Summary This commentary examines Thomas Adeoye Lambo’s seminal 1955 article ‘The Role of Cultural Factors in Paranoid Psychosis among the Yoruba Tribe,’ published in the Journal of Mental Science , as the British Journal of Psychiatry was then known. Seventy years later, this groundbreaking work remains profoundly relevant to contemporary psychiatric practice and research.

Reporting of peers who abuse illicit substances has potential benefits for early intervention. The study focused on factors affecting peers' reporting of illicit drug use to others. We adopted a mixed-methods study design. We interviewed 57 students attending a community youth mentorship centre. A hypothetical scenario was presented to elicit responses to a yes-or-no option. Appropriate bivariate analyses were used for descriptive statistics. We used R programming to perform LASSO regression to identify significant predictors of peer disclosure. A larger proportion of respondents opted not to report (56%, n = 32). Females had a higher rate of reporting compared to males (68% vs 32%). Other socio-variables such as family history of substance use and history of use were not significantly associated with the tendency to report. The major reasons for non-reporting were the fear of potential consequences and the fear of hurting the feelings of the peer. The mother was most favoured for reporting. The significant predictor of reporting of substance use to others was related to the perception of closeness of the relationship to the peer (Estimate = 1.32, 95%Cl = 0.04, 2.73).There is a need to encourage massive public enlightenment and educational programmes on peer reporting among adolescents and young adults who take illicit substances.

The study focused on the neuroprotective role of Sorghum bicolor and vitamin C in the amelioration of oxidative stress and anxiety-like behavoiur induced by tramadol in male albino rats. The study design involved 7 groups and a control group with 5 male albino rats in each group. Tramadol (40 mg/kg) treatment was administered for 21 days. Tramadol 40mg/kg was administered in all groups. Pretreatment with varying doses of Sorghum bicolor and Vitamin C was done in three of the groups. Behavioral assessment of anxiety and locomotors actions of the groups were compared using Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Open Field Test (OFT). In conclusion, Sorghum bicolor and Vitamin C tramadol ameliorated oxidative stress and anxiety-like behaviour induced by tramadol. Pretreatment with Sorghum bicolor or vitamin C (100mg) can also reduced anxiogenic responses in male albino rats that are induced by chronic tramadol use.

Background: Gambling disorder is rarely diagnosed in Nigeria. The prevalence and factors associated with gambling disorder in many parts of Nigeria are not known. Our study aimed to evaluate psychometric properties of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-5 for use as a self-report screening instrument for large-scale studies in Nigeria. Methods: Cross-sectional surveys were done involving two independent sampled populations from a hospital setting and the surrounding community. Instruments administered included a semistructured sociodemographic questionnaire, South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 11 criteria, and a screening questionnaire based on Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM-5), which was designed as a self-report measure (Sports betting). Results: The prevalence rate for gambling disorder was 30.5%. The diagnostic accuracy of DSM-5 and ICD-11, and SOGS were comparably similar. Factors associated with gambling disorder (sports betting) were low educational level and poor employment status. Conclusion: The DSM-5-based screening questionnaire showed good psychometric properties, with sensitivity and specificity comparable to that of ICD-11 criteria and SOGS. The study also found a high prevalence of gambling disorder. There is a need to address educational and employment opportunities.

Background: The rising prevalence of alcohol use among youths in low resource settings is a major public health issue of concern, especially as alcohol use remains a leading contributor to deaths and disability globally. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of screening and brief intervention (SBI) on alcohol use risk among university students. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, a total of 636 students were screened for alcohol use risk with the World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (WHO-ASSIST) version 3.1. All participants with moderate and high risk of alcohol use were administered brief intervention (BI) delivered by trained students at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months, with a final assessment in 6 months. Longitudinal data on their alcohol use risk were analyzed. Results: The mean age (standard deviation) of the participants was 21.13 (3.05) years and 44.5% were female. The prevalence of the current alcohol use based on the WHO-ASSIST was 49.2% (n = 315). Following three sessions of BI, the repeated measures ANOVA indicated that the WHO-ASSIST mean score for high-risk alcohol users (n = 44) fell from 33.23 (3.82) at baseline to 18.3 (9.84) at 6th month. This difference was statistically significant. Similarly, the mean score for moderate alcohol users fell from 19.62 (2.97) at baseline to 11.31 (5.52) at 6 months. The difference was statistically significant. There were significant group-level differences in the risk score over the study period, for the low risk, moderate risk, and high-risk users at the end of the study. Conclusion: Screening and BI showed significant benefits on alcohol use risk. Our findings suggest SBI as a feasible and effective intervention for mitigating the risk of alcohol use among young students in resource-restricted settings. Further research using a robust sample to reflect differences in setting and student characteristics is warranted.

OBJECTIVE:To validate the Social Media Disorder scale in Nigerian adolescents by determining its unidimensional structure, reliability, sensitivity, specificity, and criterion validity.METHODS:A total of 516 and 1213 pre-university students in two universities were randomly recruited and assessed using the 9-item Social Media Scale and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (in the second survey only).RESULTS:46.3% and 56.3% of respondents in the first and second surveys met the criteria for social media disorder, respectively. Factor loading of items on the latent factor (addiction) was moderate. The model yielded a fairly acceptable fit in both samples. The averaged measure for intra-class correlation was acceptable (0.612). The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was good (0.713 for sample 1 and 0.724 for sample 2). The test-retest reliability among the 113 respondents was good (r=0.696, p<0.001). The item-total correlations were all significant. Sensitivity of each item ranged from 67.7% (tolerance) to 91.3% (escape); specificity of each item ranged from 41.2% (escape) to 87.6% (displacement). For criterion validity, the total Social Media Disorder scale score correlated with General Health Questionnaire items that assess self-esteem, depression, and mood, as well as the total score.CONCLUSION:The 9-item Social Media Disorder scale is acceptable for screening social media disorder in pre-university students in Nigeria. The high prevalence of social media disorder should be of concern to counsellors, teachers, and mental health practitioners. Strategies for public health education on social media use are needed in Nigeria.

Recent studies have shown an increasing trend in the prevalence of hypertension in rural communities. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of risks factors for hypertension among the residents of Likosi town, Sagamu local government area, Ogun state, Nigeria. A descriptive crosssectional design was used. 350 respondents aged from 20-80 years were recruited. Hypertension was defined as Systolic blood pressure (SBP) 140 and/or Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 90. statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS package. The prevalence of hypertension was 23.3% (male 11.2% and female 12.1%). The mean age of the respondents was 37.5years. Mean systolic and diastolic BP were 124.25 ± 15.05mmHg and 83.45 ± 9.49mmHg, respectively. Higher odds of being hypertensive were found in 31-40 age group, The prevalence of the various classes of body mass index of the respondents were 18.5%, 45.1%, 15.1% and 24.3% for underweight, normal, overweight and obese respectively. Alcohol and tobacco use were found in 34.5% and 15.4% respectively. Hypertension was significantly associated with age groups 30-49 years (OR 2.258, 95% CI: 1.311 - 3.884),. Tobacco and alcohol consumption, overweight and obesity were also associated with hypertension

This study aims to compare the sex hormones between women with epilepsy (WWE) and their agematched controls. We postulated that a difference in etiology, may be associated with an unexpected hormonal profile. A case control study carried out at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, South western, Nigeria involving seventy-five WWE and age-matched controls. Blood samples for hormonal evaluation follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, progesterone and testosterone were taken twice from all the participants during their menstrual cycle. WWE had lower BMI (p: 0.004), cycle length (p: 0.014) and more menstrual pattern irregularities (p< 0.001.) In the pre-ovulatory phase, WWE had lower FSH levels when compared with controls, (p: 0.012). Further stratification shows a higher FSH levels among WWE on medication, (p: 0.003).In the mid-luteal phase, FSH level was lowest in WWE not on medication, WWE on medication had higher levels but lower when compared to the control group, p: 0.002. FWE had lower progesterone levels when compared with the control group, (p: 0.004) with no difference with use of AEDs. Testosterone levels were lower among those with symptomatic epilepsy, (p:0.012)WWE had lower progesterone, lower FSH and more menstrual abnormalities, compare to controls in our population.

Not much is known about dating preferences and social factors that attract substance users to college students in Nigeria. We surveyed 230 college students from a Southwest Nigerian Institution. Comparatively, those who preferred dating alcohol users made up the highest percentage of respondents (35.2%), followed by those who preferred dating tobacco users(30.9%) . Significant differences were only seen across age groups in choice of dating partners who abuse substances. Type of substance use by partner largely accounted for dating preferences. Social attributes enhanced dating choices among college students. Keywords: dating, substance use. College students, social attraction. Preferences.

Background: Incidence of symptomatic prostatic diseases increases with age. Nocturia disturbs sleep. We set out to determine the quality of sleep and severity of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and bother score in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and carcinoma of the prostate (CAP). Methods: A cross-sectional study of new patients seen in the urology outpatient clinic with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) from either BPH or CAP over a period of 18 months. Patients were interviewed using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and International prostate symptoms score (IPSS) questionnaires. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results:168 patients were interviewed. CAP patients were older than their BPH counterparts. About 45% of the patients had poor sleep quality. CAP patients (52.9%) were more of poor sleepers compared with BPH patients (40.0%). CAP patients (46.3%) had more severe IPSS than BPH patients (33.3%). Both CAP (70.6%) and BPH (76.0%) patients reported high bother score. Conclusion: CAP and BPH patients have high bother score, affirming need for early treatment. CAP patients had more severe lower urinary tract symptoms and poorer sleep quality than BPH patients. Keywords: IPSS, Sleep quality, LUTS, Bother score

This cross-sectional descriptive study focuses on social distancing toward homosexuals among college students in a higher institution in Lagos, Nigeria, One hundred twelve students (112) were recruited out of 145 that visited the students affairs unit. Social distancing was assessed using a questionnaire that included a case description and 16 social situations with given options of responses along maybe/definitely yes/no. Negative social distancing was reported in situations that involved closer family or deeply intimate associations. Positive distancing was reported in situations that involved retaining friendships, business, and less deeply intimate associations.

The importance of gender and obstetric factors as predictors of the age of onset of schizophrenia is debatable. Unfortunately, there is a significant dearth of studies in developing countries such as Nigeria. This study involved a survey of patients with schizophrenia (n = 1,445; N = 2,393), from March 2014 to March 2016, from a psychiatric hospital in southwest Nigeria. Structured diagnostic interviews were used to confirm diagnosis. Females had a higher age of onset (M = 34.91, SD = 15.52) compared with males (M = 28.78, SD = 10.62; p = .00, M = 32.74 ± 12.96). Gender and marital status were the only variables significantly related to the age of onset (p = .00). Our model predicted 10.1% of the variability in the determination of the age of onset of schizophrenia. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

There is a significant dearth of information on available social infrastructures for helping victims of child abuse among all cadres of primary health-care workers. The aim of this study was to assess the level of awareness of social and legal structures among primary health-care workers, which can help in reducing incidences and taking action. The survey was a cross-sectional survey of 20 primary health-care centers and 86 health workers in Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria. The result showed a low level of awareness among health workers. A large percentage of health workers were unaware of any social infrastructure or hospital protocol for child abuse reporting: 68.4% of medical officers, 54.5% of nurses, and 66.7% of other health workers. There is a need for deliberate training among health workers on social infrastructure, which can help victims of child abuse.

The study investigated social distancing toward victims of sexual violence among college students in Lagos, Nigeria. It was a cross-sectional descriptive survey using self-administered questionnaires. Two hundred and thirty students were surveyed from two higher institutions in Nigeria over a 4-month period (March to July 2013), 62.6% (144) of the participants were not willing to be socially close to individuals who experienced sexual violence in situations that involved family relationships, while 68.7% (158) would not consider dating or getting married to individuals who experienced sexual violence. Significant differences in views were expressed between the younger and older age groups in situations that required family ties and dating relationships. A higher percentage of those in the younger age group (68%) would feel ashamed if the individual was a member of the family, while 46% of those in the older age group expressed similar view. In considering dating, 82% of those in the younger age group would not date individuals who experienced sexual violence while 64% of those in the older age group expressed similar view. Differences in views were observed along marital status in situations that involved social closeness in conversations, dating, and maintaining friendly relationships with individuals with a history of sexual violence. Our study showed that although majority of college students were willing to maintain friendly relations with individuals with history of sexual violence, they were more socially distancing in situations that involved intimate and close family contacts. There is a need to help bridge social distancing toward individuals who experienced sexual violence among college students in Lagos, Nigeria.

Introduction: Much research have focused on self-esteem and substance use among adolescents. Little is known about the relationship between self esteem and social acceptance of colleagues who are known as substance users. The study explored this relationship among high school students in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was done using structured questionnaires and case description scenarios among 221 high school students in several public senior secondary schools in Lagos, Nigeria. Results: Study revealed that majority of the participants were more willing to socially accept and be intimate with colleagues who take alcohol in almost all the case scenarios. Colleagues who abused marijuana and cocaine were more socially acceptable to majority of the participants in many case scenarios than those who abused nicotine. Choice of association with colleagues who abused substances was not related to self-esteem. Conclusion: Social acceptance of substance users among adolescents may be influenced by the perception of socially desirable qualities and not necessarily the substance use. Social associations with substance users may be limited to the school environment. Social acceptance of substance user was related to self esteem evaluation of participants.

Our study focused on the perception of victims of rape and the relationship with the perception of social roles for gender among college students in southwest Nigeria using a 5-item gender social scale and a perception of victims of rape questionnaire. The study was done among 312 college students in Southwest Nigeria and explored the perception of victims of rape and gender social roles. The aim was to determine the relationship between perception of rape victims and view of gender social roles. We used a perception of rape victims questionnaire and a validated 5-item gender social roles scale to assess the views of participants. The findings revealed that females had better perception of victims of rape than males. Females also had more positive views of females' social roles involving gender. However, there was poor perception on work-related social roles and the traditional concept of headship in the varied situations described on the 5-item gender social scale. Old stereotypes of typically blaming victims of rape were not common beliefs among college students. There were no significant correlations between perception of victims of rape and perception of gender social roles among college students. Seemingly, the perception of victims of rape does not have a significant relationship with the concept of gender social roles.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is common among patients with severe mental illness such as schizophrenia. Few surveys have explored IPV among this specific group of patients and the demographic characteristics of victims in Nigeria. The aim of this survey was to explore socio-demographic, socioeconomic characteristics of victims and partners. A cross-sectional randomized survey of 79 women with schizophrenia from a major adult psychiatric outpatient in South-south Nigeria was done. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) was used to establish the diagnosis of schizophrenia among the participants and a purposely designed questionnaire to assess IPV. The mean age of the participants was 38.3 ± 2.8 years; the majority (73%) reported at least one form of IPV. Verbal abuse was the most (71%) prevalent form of IPV. Our findings highlight a need for proper attention to demographics of both victims and their male partners by clinicians.

Background: Health care involves taking care of other peoples' lives. Professionals in the field of health care are expected to be at their best all the time because mistakes or errors could be costly and sometimes irreversible. Aim: This study assessed the quality of sleep and well-being of health workers in Najran city, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study done among health workers from different hospitals within the kingdom of Najran, Saudi Arabia. The subjects were administered questionnaire that contained sections on demographic and clinical characteristics, sleep quality, and section relating to well-being. Results: One hundred and twenty-three health workers comprising 29 (23.6%) males and 94 (76.4%) females participated in this study. The majority of the workers 74 (60.2%) were nurses; a quarter were doctors while the remaining 13.6% accounted for other categories of health workers such as the pharmacist and laboratory technicians. Fifty-two (42.3%) of the workers were poor sleepers. Significantly (χ2 = 23.98, P = 0.000), majority of the subjects that were poor sleepers (84.6%) compared with the 42.3% of the good sleepers rated the last 12 months of their profession as a bit stressful or quite a bit stressful. Similarly, 46.2% of the workers that were poor sleepers significantly (χ2 = 24.69, P = 0.000) rated their ability to handle unexpected and difficult problems in their life as fair or poor compared with 14.1% of the good sleepers Conclusion: Health workers expressed some level of stress in their professional life, and a good proportion of the subjects were poor sleepers. There is, therefore, the need to establish a program within the health-care organization to address social, physical, and psychological well-being at work.

Background: Women with schizophrenia are a vulnerable risk group for intimate partner violence (1PV). There are few surveys that highlight the pattern, prevalence and association of IPV with psychopathology in these vulnerable group of women in South-South Nigeria. The aim of the study was to survey the forms, prevalence and association of Intimate partner violence with psychopathology.Method: The study was a cross-sectional survey of 77 female patients diagnosed with schizophrenia who were outpatients at the Federal Neuro-psychiatric Hospital, Calabar, Cross-River State in South-South region of Nigeria.Results: A total of 58 out of 77 (75 %) reported at least a form of IPV, Verbal abuse was the most prevalent form of IPV reported by participants (73 %, n = 56). Women who were younger were more likely to report verbal and sexual assault at p < 0.05. A shorter length of intimate relationship was significantly associated with sexual assault at p < 0. 05. Sexual assault, verbal and physical abuse were significantly associated with higher mean score on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale at p = 0.01.Conclusion: The study highlighted the high rate of various forms of IPV among women with schizophrenia. Sexual assault, verbal and physical abuse were strongly associated with psychopathology. There is a need to identify risk of IPV among this vulnerable group by routine enquiry by clinicians' and plan therapy accordingly. Holistic management is needed in management of victims in their care.