Antibiotic misuse or overuse leads antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistant bacteria infections cause significant clinical problem. Recently, antibiotic resistant bacteria numbers have increased, this situation has become a global public health treat. To achieve these problems, development of new antibacterial compounds is still popular among researchers. The focus on natural compounds/plant extracts in combination with antibiotics increase their activities and decrease the doses of antibiotics and their side effects. Despite known as poisonous, Arum italicum Miller is used as food and/or is used for the treatment such ailments as furuncle, eczema, peptic ulcer, wounds, etc. This interesting species was found as anticancer, cytotoxic, apoptotic agent against some human cancers. In the present study, the fractions of A. italicum tuber extract against human pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Bacillus cereus NRRL B-3711, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538) were evaluated for their antibacterial activities by microdilution method. Each fraction was combined with ciprofloxacin and their synergistic activities were tested by checkerboard method. The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentrations) and FICI (fractional inhibitory concentration indexes) values were calculated. Totally, seven synergic interactions, ten additive interactions, and four indifferent interactions of tested fractions with ciprofloxacin were found.

The essential oil (EO) of Origanum minutiflorum O. Schwarz et P. H. Davis was obtained by the hydrodistillation method. The analysis of the EO was conducted using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The yield of the EO was determined to be 3.9%. Fifty-six compounds were identified, constituting 97.8% of the EO. The EO was rich in carvacrol at a rate of 83.3%, and the other major compounds were p-cymene (3.0%), beta-caryophyllene (1.3%), trans-sabinene hydrate (1.1%), gamma-terpinene (1.1%), borneol (1.1%), and terpinene-4-ol (1.0%). While the EO (100 mu g/mL) demonstrated the highest inhibition on cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with 55.26%, the inhibitory activities on the other enzymes were as follows: cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2); 33.10%, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9); 12.87%. The EO had no inhibition on lipoxygenase (LOX). In this research, inhibitory activity of the EO of O. minutiflorum on COXs and MMP-9 enzymes was reported for the first time.

Origanum minutiflorum, an endemic species in Turkiye, is used for both food and medicinal purposes. 70

In the present study, the volatile compounds and antioxidant activities of A. sylvestris var. sylvestris belongs to the Apiaceae family were evaluated. The essential oils from roots, leaves, flowers and fruits obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS), simultaneously. The volatile compounds were identified by using in-house and commercially libraries. The possible antioxidant activities of each essential oil were determined at in vitro conditions and the results were compared with positive controls.

The aim of the current study is to evaluate the biological activity of F. caspica M. Bieb.which is used for the treatment of diabetes in traditional Turkish medicine and to compare with F. halophila Peşmen.Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents of the plants' extracts were tested by DPPH radical scavenging assay and Folin Ciocalteu assay, respectively.Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of the extracts were investigated with the aim of indicating whether there was a correlation with their antioxidant capacities.Different quinic acid and flavonoid derivatives which may be responsible for the activities of the extracts were detected using LC-MS screening in the methanol extracts.The methanol extract from the aerial parts of F. caspica was found to show most antioxidant capacity and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity.

The objective in this study is to isolate and characterize volatile compounds of Lavandula stoechas L. subsp. stoechas rooted with micropropagation techniques and grown under suitable in vitro conditions. Microdistillation procedure was applied on aerial parts of this plant. The volatile compounds were characterized by GC-FID and GC-MS systems, simultaneously. Based on results, twenty-two compounds were identified. Major volatile compounds included camphor (38.5%), bornyl acetate (10.6%), alpha-fenchone (8.9%), 1,8-cineole (4.3%), alpha-pinene (4.0%), linalool (3.5%), viridiflorol (3.8%) myrtenal (2.7%), geranyl acetate (2.1%). These results were positively related with data published regarding the plant growing wild.

In this present study, the aerial parts of Verbascum eskisehirensis were dried in the shade and air-flowed area. The dried samples were macerated with 70% methanol in water for 24 h by three times. The biological activities of the extract was determined by in vitro methods. The antioxidant activity was evaluated in 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH center dot) radical scavenging assay and the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) was measured the ability of the extract to scavenge the stable radical cation ABTS+ (2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)). The antibacterial effects against some clinical pathogens were tested by broth microdilution assay. The in vitro antiinflammatory activity was also examined by 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme inhibitory test. In the same time, the phenolic composition of the extract was determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS system. According to results, the extract was found rich-in luteolin derivatives. The major compound was identified as luteolin-pentosyl-hexoside. The antioxidant activities of the extract were moderate. The extract showed weak antibacterial activity against tested bacteria strains. Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 13311 was more sensitive to the extract than the others. The extract showed weak antiinflammatory activity.

Thymus vulgaris (thyme), a species of aromatic and medicinal plant of Lamiaceae family, is a bushy, woody evergreen subshrub with small, highly aromatic, grey-green leaves and clusters of purple or pink flowers that bloom in early summer. It is native to southern Europe from the western Mediterranean to southern Italy and Turkey. There are 38 species in Turkey, 53 % of which are endemic. Thyme essential oils are distilled from flowers and leaves that are widely used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food industries. Despite the advantages and potential applications, however, there are few reports detailing in vitro propagation of T. vulgaris. The main goal in this study was to determine volatile components of in vitro micropropagated thyme by microdistillation method. GC/MS and GC/FID analysis showed that thymol, -terpinene, p-cymene, thymol acetate, -caryophyllene, carvacrol methyl ether, and linalool were the main volatile components of thyme.

In the present review, Lamiaceae genera studied for their essential oils during 2006-2017 were investigated and compiled . Acinos, Ajuga, Ballota, Calamintha (Clinopodium), Coridothymus, Cyclotrichium, Dorystoechas, Hymenocrater, Hyssopus, Lallemantia, Lavandula, Marrubium, Melissa, Mentha, Micromeria, Nepeta, Ocimum, Origanum, Pentapleura, Perilla, Phlomis, Rosmarinus, Salvia, Satureja, Scutellaria, Sideritis, Stachys, Teucrium, Thymbra, Thymus, Wiedemannia, and Ziziphora species were comparatively listed and grouped referring to their major essential oil components. In addition, commercially important culinary and aromatic plants of Lamiaceae were also highlighted.

The GC-MS analyses of the essential oils of inflorescence of Phlomis pungens Willd. (Lamiaceae), collected from Galalti, Altiagach and Nakhchivan of Azerbaijan, led to the identification of 2 monoterpenes, 44 sesquiterpenes, 1 diterpene and 4 aliphatic acids constituents accounting for over 93.9, 94.1 and 95.2 % of the total oils. In the same way the GC-MS analyses of the essential oils of leaves collected from three localities led to the identification of 2 monoterpenes, 37 sesquiterpenes, 1 diterpene and 4 aliphatic acid constituents, too which responsible for over 90.3, 92.4 and 94.8 % of the total oils. Non surprisingly, the main constituents of inflorescence and leaves oil were sesquiterpenes (mainly non-oxygenated) and aliphatic acids which these findings are consistent with previous studies on Phlomis genus. Quantitative and qualitative differences were found among essential oils of inflorescence and leaves of the plants collected from different localities of Azerbaijan.

In this study, the polar extract of Arum italicum Miller tubers was fractionated by ` biological activity guided fractionation' method. MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) and A549 (non-small lung cancer) cancer cell lines were used to screen cytotoxic activity. Possible antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of each subfraction were evaluated by in vitro. As a result, E2 were cytotoxic against A549 cell lines while E3 and E6 showed good cytotoxic activities against both cancer cell lines. These three subfractions showed apoptotic and antiproliferative effects comparable with positive control. The chemical composition of each subfraction was determined by LC/MS-MS. Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, lignans and glycosides, hydroxycinnamic acidspermidine conjugates and oxylipins identified in subfractions were major secondary metabolites.

Sambucus nigra L. (Caprifoliaceae) known as, black elder. is widely used as both food and medicinal plant in Europe. Elderflowers are consumed as herbal tea and its gargle has benefits in respiratory tract illnesses such as cough, influenza, inflammation in throat. In this study, we aimed to show the compositions of the volatile compounds-rich in extract and the essential oil of the elderflowers cultivated in Kutahya, Turkey. HS-SPME (Headspace-Solid Phase MicroExtraction) technique was employed to trap volatile compounds in the hexane extract of dried elderflowers. The volatile compounds in the essential oil from elderflowers isolated by hydrodistillation were analyzed GC and GC-MS systems, simultaneously. Results for the n-hexane extract: thirty volatile compounds were identified representing 84.4% of the sample. cis-Linalool oxide (27.3%) and 2-hexanone (10.5%) were found to be main compounds of the n-hexane extract. Results for the essential oil: fifteen volatile compounds were identified representing 90.4% of the oil. Heneicosane (18.8%), tricosane (17.3%), nonadecane (13%) and pentacosane (10.3%) were the major compounds of the oil.

The substrate of this study, 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ), is one of the naturally occurring quinones which is found in insects as a defence metabolite. In the present study, DMBQ was biotransformed by using the micro-fungus Corynespora cassicola. The transformation metabolite was initially screened by TLC and GC-MS, then further characterized by NMR (13C- and 1H-NMR) spectroscopic techniques and was identified as ‘2,5-dimethyl 1,4-benzenediol’. In addition, both the substrate and metabolite was evaluated for the in vitro anticandidal, and antioxidant properties along with XTT-cytotoxicity.

This study was investigated the potential cytotoxic, antioxidant and anticandidal activities of T terrestris in vitro. Both the fruit and aerial parts of the T terrestris extract showed a significant cytotoxic effects in a dose dependent manner on both HeLa and SKOV-3. However, both cells were more sensitive against the aerial parts of the T terrestris extract as compared to fruit parts. The results showed that 1050 values of the fruit and aerial parts of the T terrestris extract is 0.22 and 0.04 mg/ml in HeLa; 0.36 and 0.02 mg/ml in SKOV-3, respectively. Both part of T terrestris methanolic extract did not show remarkable anticandidal effects compared with Quercetin dihexoside and rutin were determined as the major compounds of the extracts. The high cytotoxic effects of aereal parts might be due to the amount of rutin and quercetin dihexoside flavonols, btit this issue are still needed to be further investigated.

The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition of L. angustifolia volatiles from the field crop plant versus in vitro micropropagated plantlets. The rationale of this work was to develop in vitro culture methods for the fast and independent propagation of medicinal and aromatic plants in particular Lavender.Lavandula angustifolia Miller (Lamiaceae), also known as Lavender, is widely used in herbal medicine, cosmetic industry, and for culinary purposes. This species is highly valuated for its industrial purposes. It is a fact that there is a gap in the biotechnological production of industrially valuable crops such as Lavender. As a contemporary approach the plant tissue culture strategy of medicinal and aromatic plants by micropropagation serves as a useful technology to produce sufficient amounts of bioproducts e.g. plant material for multiple purposes.The plant samples were subjected both to hydro- and microdistillation for the isolation of volatiles. The resulting subsequent volatiles were simultaneously analysed both by GC–FID and GC–MS systems.The main compounds characterized from the hydrodistillation of micropropagated plantlets were linalool (22.1%), lavandulyl acetate (15.3%) and linalyl acetate (14.7%). The main compounds identified through microdistillation of this sample were linalool (14.6%), lavandulyl acetate (12.8%) and linalyl acetate (4.7%). On the other hand the main compounds of field crop plant from hydro- and microdistillation were T-cadinol (16.9–9.3%), borneol (8.7–14.0%) and3-carene (8.7–8.6%), respectively. As a conclusion, the obtained results suggested that volatile composition of the micropropagated samples resembles to the composition of the officinal Lavender essential oils, which can be industrially exploited.

The chemical profile, cytotoxic and apoptotic effect, and antioxidant activity were determined of ethanolic extracts of Vitex agnus-castus L. (chaste tree). Ripened fruits and fruitless aerial parts were extracted with ethanol, and the chemical characterization of the extracts was determined by LC/ESI-MS-MS. Twelve compounds were tentatively identified in the extracts. The dose-dependent cytotoxic effects of the extracts were tested on C6, A549 and MCF-7 cells by using MTT assay; inhibition of DNA synthesis, and apoptotic and caspase-3 activation effects of the extracts were determined. The potential antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated by in vitro methods such as DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity, reducing power and β-carotene bleaching assays. The fruit extract showed noticeable cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 88 μg/mL. Both extracts showed similar DPPH scavenging activity comparably with that of the standard.

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) of the Lamiaceae family is an aromatic plant and widely used for medicinal purposes. This present study aimed to determine the compounds from volatiles of the plant using in vitro induced micropropagated shoots. The volatile components were isolated by microdistillation technique from this economically important M. officinalis seedlings. The main components were determined by GC/FID and GC/MS from herbage A and herbage B as geranial (43.4-44.8%), neral (26.8-30.3%), alloaromadendrene (8.5 and 1.6%), geranyl acetate (7.4 and 5.7%), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (3.5 and 3.5%), and beta-caryophyllene (3.1 and 2.3%), respectively. The results obtained are in correlation with the previous studies.