Monocyte migration is an important process in inflammation and atherogenesis. Identification of the key signalling pathways that regulate monocyte migration can provide prospective targets for prophylactic treatments in inflammatory diseases. Previous research showed that the focal adhesion kinase Pyk2, Src kinase and MAP kinases play an important role in MCP-1-induced monocyte migration. In this study, we demonstrate that MCP-1 induces iPLA2 activity, which is regulated by PKCβ and affects downstream activation of Rac1 and Pyk2. Rac1 interacts directly with iPLA2 and Pyk2, and plays a crucial role in MCP-1-mediated monocyte migration by modulating downstream Pyk2 and p38 MAPK activation. Furthermore, Rac1 is necessary for cell spreading and F-actin polymerization during monocyte adhesion to fibronectin. Finally, we provide evidence that Rac1 controls the secretion of inflammatory mediator vimentin from MCP-1-stimulated monocytes. Altogether, this study demonstrates that the PKCβ/iPLA2/Rac1/Pyk2/p38 MAPK signalling cascade is essential for MCP-1-induced monocyte adhesion and migration.

Selenium-yeast was mixed with the basal diet of treatment groups of birds at the dose rate of 0.15mg/kg diet in treatment-I (T-I), 0.225mg/kg in treatment-II (T-II) and 0.30mg/kg in treatment-III (T-III) group. The body weight and weekly weight gain increased and, feed conversion ratio improved significantly (p<0.05) in the T-III group as compared to control group. The number of goblet cells, lymphatic nodules in the intestine was more in treated birds. The villi height and crypts depth and their ratio were significantly highest in T-III group. Bursal morphology significantly improved and the number of Hassall’s corpuscle, macrophages and plasma cells were more frequent in treated birds. Among the lymphoglandular organs, the maximum IL-10 positive cells were found in the caecum and Bursa of Fabricius (BF). Among the groups, T-III group showed weak to nil IL-10 reaction. When compared between the days, BF and spleen showed better IL-10 positive reaction on 7th day but in caecal tonsil and thymus, the better reaction was on 35th day. The expression of IL-10 in the lymphoglandular organs was significantly (p<0.05) lower and T-III had minimum expression. T-II and T-III groups were better than T-I and control groups for enhancing humoral immunity against Newcastle disease virus, reduction of gut Escherichia coli, Salmonella and increased gut Bifidobacterium spp. In conclusion, supplementation of Se-yeast to the poultry diet at the dose rate 0.30mg/kg improved the growth performance and guts microbial health, and enhanced the immunity of poultry birds.

Broiler birds (Gallus gallus domesticus) are most widely utilized for consumption.With the emergence of the modern era, the broiler is at risk for increased oxidative stress due to its higher rate of muscle growth and metabolism, and by this time, the European Union banned the use of antibiotic growth promoters due to health issues of both livestock and humans.It has been demonstrated that the performance can be improved by a simple replacement of antibiotics with organic selenium.A total of sixty day-old chicks were randomly distributed into the control and experimental groups.Each group had four replicas, with seven birds in each.Selenium yeast was mixed with the basal diet of the treatment group at the dose rate of 0.30 mg/kg diet.The samples were collected on the 1 st , 7 th , 14 th , 21 st , 28 th , 35 th and 42 nd days of the experiment.Growth performances of treated birds were better than control birds.Comparatively, the occurrences of goblet cells, distribution of lymphatic nodules, and diffuse lymphatic tissues were more in the treatment group of birds.The caecal tonsil was identified at the neck part of the caeca and increased in size during post hatched period.In conclusion, supplementation of Se-yeast improved caecum in terms of an increased number of goblet cells and lymphocytes, and minimized the IL10 positive reaction, which are responsible for better growth and immunity of the birds.

Background: The present study focused on the localization and comparative expression analysis of RFRP-3 gene in the hypothalamus and testis of adult male rats. Methods: Brain and testis tissue samples were collected from adult Wister rats and used for immunohistochemistry for identification and localization RFRP-3 producing neurons. The expression level of the RFRP-3 gene was assessed by Real-time PCR and compared with muscle tissue. Result: The results confirmed the presence of RFRP-3 secreting neurons in the hypothalamus and in the testes. Scattered RFRP-3 in cell bodies was identified primarily in the VMH, DMH and surrounding the third ventricle of the brain. In testis, RFRP-3 was detected in Leydig cells, Sertoli cells and germ cells. The expression level of RFRP-3 gene in the hypothalamus was observed to be significantly higher in hypothalamus than in testicular tissue (p less than 0.01) of adult rats.

In this investigation the morphological and morphometrical features of the optic tectum in post-hatch broiler chicken were studied macroscopically and microscopically. The present study was conducted on 70 day old broiler chicks which were reared up to 42 days. The whole experimental period of study was divided into seven groups (from group I to VII) at weekly interval (days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42). The optic lobes were paired and spherical to oval eminences located on the ventro-lateral part of the midbrain in broiler chicken. There was significant increase in length and width of the optic lobes with the advancement of age. Histological analysis of optic tectum shows six basic layers from the external surface to internal one towards the optic ventricle. Different layers of optic tectum were identified as stratum opticum, stratum griseum superficial, stratum griseum central, stratum album central, stratum griseum periventriculare and stratum fibrosum periventriculare with several types of neurons. Among all six layers of the optic tectum the stratum griseum superficial layer showed very high degree of secondry differentiation and evolved into nine sub- layers in all age groups of broiler chickens. Three main cell types had been identified that is, small to medium sized stellate shaped neuron, pyramidal neuron and fusiform neuron, beside these multipolar neuron were also evident. The thickness of all layers of optic tectum significantly increases with the advancement of age of the birds. The optic ventricle was lined with a layer of cuboidal ependymal cells.

Uniform and healthy seeds of green gram cv. Pratap (SG-1) were treated with two mutagens, gamma rays (physical mutagen) and EMS (chemical mutagen) alone and in combination. The two hundred forty M1 progenies were laid in randomized block design with three replications during Kharif, 2017 to raise M2 generation. Analysis of variance discloses significant differences among the treatments for all the eight characters studied. It was observed that in general, the combination dose, i.e., 200 Gy+0.2% EMS gave superior results in almost all the yield attributing characteristics. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was recorded for seed yield per plant, which indicates the predominance of additive gene action. Number of pods per plant followed by pod length showed high significant positive correlation with seed yield per plant. The character number of pods per cluster had shown positive correlation with seed yield per plant, but path analysis revealed its negative direct effect on seed yield.

MCP-1-induced monocyte chemotaxis is a crucial event in inflammation and atherogenesis. Identifying the important signal transduction pathways that control monocyte chemotaxis can unravel potential targets for preventive therapies in inflammatory disease conditions. Previous studies have shown that the focal adhesion kinase Pyk2 plays a critical role in monocyte motility. In this study, we investigated the MCP-1-mediated activation of Pyk2 (particularly by the phosphorylation of Tyr402) in primary human peripheral blood monocytes. We showed that MCP-1 induces Src phosphorylation in a similar time frame and that the MCP-1-induced Pyk2 tyrosine phosphorylation is controlled by the Src family kinase. We also report, in this study, that PKCβ, an isoform of PKC, is required for both Src and Pyk2 activation/phosphorylation in response to MCP-1 stimulation. We identified Lyn as the specific Src kinase isoform that is activated by MCP-1 and acts upstream of Pyk2 in primary monocytes. Furthermore, Lyn is found to be indispensable for monocyte migration in response to MCP-1 stimulation. Moreover, our coimmunoprecipitation studies in monocytes revealed that PKCβ, Pyk2, and Lyn exist constitutively in a molecular complex. To our knowledge, our study has uncovered a novel PKCβ-Lyn-Pyk2 signaling cascade in primary monocytes that regulates MCP-1-induced monocyte adhesion and migration.

Retaining walls, deep foundations, and reinforced soil/nailed structures involve interaction between structural elements and soil. Experimental investigation of interface characteristics such as adhesion, the angle of interface friction, compression/dilation behavior, and normal and shear stiffness forms an essential prerequisite in the design and numerical modeling of these structures. In the present work, direct shear tests are conducted to quantify the shear strength and interface characteristics between two soils, namely red clayey sand and black clay in contact with different continuums such as cement mortar, steel, jute geotextile, woven, and nonwoven geotextile. Direct shear test is conducted with one half of box filled with soil and contact with a structural surface glued to a wooden block placed in the other half. The ratio of interface friction angle to the internal friction angle of soil ranged from 0.73 to 0.95 depending on the roughness of the surface. Volume change of soil depends on the roughness and hardness of the continuum surface. Vertical inclusion of reinforcement in soil increased the shear strength of soil from 11 to 39%, and the improvement in shear strength of soil depends on the extensibility of reinforcement and its resistance to rotation.

Presence of numerous microorganisms in gut of the food animals, including aquatic fauna, is responsible for monitoring, maneuvering and modifying different physiological metabolic activities.This has a direct impact over growth and nutritional composition of body.Therefore the concern over gut microbiota is gaining more interest in the field of animal science research in recent days.It is more relevant with the fact that the world will face much more agricultural challenges in the coming decades to cater to the needs of protein diets for ever increasing global population.This study provides an overview of the efficacy of the feed additives to enhance nutrient utilization and production efficiency by altering gut microbial diversity where improved feed efficiency, modification of gut microbiota, effect of feed additives on dry matter intake and digestion, and effect of feed supplements on carcass quality and meat quality vis-à-vis gut microbiota.

CD8 and CD4 T cells play a central role in the immune response to viruses and intracellular pathogens as well as functions for the maintenance of both the mother and fetus. The present study was conducted to explore the differential gene expression profile for CD8 and CD4 present in the uterus with reference to the gravid and non-gravid Garole sheep and confirmation through immuno histochemical studies. Better CD8 and CD4 gene expression was observed in the mid uterus of pregnant ewes compared to that of non-pregnant ewes, where CD8 expression was better to that of CD4. Gene expression profiling of CD8 and CD4 are reported here for the first time in sheep. CD8 and CD4 expression may be regarded as the useful factor for maintenance of pregnancy. The current observations demonstrate that during pregnancy in ewe the immune system may respond to changes in the maternal environment to maintain the size and function of the CD8 and CD4 T-cell compartment. CD8 and CD4 expression may be employed as marker for pregnancy detection in sheep, which remains always a challenge for sheep breeders.

The present study was undertaken to explore the immunohistochemical localisation of TRPV6 calcium channels in rabbit gut epithelium that are actively involved in calcium absorption. To undertake the research, twelve apparently healthy adult female rabbits with a body weight between 1.0 to 1.5 kg were procured, acclimatised and divided into two groups: control and test. Both groups were kept on same feed along with exogenous calcium supplementation in test group animals only. The serum calcium level revealed that normally a high value of serum calcium is maintained in the rabbit as compared to other mammals, thus indicating that the homeostatic mechanism might be poorly developed. Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the caecum was the site of maximum calcium absorption in rabbit, followed by the duodenum and jejunum. The expression pattern of TRPV6 protein/mRNA was weaker in test group animals than in the control group, indicating that the channel was functional in low calcium concentration in the gut.

The gut microbiome comprises of a complex combination of microbes which includes archaea, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths and viruses.The mammalian gastro-intestinal tract harbors this complex ecosystem in equilibrium with the host immune system.This organized and long-lasting process of colonization by microorganisms has developed into flourishing relationships creating diverse environment within the host gut.The most magnificent feature of this commensal relationship is that the host requires commensal microorganisms to get colonized in gastrointestial tract (GIT) for its own development and health.The present review article will focus on various aspects of gut microbial colonization and their influence on the host organ systems in relation to its role in various morphological changes occurring within the host leading to improvement in health and productivity of animals.

Few studies are reported on immunomodulatory potential of non-mulberry (Antheraea mylitta) silk fibroin (SF) combined with polyurethane (PU) in diabetic wound healing. In this study, PU/SF (Antheraea mylitta) scaffolds were fabricated by blending and immobilization techniques. Effective SF dosage was determined and incorporated according to minimum inhibitory concentrations against wound associated bacterial strains while fabricating scaffold. Dermal fibroblast NIH3T3 cells were seeded on epidermal growth factor (EGF) treated and untreated PU/SF scaffolds, fabricated by blending and immobilization techniques. Fibroblast seeded PU/SF scaffolds were investigated for anti-inflammatory response in wound recovering potential comparing with Acticoat (TM) in third degree burn of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. At 16th, 24th days, promising healing was achieved with faster granulation, enhanced collagenization, patterned re-epithelialization by EGF treated cellular immobilized PU/SF in normal, hyperglycemic burn. Biomarkers of different healing stages, CD31 (haemostasis), Ki67 (proliferative), alpha-sma, COL III (maturation) were examined. Since hyperglycemic burn is characterized by inflated pro-inflammatory cytokines, serum, tissue IL-6,8,10 were recorded, which revealed timely restoration of inflated IL-6,8 and protection against IL-10 elevation by cellular immobilized PU/SF compared to Acticoat (TM) (p <= 0.05), control (p <= 0.01). E-cadherin (gap junction protein), MMP 9 response suggested anti-inflammatory role of PU/SF on accelerated healing of thermal injury as potent dermal substitute. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Recently, the sustainable waste management (SWM) has drawn enormous concern throughout the world. Improper waste management aggregates to a large extent of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission, which has an adverse impact on the climatic conditions. Direct or indirect mitigation of GHG emission through safe and energy recovery process is an efficient method toward sustainable waste management from environmental point of view. In this relevance, Plasma Arc technology has high potential in waste destruction and energy recovery by producing high calorific value syn gas (CO, H2). In the present study, emission of GHGs and its effective mitigation are correlated with municipal solid waste (MSW) management procedure. Component wise efficiency evaluation of MSW toward the energy recovery shows the capability to diminish the demand of conventional fuel resources. It has been noticed that the major component of MSW are paper and plastics, which posses high calorific value and in its consequence greater energy recovery efficiency. In MSW, carbon–nitrogen (C/N) ratio and metal content are very high, which are very much responsible for GHGs generation due to improper disposal methods such as incineration, landfilling. In actual practice, reduction of generated waste and mitigation of waste generated GHGs, recycling, and suitable disposal methods with efficient energy recovery should be prioritized. Plasma-driven technologies can be an efficient approach toward the above-mentioned visions. Presently, these technologies are significantly implemented in various parts of world with considerable efficiency. In India, though these methods are not generally implemented but various policies and missions like Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), which has become the largest movement toward cleanliness, highly emphaszes the SWM. These approaches can assist give a timely solution in mitigation of GHGs in a safe and efficient way in comparison to the existing technologies.

Speech Processing is a vast domain for research work where Speech Recognition is a small part of it. This research work is an attempt to recognize ten spoken English digits starting from zero to nine by using Artificial Neural Network. The system will be able to recognize digits spoken in English. Although the spoken language is English, the utterance may vary from speaker to speaker. We have built the system by training the voice samples of the people of the Northeastern region of India. After recognizing the utterance it will display the recognized digit as output. We have programmed and simulated the design in MATLAB. The design of our research is based on using the Linear Prediction Coefficient (LPC) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for signal analysis. We were able to get an overall accuracy of 82%.

Female rabbits from the age of 9 weeks till age of maturity were reared in two separate groups under long (16L: 8D) and short (12L: 12D) photoperiods. Does reared under long photoperiod showed increased body weight and ovary weight body weight ratio as compared to does reared under short photoperiod. At 15 weeks of age Graafian follicles appeared for the first time in long photoperiod group while the same appeared in the short photoperiod group at 19 weeks of age. At pre-pubertal and pubertal age the serum concentration of FSH and LH were more in long photoperiod animals as compared to those of short photoperiod animals.

Abstract Background Our previous study exhibited free radicals scavenging and antioxidant activities of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Tamarindus indica L. leaves in chronic sodium fluoride poisoning in rats. Tamarindus indica L. seed extract was also reported to have anti-arthritic efficacy by inhibiting cartilage and bone degrading factors. Therefore, an attempt was made to evaluate the effects of ethanolic extract of Tamarindus indica L. leaves in septic arthritis. Methods The safety study was performed by oral dosing of ethanolic extract of the plant leaves at 2 g kg− 1 for consecutive 28 days in rabbits. Septic arthritis was induced in rabbits by single intra-articular inoculation of 104 c.f.u. of Staphylococcus aureus to the left stifle joint and was monitored by bacterial colony count, some relevant biochemical parameters and histopathological interpretation of the affected joint. For efficacy evaluation in septic arthritis, linezolid at 75 mg kg− 1 twice daily for 10 days and the ethanolic extract of Tamarindus indica L. at 500 and 1000 mg kg− 1 for consecutive 14 days were administered orally to the rabbits after 48 h of induction of arthritis. Results In sub-acute toxicity study of Tamarindus indica L. leaves ethanolic extract, no significant change between days was found for aspertate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine compared to day 0 values of the same group. The bacterial colony count of synovial fluid following Staphylococcus aureus inoculation to left stifle joint was found to be 1.08 ± 0.47 and 1.19 ± 0.29 c.f.u. mL− 1 in ethanolic extract low dose and high dose groups respectively, on day 2 which was reduced to 0.057 ± 0.036 c.f.u. mL− 1 and nil on day 16. The test extract was also found to markedly reduce simultaneous glucose difference, total protein ratio of serum and synovial fluid, joint radius and joint narrowing. Conclusion Ethanolic extract of Tamarindus indica L. leaves at 500 mg kg− 1 and 1000 mg kg− 1 produced anti-arthritic effects against S. aureus induced septic arthritis in rabbits. However, the ethanolic extract at 1000 mg kg− 1 orally for consecutive 14 days showed better effects in septic arthritis.

The postnatal development of the cornual gland was studied in male and female Black Bengal goats from 4 months to 12 months of age. The oval shaped cornual gland was first grossly identified underneath the cresentic skin fold towards the caudo-medial border of each horn at the age of 7 th month in male goat. The size of the gland increased from 8 th month with age. The sebaceous glands retained its holocrine character up to 6 months of age in male and from 7 th month the gradual modification revealed their large size and eosinophilic appearance, the gland resulted in a hepatoid appearance modified to scent gland. In female, the sebaceous glands retained holocrine character upto 10 months of age. At 11 th month, a few sebaceous glands started to modify towards scent gland. Sexual dimorphism was clearly visible by seeing large cornual gland size in male at different ages. At the age of 12 months, the gland was the largest and most superficially occupied the maximum area of the dermis.