To determine sensitization to house-dust mite (HDM) antigen in under-five children with recurrent wheeze, compare it with nonwheezers, and assess atopic comorbidities in them. A cross-sectional study was done in the Pediatric department of a teaching hospital in North India, in 190 children aged 1–5 y. Out of these, 127 had recurrent wheeze (RW), and 63 had no wheeze (NW). Sensitivity was done by skin prick test (SPT) for two dust mites antigens: Dermatophagoide farinae and Dermatophagoide pteronyssinus antigens. In addition, atopic comorbidities like atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis were assessed. Mean age of the study population was 34.52 ± 20.50 mo. SPT positivity for either of the dust mites was 97 (76.4

Until you measure, you cannot control. Keeping in mind the end goal to have better control, it is essential that the estimation be as accurate as could be expected. The need for enhanced and exact control gets highlighted in circumstances where the parameters of the specific system changes quickly in a brief length of time. One such circumstance is controlling the throttle valve of the electronic throttle body. A proper control structure for the throttle valve is necessary as the angle of opening determines the amount of air injected into the combustion chamber. It is very crucial to be in command of the amount of air entering as it directly affects the engine performance and emissions. Naturally, it follows that an error in measurement of the angle of opening of the throttle valve will have an impact on the crucial parameters of the powertrain frameworks of the vehicle, which is unacceptable. In this paper we have presented a Kalman filter based control algorithm for the electronic throttle body. It takes the values of the input voltage to the motor and the throttle position sensors and aims to minimize the error and quickly adjust the angle at the correct value. A comparison of the proposed algorithm and a conventional PID controller has also been included.

In order to meet future emission regulations, increase the power production and reduce the fuel consumption the modern SI engines uses the electronic actuators such as solenoid injector, idle air control actuator, valve timing actuator etc. Engine performance and emissions are mainly depending on the accurate control of both the injection timing and fuel injection quantity of the injector. In order to fully exploit the advantages of modern GDI injector, the electronic system should be capable of driving a high speed solenoid injector at a very fast switching frequency efficiently and with less power consumption. The electric driving circuit is required to be designed with a fast response and precise control. The most serious problem which decreases the injector performance is the response time delay of the injector. There are many reasons for the delay in opening and closing of electromechanical injector such as voltage drop, limitation of injector driving circuit, electromagnetic interference, etc. In this paper, an injector drive circuit has been designed and analyzed for driving a high pressure injector. Also, PWM control using NE 555 timer has been introduced for quickening the cut-off response time. In the process of designing an injector drive circuit high frequency switching component like MOSFET, IGBT and power transistor has been used. Comparison of response time between these three injector driving circuit has been given using NI Multisim. Analysis of switching characteristic among the three injector driving circuit was carried out. In the end, switching characteristic and temperature sweep of all the three IDC have been plotted.

Free/Open Source Software projects often rely on users submitting bug reports. However, reports submitted by novice users may lack information critical to developers, and the process may be intimidating and difficult. To gather more and better data, projects deploy automatic crash reporting tools, which capture stack traces and memory dumps when a crash occurs. These systems potentially generate large volumes of data, which may overwhelm developers, and their presence may discourage users from submitting traditional bug reports. In this paper, we examine Mozilla's automatic crash reporting system and how it affects their bug triaging process. We find that fewer than 0.00009% of crash reports end up in a bug report, but as many as 2.33% of bug reports have data from crash reports added. Feedback from developers shows that despite some problems, these systems are valuable. We conclude with a discussion of the pros and cons of automatic crash reporting systems.

Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) projects have a reputation for being grass-roots efforts driven by individual contributors volunteering their time and effort. While this may be true for a majority of smaller projects, it is not always the case for large projects. As projects grow in size, importance and complexity, many come to depend on corporations, universities, NGO's and governments, for support and contributions, either financially or through seconded staff. As outside organizations get involved in projects, how does this affect their governance, transparency and direction? To study this question we gathered bug reports and commit logs for GCC and the Linux Kernel. We found that outside organizations contribute a majority of code but rarely participate in bug triaging. Therefore their code does not necessarily address the needs of others and may distort governance and direction. We conclude that projects should examine their dependence on outside organizations.

Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) communities often use open bug reporting to allow users to participate by reporting bugs. This practice can lead to more duplicate reports, as users can be less rigorous about researching existing bug reports. This paper examines how FOSS projects deal with duplicate bug reports. We examined 12 FOSS projects: 4 small, 4 medium and 4 large, where size was determined by number of code contributors. First, we found that contrary to what has been reported from studies of individual large projects like Mozilla and Eclipse, duplicate bug reports are a problem for FOSS projects, especially medium-sized, which struggle with a large number of submissions without the resources of large projects. Second, we found that the focus of a project does not affect the number of duplicate bug reports. Our findings indicate a need for additional scaffolding and training for bug reporters.

Innovative architectural and circuit techniques are reducing the dynamic power in ternary content addressable memories (TCAMs). Also, shrinking device dimensions are making transistors increasingly leaky. Due to these two trends, the static power is becoming a significant portion of the total TCAM power. This paper presents two novel ternary storage cells that exploit the unique properties of TCAMs for reducing the cell leakage. Simulation results of the proposed cells show up to 40% leakage reduction over the conventional TCAM cell at the expense of a small degradation (<8%) in the static noise margin (SNM). The SNM degradation is negligible (<1%) for lower power supply voltages (<0.8 V). Measurement results of a test chip in 0.18-mum CMOS technology demonstrate that the proposed cells can perform read and write operations in less than 3.6 ns.

Ternary content-addressable memories (TCAMs) can perform high-speed and deterministic table lookups. However, its main drawback is high power consumption. A significant portion of the TCAM power is consumed by match-line sense amplifiers (MLSAs) for match detection. This paper presents a 20-kilobit TCAM featuring two MLSAs with positive-feedback techniques. The proposed circuits have been fabricated on a test chip in 0.18- mum CMOS technology. Energy measurement results of the two MLSAs show reductions of 56% and 48%, respectively, over the conventional current-race MLSA.

Toll gate Automation and Vehicle Tracking is designed to automatically keep track of the vehicle's movement, record the time and the details like Owner's name, date of registration, vehicle model etc. This system is very useful for automatic vehicle tracking, time management and also for automation of Toll gate. This paper explains the implementation of Toll Gate Automation which is a step towards improving the Tracking & monitoring of vehicles, traveling in predetermined routes. In this system, a computerized system automatically identifies an approaching vehicle and records the vehicle number & Time. If the vehicle belongs to the authorized person/group, it automatically opens the Toll Gate and a predetermined amount is automatically deducted from its account.

Emerging high-speed lookup-intensive applications are demanding ternary content addressable memories (TCAMs) with large word-sizes, which suffer from lower search speeds due to larger match line capacitance. Therefore, low-energy high-performance design techniques are needed, which improve the search speeds of TCAMs without increasing their power consumption. In this paper, we present a cell-level comparison logic and a charge-shared match line scheme. Both schemes reduce search time and energy in TCAMs. Measurement results of the above schemes, implemented in 0.18-mum CMOS technology, show a search time reduction of 42% and 11%, and a search-energy reduction of 25% and 9%, respectively.

Multiple match detection (MMD) circuits and priority encoders (PEs) are employed in ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) chips to detect multiple matches and to resolve the highest priority match. This paper presents novel PE and MMD circuits. Measurement results of the proposed circuits, fabricated in 0.18 mum CMOS technology, show significant (up to 70%) speed and energy improvements over the existing designs.

Ternary content addressable memories (TCAMs) are gaining importance in high-speed lookup-intensive applications. However, the high cost and power consumption are limiting their popularity and versatility. TCAM testing is also time consuming due to the complex integration of logic and memory. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the design techniques for low-power TCAMs. We also propose a novel test methodology for various TCAM components. The proposed test algorithms show significant improvement over the existing algorithms both in test complexity and fault coverage

Ternary content addressable memories (TCAMs) are attractive for applications such as packet forwarding and classification in network routers. However, the high cost and power consumption are limiting their popularity and versatility. In this paper, we present a comparative study of the design techniques for low-power TCAMs. I. INTRODUCTION Content addressable memory (CAM) is an outgrowth of random access memory (RAM) technology. Unlike RAMs which access a word based on its address, CAMs access a word based on its contents. A CAM compares an incoming key with all the words in parallel, and returns the address of the "best" match. CAMs have been attractive for artificial intelligence (AI) applications and translation look-aside buffers (TLBs) in microprocessors. CAMs are also used for tag-comparison in cache memory, data compression, and radar signal tracking. Recent applications include real-time pattern matching in virus-detection and intrusion-detection systems, gene pattern searching in bioinformatics, and image processing. CAMs can perform fast and deterministic pattern-searches for large databases. A binary CAM stores and searches only '0's and '1's. Hence, its utility is limited to exact-match SEARCH operations. A ternary CAM (TCAM) can store and search an additional state, called "mask" or "don't care". Therefore, a TCAM can also perform partial matching. This partial-match feature makes TCAMs attractive for applications such as packet forwarding and classification in network routers. Increasing line rates, quality of service (QoS), and network security requirements demand routing tables with high-speed lookups. Moreover, an increasing number of Internet users and the migration of the Internet Protocol (IP) from IPv4 to IPv6 are further increasing the word-size and storage capacity of routing tables. Hence, current network routers require large-capacity TCAMs with high search speeds.

Architectural innovations are reducing the dynamic power in ternary content addressable memories (TCAMs). Thus, the static power is becoming a significant portion of the total TCAM power. This paper presents two novel ternary storage cells that exploit the unique properties of TCAMs for reducing the cell leakage. Simulation results of the proposed cells show up to 41% leakage reduction over the conventional TCAM cell.