BACKGROUND: Ageratum conyzoides (Billy Goat Weed) is a medicinal plant known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Aluminium chloride (AlCl₃), a common environmental toxin, induces oxidative stress, leading to testicular damage and infertility. The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effects of Ageratum conyzoides against AlCl₃-induced testicular toxicity in male Wistar rats, aiming to explore its potential in preserving testicular structure, improving sperm quality, and maintaining hormonal balance under toxic conditions. METHODOLOGY: Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups, each comprising five animals. Group A (control) received distilled water, Group B received aluminium chloride (AlCl₃) at 100 mg/kg, Group C received Ageratum conyzoides extract at 100 mg/kg, and Group D received both AlCl₃ (100 mg/kg bw) and Ageratum conyzoides extract (100 mg/kg). All treatments were administered orally for 28 consecutive days. RESULTS: AlCl₃ significantly reduced (p<0.05) testosterone, FSH, LH, sperm count, motility, morphology, and GPx activity, while Ageratum conyzoides significantly increased (p<0.05) these parameters. Histology showed preserved testicular structure in Ageratum conyzoides and combination groups, unlike AlCl₃-treated rats. CONCLUSION: Aluminium chloride (AlCl₃) is known to induce reproductive dysfunction through oxidative damage, while Ageratum conyzoides mitigates AlCl₃ toxicity and enhances sperm quality in male Wistar rats.

D-galactose (D-Gal) administration is known to cause cognitive impairment in animal models of ageing. Spondias mombin L. fruit pulp (SM) is known to ameliorate stress-induced conditions caused by oxidative stress. The neuroprotective role of SM against D-Gal-induced stress in Wistar rats was investigated. Forty-two male Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n=7): control group were fed with normal diet; D-Gal group were treated with D-Gal only; Gal + SM5 group were fed with 5% SM (w/w)-containing diet and treated with D-Gal; Gal + SM10 group were fed with 10% SM (w/w)-containing diet and treated with D-Gal; SM 5 group were fed with 5% SM-containing diet; and SM 10 group were fed with 10% SM-containing diet. Control, SM5, and SM10 groups were treated by 0.9% sodium chloride/day (subcutaneous (s.c), 5 days per week) while D-Gal treatment was 250 mg/kg of D-Gal (s.c., 5 days per week). Administration was done for 6 weeks after which behavioural assessments were conducted, followed by biochemical and histopathological analyses of the prefrontal cortex. The administration of SM-containing diet at the two concentrations investigated in this study showed improvements in cognitive impairment caused by the D-Gal compared to the control. Biochemical assays indicated that D-Gal significantly disrupted antioxidant status, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. SM supplementation reversed these effects. Histopathological analysis confirmed that SM5 and SM10 significantly reversed D-Gal-induced cortical alterations. In conclusion, SM attenuated D-Gal-induced cognitive deficits, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration in Wistar rats.

Background Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a commonly used flavor enhancer that has raised concerns due to its potential adverse effects on various organs. This study explored the neuroprotective potential of Vitamin D, a beneficial micronutrient, in mitigating MSG-induced neurotoxicity. Materials and methods Adult male Wistar rats were categorized into five groups: control (2 ml/kg PBS orally for 30 days), MSG (40 mg/kg orally for 30 days), VIT-D (oral cholecalciferol; 500 IU/kg for 30 days), MSG+VIT-D (MSG for 30 days followed by VIT-D for another 30 days), and VIT-D/MSG (concurrent VIT-D and MSG for 30 days). The rats underwent neurobehavioral, histochemical, and biochemical analyses following the treatments. Results MSG treatment caused a decline in both long and short-term memory, along with reduced exploratory and anxiogenic behavior, mitigated by vitamin D treatment. MSG exposure also induced impaired behavior, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, altered cholinergic transmission, and increased chromatolysis and neuroinflammation in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Conclusions VIT-D demonstrated a mitigating effect on MSG-induced adverse outcomes, highlighting its potential to attenuate neurodegenerative cascades. This investigation contributes to understanding MSG-associated neurotoxicity and suggests vitamin D as a valuable and potential intervention for neuroprotection.

Abstract Pregnancy is a period of heightened vulnerability to toxic exposures, with each trimester representing distinct developmental stages. In Nigeria and across sub-Saharan Africa, pregnant women are commonly exposed to various pharmaceuticals such as antidepressants, antibiotics, contraceptives, antiemetics, vitamins, and antidiabetics, as well as chemicals including alcohol, pesticides, and industrial pollutants like lead and mercury. This narrative review summarizes trimester-specific outcomes and mechanisms of toxicity based on published studies from Nigeria and Africa. Evidence shows that many pregnant women self-medicate or inadvertently consume hazardous substances. About 22.6% of Nigerian women report alcohol use during pregnancy, and nearly 30% self-medicate with drugs such as paracetamol, antimalarials, and antibiotics. First-trimester exposures, when organogenesis occurs, are most strongly linked to structural anomalies like neural tube and cardiac defects, whereas later exposures impair fetal growth and neurodevelopment. Prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (particularly paroxetine and fluoxetine) are associated with cardiac and cranial malformations, while antibiotics such as tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones may cause skeletal or cartilage toxicity. Alcohol is a potent teratogen causing fetal alcohol spectrum disorders at any stage. Pesticide exposure in early pregnancy is linked to neural and limb malformations, and lead exposure contributes to miscarriage, preterm birth, low birth weight, and neurodevelopmental deficits. Regional statistics and study data are summarized in tables, with case reports highlighting Nigerian infants affected by fetal alcohol syndrome and lead poisoning. The findings emphasize an urgent need for improved education, regulation, and prenatal screening to reduce these risks in Africa.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The study evaluated the histomorphology and histomorphometry of the left ventricle of Wistar rats following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced cerebral hypoperfusion. These were with a view to providing insight on the effects cerebral hypoperfusion on myocardial integrity. METHODOLOGY: A total of twenty adult male Wistar rats (200 g -220 g) were used for this study. They were divided into four groups of five rats each. Sham surgery was performed on rats in group 1; MCAO was performed on rats in groups 2-4. Groups 1, 2, and 4 were administered 1ml/kg normal saline intraperitoneal (i. p) while rats in group 3 were treated with 150 mg/kg body weight (i. p) of citicoline daily for 12 weeks respectively. Twenty-four hours after the last administration rats were sacrificed and blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis of brain natriuretic peptide, nitric oxide (NO) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the serum. The heart and brain were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical studies. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Student Newman-Keuls (SNK) test. Alpha value was set at 0.05. RESULTS: The result showed increased concentrations of brain natriuretic peptide (0.19 ± 0.08 pg/mL) and, LDH (13.20 ± 0.64 u/l), a decrease in the concentration of nitric oxide (0.12 ± 0.08 mmol/L), reduced collagen and glycogen deposit, distortion of the cross-banding pattern of the myocardium and reduced CnTI immunoreactivity in the MCAO-only group; These perturbations were attenuated in the citicoline-treated group. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that citicoline ameliorated MCAO-induced neurological perturbations.

This study examined the potential effects of Mucuna pruriens (MP) seed powder on the disruptions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis caused by the carbamazepine (CBZ) treatment in male Wistar rats. A total of 35 male Wistar rats were randomized into 5 groups (n=7). The animal in group 1 received normal saline (0.2 ml) orally, while groups 2-5 received carbamazepine (CBZ) 25 mg/kg per oral. Groups 1, and 2 were fed with standard rats' chow, while groups 3-5 rats were supplied with a diet containing MP seed powder at 2.25 g, 1.5 g, and 0.75 g respectively. The serum level of male reproductive hormones, estradiol, seminal profiles, and histoarchitecture of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and testis was delineated. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the result. There was a marked decrease in the testicular weight, follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone concentration, and normal sperm cells in the CBZ, and CBZ + MP (2.25 mg/kg) treatment groups.  There was a marked increase in the testicular tissue lipid peroxidation in the CBZ, and CBZ + MP (g) treated rats in addition to various morphological alterations in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and testis. These anomalies were receded in the CBZ + MP (1.5 g), and CBZ + MP (0.75 g) treatment groups. Consumption of MP (1.5 g, and 0.75 g) may alleviate the injurious effects of CBZ treatment on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular functions.

The concentrations of inorganic elements in soils of Saje, Ita-Oshin, Premier, and Oke-Diya dumpsites were determined using an X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometer to assess the soil quality through chronological changes with depths. A soil core sampler collects 56 samples at 20, 40, 60, and 80 cm depths. Saje showed high mean concentrations of Ca, K, Fe, Rb, and Ti at all depths, while Oke-Diya revealed high mean concentrations of Ca, K, Fe, Rb, Ti, Mn, Zn, V, Cr, and Ni at all depths. These concentrations were in a closed range suggesting a build-up of elements in the soil profiles. Oke-Diya had the highest pollution index, followed by Saje, and the contaminations were from anthropogenic and geologic sources. The mean concentrations of Fe, Zn, Ni, Mn, Ti, K, and Ca were high at all depths in Ita-Oshin, and in Premier, the mean concentrations of K and Fe were high at all depths. Premier had the lowest pollution index. Ita-Oshin and Premier enrichment factors showed geologic sources. Saje and Oke-Diya revealed unacceptable non-carcinogenic risks for adults and children, and Ita-Oshin and Premier recorded acceptable limits. Saje and Oke-Diya samples had high carcinogenic risks for adults due to Cr, Pb, and As. Elements Cr and As in Ita-Oshin, and Pb in Premier evinced unacceptable carcinogenic risks for adults. Saje, Oke-Diya, and Premier indicated unacceptable carcinogenic risks for children due to Cr. The study showed toxins build-up in the soil system, and the study areas are not suitable for growing crops and sinking water wells for agricultural and domestic uses.

Aim: The expression of Ki-67, cytokeratin-18, and BCL-2 proteins in Wistar rats testes was studied using Rauwolfia vomitoria RV extract, Chlorpromazine (CPZ), and combination of Reserpine, Ascorbate, and Zinc (RAZ).Methods: Forty-five eight weeks old male Wistar rats (170-190 g) were selected into nine groups of five rats each. Group A was the control group, animals in groups B and C received 10 and 20 mg/kg of chlorpromazine respectively, animals in groups D and E received 2.5 and 5 mg/kg of reserpine respectively, animals in groups F and G received 150 and 300 mg/kg of RV leaf extract respectively while groups H and I animals received (2.5:5:100) mg/kg and (5:10:200) mg/kg of combination of RAZ respectively. All compounds were administered orally for 56 days.Results: Chlorpromazine and reserpine treated rats showed weak immunoreactivity to ki-67 and strong positive immunoreactivity to cytokeratin and BCL-2 proteins while RVand combination of RAZ treated rats showed weak positive immunoreactivity to cytokeratin and BCL-2 and strong immunoreactivity to ki-67. Furthermore, slight significant increase in germ cell proliferation index was seen in RV and RAZ treated groups when compared with CPZ and RES treated groups while significant decrease in germ cell apoptotic index and immature sertoli cell index were seen in RV and RAZ treated groups when compared with CPZ and RES treated groups.Conclusion: This research revealed the reproductive toxicity of synthetic antipsychotic drugs (CPZ and RES) and also unveiled the fertility potential of antipsychotic herb (RV) extract alongside RAZ by reducing the reproductive toxicity that is commonly associated with antipsychotic drugs.

Abstract Background: Hyperprolactinaemia impairs ovarian structural and functional development thereby causing anovulation and infertility. Immature coconut water (ICW) contains β-sitosterol known to be involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones in-vivo. Volume density (VD) evaluation of the ovarian follicular components has been used to measure the pattern of ovarian development and also to provide information on the physiological status of the ovaries. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effect of immature coconut water (ICW) on VD of the antrum, granulosa cell and theca cell of mature follicles in hyperprolactin rats treated with ICW.Material and Methods: A total of fifty- five (55) cyclic female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 145-170 g were used for this study. The animals were randomly divided into four experimental study groups. Group 1 received distilled water only while group 2 rats were treated with metoclopramide hydrochloride (MCH) at 0.2 mg/100 g body weight for 28 days to induce hyperprolactinaemia and this was withdrawn for 8, 16 and 28 days to check for recovery. The animals in group 3 were post-treated with ICW for 8, 16 and 28 days and group 4, animals were treated with ICW only for 8, 16 and 28 days.Result: There were significant decreases in the VD of granulosa cell in the withdrawal groups when compared with the control. The VD of all cell types in the post-treated groups were statistically comparable with the control and the groups treated with immature coconut water only.Conclusion: Findings from this present study indicate that ICW stimulates follicular growth in hyperprolactin and control rats in the same pattern.

Cyanide is among the ubiquitous chemicals that humans are usually exposed to and it is well documented that cyanide induces infertility in humans and experimental rodents. However, the pathogenesis remains unknown. Likewise, quercetin is an important nutraceutical that detoxifies reactive oxygen species, but its effects on testicular damage is not clear. The present study investigated the role of nutraceutical, quercetin on cyanide-induced testicular toxicity and probable involvement of cAMP-response-element modulator (CREM) which is a transcription factor necessary for the process of spermatogenesis. Thus, this work hypothesized that quercetin will mitigate endocrine dysfunction induced by cyanide. Seventy-two adult male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups (A to G). Groups A, B, C, F and G comprised of eight (8) rats per group while groups D and E comprised of sixteen (16) rats per group. Group A was designated as control while Groups B and C were given 0.5 and 1 mg/kg of cyanide respectively for 56 days. Group D and E received 0.5 and 1 mg/kg body weight cyanide respectively for 30 days. At day 30, eight animals were sacrificed from Group D and E and the remaining eight (8) rats were subdivided into sub-groups (D1 and E1) and were given 20 and 40 mg/kg of quercetin respectively for twenty-six (26) days. Group F and G were given concurrent administration of cyanide and quercetin at a dose of 0.5 + 20 mg/kg and 1 + 40 mg/kg respectively for 56 days. Body and testicular weight were significantly reduced in cyanide treated groups while quercetin modulates the reduction. Significant down-regulation of CREM gene and reduction in serum level of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and zinc in cyanide-treated groups, whereas administration of quercetin concomitantly with cyanide exposure or post-treated significantly reversed the alterations.

Several causes of infertility have been identified, and several papers have documented some compounds that cause infertility. One of the compounds reported to be toxic to the reproductive system is cyanide. In the management of infertility, various mechanisms ranging from synthetic drugs, natural products and supplements have been employed. Quercetin is an antioxidant supplement that has been used in the treatment of a variety of ailments. This work is aimed at investigating the role of quercetin in attenuating spermato-toxicity and testicular-histopathology induced by cyanide. Seventy-two (72) male wistar rat (weight 190 g ± 10 g) were divided into nine groups (n = 8) except for groups 4 and 5 with (n = 16). Group 1 (control) received physiological saline while Groups 2 and 3 received 0.5 and 1 mg/kg body weight (bwt) cyanide respectively for 56 days, groups 4 and 5 received 0.5 and 1 mg/kg bwt cyanide respectively for 30 days. At day 30, eight animals were sacrificed from Groups 4 and 5 and the remaining eight (8) rats were subdivided into groups (6 and 7) and were given 20 and 40 mg/kg bwt of quercetin respectively for twenty-six days. Co-administration of cyanide and quercetin at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg cyanide +20 mg/kg quercetin and 1 mg/kg cyanide +40 mg/kg quercetin were given to group 8 and 9 respectively for 56 days. Significant decreases in sperm parameters (count, motile and normal sperm) and increases in malondiadehyde concentration were observed in the cyanide treated groups. Testicular histoarchitecture showed few to no spermatozoa in the lumen of rats treated with cyanide. All these effects were attenuated by quercetin. In conclusion, quercetin regulates testicular histopathology induced by cyanide in Wistar rats. Data from this work suggests potential preventive or therapeutic applications of quercetin for individuals subjected to cyanide environmental pollution.

Objective: The literature has shown that synthetic antipsychotic drugs induce reproductive toxicity, while psychiatric patients treated with traditionally used antipsychotic herbs (Rauwolfia vomitoria) showed no traces of reproductive toxicity. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the expression of CREM, PRM I and II genes in the testes of Wistar rats treated with antipsychotic drugs: chlorpromazine, Rauwolfia vomitoria (RV) and co-administration of reserpine, zinc and ascorbate (RAZ). Methods: Forty-five adult male Wistar rats with rats with average weight of 180 +/- 4.67g were divided into nine groups (A-I) (n=5). Group A was administered saline (control) while rats in Groups B and C received 10 and 20mg/kg body weight (bwt) of chlorpromazine respectively. Groups D and E received 2.5 and 5mg/kg bwt of reserpine, respectively; while Groups F and G received 150 and 300mg/kg bwt of RV leaf extract. Groups H and I received (2.5+5+100) mg/kg bwt and (5+10+200) mg/kg of combination of RAZ, respectively for 56 days. Results: The CREM, PRM I and II genes were significantly downregulated while significant decreased in serum FSH and testosterone concentration were found in the Chlorpromazine- and Reserpine-treated groups. Groups H and I showed a highly significant upregulation of the CREM, PRM I and II genes, and a highly significant increase in serum FSH and testosterone concentrations. Conclusion: The study concluded that the HPT-Axis was impaired by chlorpromazine and reserpine, while RV and a combination of RAZ administration enhanced the axis in an animal model. The study recommended that synthetic antipsychotic drugs should be taken with Zinc and Ascorbate in order to help prevent reproductive toxicity associated with antipsychotic drugs. We need further studies in humans to confirm these findings.

Polyalthia longifolia extract has numerous beneficial effects on human health. They have been reported to have antiviral, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour and antioxidant activities. Cadmium is used in the production of nickel cadmium batteries, pigments ceramics, plastic stabilizers, and fertilizers. Cigarette smoke is one of the most important sources of cadmium exposure in the general non-occupationally exposed population. In nonsmokers, the main source of cadmium is food, particularly cereals such as rice and wheat, green leafy vegetables, potato, and offal products such as liver and kidney. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Group A were orally treated with distilled water for twenty eight days, Group B were intraperitoneal treated with cadmium sulfate for three days and sacrificed twenty four hours later, Group C received oral administration of Polyalthia longifolia for twenty eight days and Group D received cadmium sulfate intraperitoneally for three days and post treated orally with Polyalthia longifolia for twenty five days. On the 29th day the animals were sacrificed through cervical dislocation, the right testis was excised and processed histologically, while the left testis was processed for semen analysis. The histological observation showed that Polyalthia longifolia administration improved the histoarchitectural distortion of the testis in the cadmium sulphate treated group. Polyalthia longifolia administration restored the alteration on the sperm parameters of the damaged testes. The result suggested that Polyalthia longifolia restored testicular toxicity induced by cadmium sulphate and may be used as sub fertility drug.

Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), with Schlumberger and Wenner electrode array configurations respectively were employed to investigate the groundwater potential of Laderin Housing Estate located at Oke-mosan, Abeokuta, Ogun state, southwestern Nigeria. The area is underlain by the basement complex of the southwestern Nigeria. The research aimed at determining the aquifer/groundwater zone and characterizes the lithology of the study area. The geophysical survey involving nine VES and four profile of 2-D ERT lines with lengths varying from 100 m to 150 m were carried out. The field data from both the ERT and VES were processed and interpreted using RES2DINV and WINRESIST software respectively. Geometrical effects from the pseudo-section were removed and an image of true depth and true formation resistivity were produced. Three to four geo-electric layers were revealed in all, which are; topsoil, weathered layer, fractured and fresh basement rock. The result of 2 D inversion provide lithologic unit, weathering profile and geological structure favourable for groundwater potential. The results show that the basement rock was delineated with resistivity values that range between 701.3 Ωm and 9459.3 Ωm. The bedrock topography has a variable thickness of overburden between 3 m and above 16.4 m, which is fairly shallow. The geophysical survey show that VES 2, VES 3, VES 4, VES 5, and VES 6 are possible location for groundwater extraction. The difficult terrain, where thick overburden are located are also promising target for groundwater development.

Hydrogeological assessment of groundwater resources was carried out with a view to evaluate the potential of the aquifers to provide portable water supply and access the distribution of electrical parameters of hydrogeologic units in some areas in Odeda, Ogun State, Nigeria. A geophysical survey using vertical electrical sounding (VES) with the Schlumberger electrode array, with half-current electrode spacing (AB/2) varying from 1 to 132 m was carried out at 30 different stations in the study area. The VES data were interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively. Three-to-five sub-surface layers consisting of topsoil, weathered layer consisting of clay, sandy clay, clayey sand and sand layers, and fractured/fresh basement were delineated. Layer resistivities and thicknesses obtained on the curves within the study area showed one main aquifer type, which is the fractured basement. The longitudinal unit conductance (ranging from 0.049720 to 1.4520000 mhos) of the study area aided the protective capacity to be rated into good, moderate and weak. About 33% of the study area falls within the weak protective capacity, 57% falls within the moderate protective capacity and 10% falls within the good protective capacity.

Cyanide is one of the toxic, hazardous metals widely dispersed in the environment at high levels. The aim of this study is to evaluate the ameliorative role of Naringenin on male reproductive parameters in cyanide exposed mice.A total number of 28 Albino mice were divided into four groups, each group comprises of 7 mice (n= 7). The animals were housed in a well-lighted and ventilated plastic cages at a controlled temperature with 12h light/dark cycle maintained throughout the experimental period. All the Mice were acclimatized for 2 weeks before commencement of the study. Group 1 were control mice, group 2 received cyanide (1.2mg/kg bw) only, group 3 received Cyanide (1.2mg/kg bw) and Naringenin (50mg/kg bw) daily and group 4 received a daily administration of Naringenin (50mg/kg bw). All the treatments were done at 7:00 am every morning and the experiment lasted for 14 days. Twenty-four hours after 14th day of treatment, animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Blood samples were collected via Ocular sinus into lithium-heparin bottles for haematological and hormonal assay. The right testis was excised and quickly placed in Bouin's fluid and processed for histological examination while the left testis was placed in sucrose and processed for antioxidant assay.Results from this study showed significant reduction in serum testosterone levels, oxidative damage, reduced packed cell volume (PVC), reduced body weight gain and degenerative testicular microarchitecture in mice exposed to cyanide compared to control. Administration of Naringenin reversed almost all the abnormalities in the parameters investigated showing significant protection against cyanide induced toxicity in mice. It is concluded that Naringenin showed affordable protection against cyanide induced toxicity on male reproductive profile. Keywords: Naringenin, cyanide, oxidative damage, testis.

mainly involving fingerprinting. Likewise, the lip print is unique of an individual and hence beholds the potential for identification purpose. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the association between finger and lip print pattern in relation to tongue rolling among students. A total of 450 subjects (225 males and 225 females) selected from University of Ilorin were used for this study. Clearly obtained prints on the laptop which were magnified using the zooming tool. Finger prints were determined by observing the primary configuration (arch, ulna & radial loop and whorl) while lip prints were obtained by dividing the lip into six quadrants (upper quadrant [UQ] and lower quadrant [LQ]; Left& Right and middle quadrant (MQ) which were independently accessed for the predominant lip print using Suzuki and Tsuchihashi's classification (Types; I, I, II, III, IV, and V). Statistical analysis was performed using while Chi-square was used to determine the trend in the distributions. P<0.05 was taken to be significant. The result of the study showed that Type III, type IV and type II have an association with tongue rolling ability, fingerprinting and sex estimation in the URQ, UMQ, LMQ and LLQ of the lips. The association of lip prints with sex, however reveals the predominant lip print pattern of the upper lip and lower lip of both sexes as type III. The result also showed that the females had higher percentage of arches, radial loop and whorls pattern as compared to males while the males had higher percentage of ulna loops as compared to females. The differences observed in the tongue rolling ability, lip print pattern and finger print on the thumb and index fingers of both hands are associated with sex. Hence, lip printshold potential promise as a supplementary tool in personal identification of suspects orunknown identity. ABSTRACT Ade Stephen Alabi*, Lateefah Abiola Alawaye*, Adeoye Oyetunji Oyewopo*, Adeleke Opeyemi Samson**

The prevalence of infertility due to industrial, environmental and pharmaceutical toxins induced by lead in Nigeria and in developing countries is alarming. The use of medicinal plants as fertility enhancer in human is now in the increase because of the shifting of attention from synthetic drugs to natural plants. Thus, this study investigated the effect of methanolic extract of Telfairia occidentalis on (Pb) lead-induced testicular damage in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Twenty-four (24) Sprague dawley (SD) rats with average weight of 130g were randomly divided into four groups of six animals each. Group A served as the control group administered normal saline. Group B received 75mg/kg body weight of lead (Pb) as Lead nitrate only. Group C received 75mg/kg body weight of lead (Pb) and 300mg/kg body weight of methanolic extract of Telfairia Occidentalis, while Group D receive 300mg/kg body weight of methanolic extract of Telfairia Occidentalis only. Administration was via oral canula and the animals were sacrificed on 15th day. Blood samples were obtained via the left ocular sinus for haematological and hormonal studies while the testes and epididymis were removed and fixed in Bouin’s fluid for histological analysis. Administration of Telfairia Occidentalis improves testicular testosterone and PCV levels and also restored the histoarchitecture of the testes in SD rats. It is therefore suggested that the antioxidant potential of this wonder plant may have beneficial effects in treating male factor infertility as shown in this present study.Keywords: Male infertility, Telfairia occidentalis, Lead (Pb), Antioxidants

Cadaveric dissection has always been an integral part of medical education being used for teaching Anatomy, Surgery, Pathology, Radiology, Medical and Biomedical Research in Nigeria higher institutions of learning. However, it is undeniable that Nigeria Universities had been facing a lot of challenges in acquiring cadavers. In view of this scarcity of bodies, organs and tissues for studies, teaching and research, newer techniques of preserving biological tissues for long duration such as plastination is important. Thus, this review elaborates and identifies problems in cadaver acquisition in Nigeria, suggests better preservative technique of cadaver and identifies possible limitations to the practice of the suggested technique and proper possible solutions to the limitations.Keywords: Plastination, Cadaver, Anatomy, Preservative