There is rising concern over the threat that microplastics pose to aquatic life. In addition to their capability to soak up tiny pollutants, they not merely assist in the accumulation of plastics in the natural world but can also assist in their distribution. Humans absorb microplastics at the tertiary stage of the dietary network, which follows aquatic organisms including fish and numerous crustaceans. Treatment facilities for wastewater (WWTP) have been found to be a substantial single origin of microplastics pollutants, especially in regard to fibres. The sources of plastic trash that enter WWTP include make-up and skin care products, wearable material such as garments, car tyres, and roadway paint. Microplastics may be discharged into reservoirs or combined with filth after entering the WWTP via household wastewater or drainage systems. In complex environmental matrices, microplastics can be examined, removed, filtered, determined, and characterized using a wide range of procedures. Microplastics can be identified by examining the chemical and physical characteristics of plastic particles that have been separated and rinsed out of a combination of inorganic and organic particles. There is a good chance that this identification will provide results that are false-positive or false while studying tiny microplastics. Today's most common approach integrates thermal, chemical, and physiological assessments, such as microscopy and spectroscopic way. This chapter carefully examines the most recent data regarding the finding and prevalence of microplastics in WWTPs. These investigations provide a thorough analysis of all methods for locating and eliminating the microplastics.

One of the main things restricting yields of crops is diseases that affect plants. Which continue to be the major agricultural threat in the globe and drastically reduce yields of crops internationally, creating serious issues for the availability of food. Despite the fact that chemical-based medication persists as the main tactic for lowering the incidence of agricultural ailments, their frequent usage can make the microorganisms less likely to spread. Consequently, effective screening techniques for the immediate detection of plant-borne pathogens in the initial phases of infection have becoming vital to preserving sustainable farming and adequate nutrition. Quantum dots (QDs), nanoparticles, and nanotechnology have become crucial instruments for the rapid and highly accurate assessment of a specific biochemical marker. Tools including such as biosensors, QDs, nanostructured platforms, nanoimaging, and nanopore DNA sequencing have an opportunity to enhance infection detection’s accuracy, precision, and efficiency. They can also make rapid analysis easier and be utilized for crop protection and high-quality monitoring. Additionally, nanodiagnostic tool technology enables professionals to assist producers in avoiding the emergence of pandemics by swiftly and simply identifying potentially hazardous pathogenic organisms in crops.

Viruses infecting radish and turnip are transmitted through at least 89 aphid species. These insects transmit in two ways: persistent and nonpersistent. Vectors of persistent viruses keep viruses inside their bodies for a long time and molt to keep them infective. Vectors of nonpersistent viruses acquire and maintain viruses in their stylets for a brief amount of time before molting or feeding on an uninfected plant, and viruses are rapidly lost after molting or feeding on an uninfected plant. The turnip yellow mosaic, turnip crinkle, turnip rosette, and radish mosaic viruses are all beetle transmissible viruses that cause no symptoms in cultivated radish seedlings.

Microbial lipase is looking for better attention with the fast growth of enzyme proficiency and other benefits like easy, cost-effective, and reliable manufacturing. Immobilized enzymes can be used repetitively and are incapable to catalyze the reactions in the system continuously. Hydrophobic supports are utilized to immobilize enzymes when the ionic strength is low. This approach allows for the immobilization, purification, stability, and hyperactivation of lipases in a single step. The diffusion of the substrate is more advantageous on hydrophobic supports than on hydrophilic supports in the carrier. These approaches are critical to the immobilization performance of the enzyme. For enzyme immobilization, synthesis provides a higher pH value as well as greater heat stability. Using a mixture of immobilization methods, the binding force between enzymes and the support rises, reducing enzyme leakage. Lipase adsorption produces interfacial activation when it is immobilized on hydrophobic support. As a result, in the immobilization process, this procedure is primarily used for a variety of industrial applications. Microbial sources, immobilization techniques, and industrial applications in the fields of food, flavor, detergent, paper and pulp, pharmaceuticals, biodiesel, derivatives of esters and amino groups, agrochemicals, biosensor applications, cosmetics, perfumery, and bioremediation are all discussed in this review.

Microorganisms are present in the universe and they play role in beneficial and harmful to human life, society, and environments. Plant microbiome is a broad term in which microbes are present in the rhizo, phyllo, or endophytic region and play several beneficial and harmful roles with the plant. To know of these microorganisms, it is essential to be able to isolate purification and identify them quickly under laboratory conditions. So, to improve the microbial study, several tools and techniques such as microscopy, rRNA, or rDNA sequencing, fingerprinting, probing, clone libraries, chips, and metagenomics have been developed. The major benefits of these techniques are the identification of microbial community through direct analysis as well as it can apply in situ. Without tools and techniques, we cannot understand the roles of microbiomes. This review explains the tools and their roles in the understanding of microbiomes and their ecological diversity in environments.

Aflatoxins (AFTs) are group of secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nomius, and Emericella nidulans. AFTs contaminate foods, feeds, other raw ingredients used to produce them and that pose a significant threat to human health. These toxins designated as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin M2 (AFM2) are hydroxylated metabolites form of AFB1 and AFB2 are known as difuranocoumarin compounds. Naturally, these AFs have carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects and caused several metabolic disorders such as aflatoxicosis in domestic animals and humans worldwide. For the increasing in cancer incidences these risk factors are liable. AFB1 is 1000 times more potent hepatocarcinogen found in food then benzo (α) pyrene carcinogen. This chapter offers contamination sources, effects and their controlling approaches to confirm the food safety.

The bacterial infection in the agricultural field causes serious damages and loss of billions of dollars annually to farmers worldwide. Biopesticides are the better alternative to control bacterial pathogens. Bacterial pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni and Xanthomonas fragariae are isolated from kiwifruit, prunus and strawberry respectively. L. plantarum PM411 and TC92 inhibited all three bacterial pathogens from contaminating their consistent plant hosts. B. amyloliquefaciens and T. asperellum via foliar spray or growth medium application or both have the potential to control bacterial spots on tomato caused by Xanthomonas perforans.

In real polluted soils a wide variety of recalcitrant pollutants with several chemical white-rot fungi such as Pleurotus ostreatus, Irpex lacteus, Trametes versicolor, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Lentinus edodes, Coriolus versicolor, Cyathus stercoreus, Heterobasidion annosum, and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora degrade the cell wall components simultaneously and have PCB-degrading capabilities. Hydroxylated and methoxylated PCBs, chlorobenzoates, and chlorobenzyl alcohols were observed as transformation products that specify that the fungal species have capabilities to oxidize and decay the aromatic moiety of PCBs in lands. Some white-rot fungi such as Phlebia brevispora, Bjerkandera adusta, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Phanerochaete magnolia, and Dichomitus squalens have already demonstrated their prospective for the elimination of PCBs. Lignin peroxidase (LiP, EC 1.11.1.14), manganese peroxidase (MnP, EC 1.11.1.13), and laccase (Lac, EC 1.10.3.2) enzymes possessed by WRF are involved in the oxidation of a wide range of organopollutants.

The practices of organic farming have positive effects on the environment per unit of area, but not necessarily per product unit. Organic farms have the tendency to higher soil organic matter content and minor nutrient losses such as nitrogen leaching, nitrous oxide emissions and ammonia emissions per unit of field area. An organic system had higher land use, eutrophication potential and acidification potential per product unit but has lesser energy requirements. The only effects that were found to differ considerably between the systems were soil organic matter content, nitrogen percolating, and emissions of nitrous oxide per unit of field area, land and energy use.

Organic farming minimizes the cost of food with little regard to impacts on the environment and the services it provides to society the tradition in agriculture has been to maximize production. The global food production is likely to double as the world enters an era it is serious that agricultural performs be reformed to decrease the ecological effects even though several such practices are probable to proliferation the charges of production. Organic farming has been proposed as an eco-friendly farming practice, in raising the developing concern on the ecological risks related to contemporary agriculture. Though, organic farming wants to be inspected in the opinion of welfares and experiments linked with it.

Salinity of the agriculture soil is the serious issue all over the world, and it is also an important environmental factor for reduction of growth and yield of agricultural crops. The density of more salt available in soil may alter the physiological and metabolic activities in the agricultural crops and reduce the growth and production of crops both qualitative and quantitative ways. For combating against soil salinity, many transgenic salt-tolerant crops have been developed but far too little is success. For solution, in the soils the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can reduce soil salinity, load of chemical fertilizers, and pesticide in the agricultural field, and improve soil health, seed germination, crop growth, and productivity under saline condition PGPR accepted as potential microbes that can tolerate various atmospheric circumstances like more temperature, pH, and saline soils. In the saline environment, many halophilic/halotolerant bacteria and plants/halophytes are observed/adapted and perform a significant role in saline soil ecosystem. Innumerable microfloral communities and halophytes contain salt-tolerant gene, and they perform as an essential protagonist in subsistence for extreme environmental condition especially salt. It can be concluded that PGPR can be used as a supportable, manageable, sustainable, and economical tool for salinity tolerance and productivity of crops/plants.

Rhizomicrobiome improves abiotic stress tolerance in plants and promote their improvement. These plant growth-promoting microbiomes stimulate the growth of the plants by diverse mechanisms. These microorganisms help the plants in acquisition of unavailable nutrients such as phosphorus, zinc, and potassium and produce siderophores and different phytohormones such as auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins. They secrete subordinate metabolites and antibiotics that further stimulate the growth of the plants during stress condition. Therefore, use of PGPB is a novel approach, and use of such approaches in research is needed to appreciate the ecological, genetic, and biological associations in the territory.

The versatility of plant growth–promoting fungi (PGPF) and their association with plants have been confirmed as enormously valuable to plants in saline stress. Fungal genera such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Piriformospora, Phoma, and Trichoderma are the most frequently reported PGPF used in situations of abiotic stress. PGPF–plant interactions have positive effects on belowground and aboveground plant organs, resulting in substantial augmentations in germination of seed, seedling vigor, biomass production, root hairs, photosynthetic efficiency, flowering, and productivity being observed in salinity stress. Several strains have the capabilities to improve biochemical composition and also control numerous foliar and root pathogens by triggering induced systemic resistance in host plants. These proficiencies are determined by the ability to enhance uptake of nutrients and production of phytohormones, as well as reprogramming plant gene expression, through differential activation of plant signaling pathways. Moreover, interactions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with phytohormones such as strigolactones, abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid have been associated with salt tolerance mechanisms. This chapter systematically discusses major advances in research on physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms involved in AMF-induced salt stress tolerance in plants.

Lipases are very versatile enzymes, and produced the attention of the several industrial processes. Lipase can be achieved from several sources, animal, vegetable, and microbiological. The uses of microbial lipase market is estimated to be USD 425.0 Million in 2018 and it is projected to reach USD 590.2 Million by 2023, growing at a CAGR of 6.8% from 2018. Microbial lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) catalyze the hydrolysis of long chain triglycerides. The microbial origins of lipase enzymes are logically dynamic and proficient also have an extensive range of industrial uses with the manufacturing of altered molecules. The unique lipase (triacylglycerol acyl hydrolase) enzymes catalyzed the hydrolysis, esterification and alcoholysis reactions. Immobilization has made the use of microbial lipases accomplish its best performance and hence suitable for several reactions and need to enhance aroma to the immobilization processes. Immobilized enzymes depend on the immobilization technique and the carrier type. The choice of the carrier concerns usually the biocompatibility, chemical and thermal stability, and insolubility under reaction conditions, capability of easy rejuvenation and reusability, as well as cost proficiency. Bacillus spp., Achromobacter spp., Alcaligenes spp., Arthrobacter spp., Pseudomonos spp., of bacteria and Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., of fungi are screened large scale for lipase production. Lipases as multipurpose biological catalyst has given a favorable vision in meeting the needs for several industries such as biodiesel, foods and drinks, leather, textile, detergents, pharmaceuticals and medicals. This review represents a discussion on microbial sources of lipases, immobilization methods increased productivity at market profitability and reduce logistical liability on the environment and user.

Microalgae are the renewable green gold of future generations, capturing sunlight and producing oxygen and biomass through photosynthesis. Its biomass consists of valuable compounds with applications in the food industry as well as in the cosmetics, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical and biofuel industries. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) production through microalgae depends on the species and is affected by culture conditions such as nutrients, salinity, light intensity periods, temperature, pH and even association with other microorganisms. Omega-3 fatty acids are primarily synthesized from algae and phytoplankton and transferred to fish and marine mammals via the food chain. The defensive effect of omega-3 fatty acids towards cardiovascular diseases development most probably relates to the beneficial modification of a wide range of risk factors, including blood pressure, plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and inflammation.