Objectives: Dental bone formation involves various cellular and molecular mechanisms, and phytoestrogens such as formononetin (FORM) are promising because of their estrogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. This study investigated the effect of FORM on osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization in combination with spongiosa granulates (BO) in vitro. Materials and Methods: Human fetal osteoblast cells (hFOB1.19) were treated with increasing concentrations of FORM (1, 10, and 100 µg/mL), BO, or their combination. Cell proliferation was assessed using a MTT assay. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, intracellular Ca2+, and Pi levels were measured using ELISA. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and osteocalcin expression levels were analyzed by western blotting. Results: Cell proliferation increased with FORM, with or without BO, after 6 days (p < 0.001). FORM and BO had a synergistic effect on ALP activity (p < 0.001). Intracellular Ca2+ and Pi levels were highest in the BO-FORM group, suggesting superior mineralization (p < 0.05). VEGF and osteocalcin expression was significantly upregulated with FORM, alone and with BO (p < 0.05), indicating improved angiogenesis and bone maturation over 9 days. Conclusions: FORM enhances osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization potential, particularly in BO spongiosa granulates. These data support the in vitro potential of formononetin-phytoestrogen in promoting osteoblast differentiation and mineralization potential with BO. These findings suggest that FORM, combined with BO, could improve bone augmentation in clinical applications such as maxillofacial surgery. FORM shows valuable potential for clinical applications, such as maxillofacial surgery, by promoting faster and more effective healing.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to perform a histopathologic and immunohistochemical investigation of the effects of vitamin C on bone healing in rats exposed to nicotine. Materials and Methods: A total of 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to 4 main groups: control, vitamin C, nicotine, and nicotine plus vitamin C The rats in the nicotine groups were injected with nicotine at 12-hour intervals for 4 weeks. At the end of 4 weeks, a tibial defect was created in all the rats. Subcutaneous injections were administered at the same intervals postoperatively, and the vitamin C groups received intraperitoneal vitamin C injections every day for the first 3 days and then every other day postoperatively. The rats were sacrificed on postoperative days 7 and 21. The blood samples collected during sacrifice were tested to determine the blood cotinine levels, and histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed on tibia samples. Results: The histopathologic evaluation revealed that nicotine significantly increased the amount of necrosis and significantly decreased new bone formation and the bone healing score. The presence of necrosis in the nicotine plus vitamin C group was significantly lower on day 21 (P = .005). A statistically significant difference was observed among the new bone formation of the control, nicotine, vitamin C, and nicotine plus vitamin C groups on day 21 (P = .001). The new bone healing score of the nicotine group was significantly lower than that of the control, vitamin C, and nicotine plus vitamin C groups (P = .003, P = .001, and P = .001). The immunohistochemical evaluation showed that nicotine increased the hypoxia-inducible factor-1a and vascular endothelial growth factor levels and decreased the bone morphogenetic protein-2 levels, especially in the groups sacrificed on day 21. Conclusions: Vitamin C did not have a significant effect on bone healing. However, vitamin C administered with nicotine decreased the metabolism of nicotine and, thus, increased nicotine excretion. (C) 2019 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons

Trigeminal neuralgia is a sudden brief, usually uni-lateral, severe recurrent pain in the distribution 2nd or 3rd branches of the fifth cranial nerve. There isn't a definite treatment protocol al neuralgia because its etiology is still unclear. Hence its treatment is a challenging problem for the clinicians Treatment modalities for trigeminal neuralgia are, medical therapy, alcohol, phenol or glycerol injections. microvascillar decompression. neurectomy, rhizotomy, radiosurgery techniques and in recent years laser application. Then the patient trigeminal neuralgia, medical therapy is preferred primaril, but surgical procedures has become widespread because by the time of progress a resistance develops against medicines. But surqical procedures can be dangerous because of complication:: and the patients' systemic conditions may not be suitable for suroerv. For this reason less "becomes common in use. Cryotherapy technique is a desirable technique both for patient and doctor because of its positise propen ics. It can be applied easily and repeatedly, its complication rate is loss and its results are obviously good. is applied locally in this way, peripheric nerve's conduction features are altered and nerve conduction is blocked. In this review, the pros and cons of cryotherapy procedure and its effectiveness is reviewed in the light of the recent studies.

Purpose: To assess the blood flow changes in eyes with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and compare these values with values of fellow eyes and eyes of normal subjects. Methods: 25 eyes of 25 consecutive newly diagnosed patients with CRVO comprised the study group. Their fellow eyes and those of 25 healthy subjects were the control group. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmological examination. Eyes with CRVO were classified into two groups as non-ischaemic and ischaemic by fundus fluorescein angiography. Colour Doppler imaging was performed with a Toshiba Sonolayer SSH-140A and 7.5-MHz linear array probe. Maximum systolic velocity (Vmax), end-diastolic velocity (Vmin) and resistive index (Ri) values were noted for each of the central retinal artery (CRA), central retinal vein (CRV) and ophthalmic artery (OA). These parameters were compared with those of the fellow eyes and both eyes of the control group. Results: Mean ages were 63.55 and 61.45 years in the CRVO and control groups, respectively. Age and sex distributions were statistically identical in both groups. When we compared the eyes with CRVO to the control group, no statistically significant difference existed between the two groups with regard to the Vmin and Ri values of the CRA and CRV. However, Vmax values of the CRA and CRV were significantly lower in CRVO eyes when compared to the control group. The CRVO group and control group had similar Vmax, Vmin and Ri values for the OA. Only the Vmax was significantly lower in the CRV in eyes with CRVO when compared to the unaffected fellow eyes. No statistically significant difference could be detected between any of the parameters of CRA, CRV and OA of the ischaemic and non-ischaemic CRVO groups. Conlusions: More data on broader series need to be obtained in order to decide on the practical use of colour Doppler imaging in the differentiation of ischaemic eyes from non-ischaemic eyes in CRVO.

High resolution B-mode ultrasonography of the carotid arteries has been used to investigate the signs of early atherosclerotic vessel wall disease by measuring the intima-media thickness (IMT). We examined the association between IMT and lipid peroxidation and found IMT to be increased in a group of patients with respect to controls (1.430+/-0.341 mm versus 0.703+/-0.201 mm, P < 0.001). Plasma and erythrocyte malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were also significantly higher (P<0.001) and the erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were significantly lower (P <0.001) in the patients with respect to the controls. In the groups of patients there was no significant correlation between the mean IMT and the plasma and erythrocyte MDA levels or the erythrocyte GSH levels. In conclusion determination of lipid peroxides would be especially important and advisable in patients with increased carotid IMT. Type II diabetes and hypertension were also associated with increased IMT.

A solitary plexiform neurofibroma localized on the vestibular side of the right mandible in a 37-year-old woman is described. The tumor was excised, and there was no recurrence after 2 years.