 4.6; 5.0]) were also significantly lower in the case group. Notably, cases reported fewer depressive symptoms than controls (SADQ-10: median 11 [IQR 9; 15] vs. 13 [IQR 11; 16]; p = 0.016). A mediational analysis revealed that the relationship between post-stroke aphasia and depression was not mediated by functional communication. CONCLUSIONS:Although communication difficulties impact the QoL of patients with post-stroke aphasia, such patients report fewer depressive symptoms on the SADQ-10 scale than healthy people, with no differences in scores related to social participation.

The data of this dataset have been collected in the pilots carried out by the RAYUELA project in different countries of the European Union. The participants are minors and the game sessions have been carried out in schools and summer camps in a supervised way.

El abuso sexual de menores online ha aumentado a la par que el desarrollo de las nuevas tecnologías. Para evitarlo necesitamos conocer las características de agresores y víctimas, así como el modus operandi. Con ese objetivo, en el presente trabajo analizamos 20 sentencias españolas (periodo 2017-2020). La muestra se compone de 20 agresores (varones, edad media = 35 años) y de 65 víctimas (46% chicas, edad media = 14 años). Aunque no existía un perfil homogéneo, como en investigaciones previas, los infractores eran mayoritariamente varones jóvenes, desconocidos y sin antecedentes penales, aunque con edad media superior. Las estrategias de persuasión eran semejantes a las de la literatura pero diferentes por sexo (engaño y coacción en chicas, corrupción en chicos). Se propuso un encuentro en persona en el 90% de los casos, que tuvo mayor aceptación cuando el agresor era conocido. La discapacidad de las víctimas es un factor de riesgo. En la discusión tratamos de desmitificar estereotipos con la finalidad de contribuir con material empírico a los programas de prevención.

Background Communication is one of the most important predictors of social reintegration after stroke. Approximately 15–42% of stroke survivors experience post-stroke aphasia. Helping people recover from aphasia is one of the research priorities after a stroke. Our aim is to develop and validate a new therapy integrating dubbing techniques to improve functional communication. Methods The research project is structured as three work packages (WP). WP1: development of the dubbed language cinema-based therapy: Two research assistants (a speech therapist and a dubbing actor) will select the clips, mute specific words/sentences in progressive speech difficulty, and guide patients to dub them across sessions. Words to be dubbed will be those considered to be functionally meaningful by a representative sample of aphasic patients and relatives through an online survey. WP2: a randomized, crossover, interventional pilot study with the inclusion of 54 patients with post-stroke non-fluent aphasia. Patients will be treated individually in 40-min sessions twice per week for 8 weeks. Primary outcomes will be significant pre/post differences in scores in the Communicative Activity Log (CAL) questionnaire and Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) administered by a psychologist blinded to the patients’ clinical characteristics. Secondary outcomes: General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)-12, Stroke Aphasia Quality of Life Scale (SAQOL-39), Western Aphasia Battery Revised (WAB-R), and the Stroke Aphasic Depression Questionnaire (SADQ10). WP3: educational activities and dissemination of results. WP3 includes educational activities to improve public knowledge of aphasia and dissemination of the results, with the participation of the Spanish patients’ association Afasia Activa . Discussion This pilot clinical trial will explore the efficacy of a new therapeutic tool based on dubbing techniques and computer technology to improve functional communication of patients suffering from post-stroke aphasia with the use of standardized test assessment. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04289493 . Registered on 28 February 2020.

Objective This study aimed to (1) evaluate the evolution of mental health (posttraumatic stress symptoms [PTSSs], depression, and burnout) of healthcare workers during the second wave of the pandemic (November to December 2020) and compare it with the first wave (March to May 2020), and (2) ascertain the predictors of PTSSs. Methods In March to May 2020 (T1), 269 healthcare professionals working in Spain completed PTSSs, sadness, resilience, and coping questionnaires. In November to December 2020 (T2, N = 58), we assessed PTSSs, sadness, burnout, and depression. Results Among the healthcare professionals, 63.8% displayed severe PTSSs, 51.7% depressive symptoms, and 79.3% emotional exhaustion (T2). Some risk factors were caring for patients who were severely ill or dying and using rumination, thinking avoidance, self-isolation, emotional expression, and self-blaming as coping strategies. Conclusions The pandemic has had a deep and long-lasting impact on the healthcare workers' mental health.

The worldwide mental health burden associated to COVID-19. The psychological symptoms associated to COVID-19 can originate from three different sources: lockdowns, pandemic life and virus infection (both COVID-19 and post COVID-19 condition). Within the psychological symptoms it can be found: anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, fatigue and cognitive impairment (i.e., ’brain fog’, mental slowness, deficits in attention, executive functioning, working memory, learning, articulation, and/or psychomotor coordination). Plus, two psychological conditions associated to the COVID-19 pandemic have been coined so far by the World Health Organization: pandemic fatigue and post COVID-19 condition. The increase of psychological symptoms both in the general population and in frontline workers (especially health-care workers) generates an unprecedented number of psychological patients and it challenges national mental health systems.

Most developmental studies of the role of outcomes and intentions in third-party moral evaluations sampled children from English-speaking countries and focused on harm and property transgressions. We tested instead 5- to 11-year-old children from Colombia and Spain (N = 123) employing moral scenarios involving disloyalty and unfairness. We found that the outcome-to-intent shift in judgements of transgression severity was moral domain-dependent in Colombian but not Spanish children. More specifically, by age 5 Spanish children judged failed intentional transgressions more severely than accidental transgressions regarding both disloyalty and unfairness. In comparison, Colombian children judged failed intentional transgressions more severely than accidental transgressions in the case of disloyalty but not unfairness. This suggests that it may be adaptive for children to develop sensitivity to intentionality earlier within the moral domain their own culture is more concerned about (e.g., loyalty in collectivistic cultures). Regarding punishment severity, we observed an outcome-to-intent shift in Spanish but not Colombian children. In other words, while Colombian children punished failed intentional transgressions and accidental transgressions equally for the whole age range, Spanish children began to punish failed intentional transgressions of both moral domains more severely than accidental transgressions around 8 years of age. Finally, neither Colombian nor Spanish children enjoyed engaging in punishment. Colombian children even anticipated administering punishment to feel worse than it actually felt during and after punishment allocation. These enjoyment findings suggest that retribution is unlikely to be the primary motive for children’s third-party punishment in this context.