Background: SARS COVID - 19, an infectious disease that is declared as pandemic by WHO and emerging again with newer strains. Heart failure is another deadly disease condition to which geriatric population is more susceptible. Few phytochemicals present in tamarind leaves like apigenin and epicatechin were reported to inhibit the SARS - COV - 2 enzyme named PDB ID : 6 LU7. Ethanolic extract of tamarind leaves was also proposed to reduce the prolongation of QT and RR intervals of ECG in Wistar rats along with lowering the serum enzymes' levels like LDH and CPK indicating cardiac protection in doxorubicin induced cardiac toxicity characterized by heart failure. Ethanolic extract of tamarind leaves was suggested to be used as a safer antioxidant to check MRSA endocarditis and heat stress. Methods: Fresh tamarind leaves were collected and dried under shade at normal room temperature to prepare coarse powder by a sterilized pestle and mortar. Ethanolic Extract of dried tamarind leaves was extracted using 98% ethanol by Soxhlet Apparatus used for extraction of 98 % ethanolic extract of dried tamarind leaves at a range of 60 degree to 70 degree centigrade. Ethanolic extract ( 98% ) of dried tamarind leaves' powder was then evaporated to dryness by keeping the extract in Hot Air Oven used for drying of ethanolic extract ( 98% ) of tamarind leaves at 60 degree centigrade. Dried ethanolic extract ( 98% )of tamarind leaves was provided to willingly participated septic arthritic patients orally at 1 gram / Kg bodyweight after 2 hours of breakfast once daily orally up to consecutive 28 days depending on severity of septic arthritis duly diagnosed by their registered doctors. Results: Septic arthritic patients responded well to the treatment of ethanolic extract (98%) of tamarind leaves at recommended dosage regimen which was evaluated by due recording of recovery from swelling, pain, redness and other characteristic signs of septic arthritis. As ethanolic extract (98%) of tamarind leaves produced curative effects in the affected joint or joints which are pharmacokinetically considered under peripheral compartment of the body, the extract can easily reach the organs like heart, lungs, liver, kidney and even brain those come under central compartment of the body according to pharmacokinetic principles. Moreover, the phytochemicals present in ethanolic extract ( 98% ) of tamarind leaves acted in septic arthritis of peripheral joints means these can reach at sufficient concentrations to other peripheral organs also and can produce protective effects against corona virus infection by inhibiting SARS - COV - 2 enzyme named PDB ID : 6 LU7. The extract can easily reach at sufficient concentration to heart and may reduce the prolongation of QT and RR intervals of ECG in cardiac diseases' suffering patients. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of dried tamarind leaves extracted by 98% ethanol can be well utilized as ethical preventive therapies for COVID and heart failure more particularly for geriatric population those have compromised metabolism and excretion systems for synthetic drugs due to their old age and ageing factors

In the study on Oreochromis niloticus, singular oral gavage of florfenicol (FFC) at 15mg/kg biomass/day was conducted, mimicking approved aquaculture dosing. Samples of plasma, bile, muscle, intestine, skin, liver, kidney, gill, and brain tissues were collected at 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64, 96, and 128hours (h) after oral gavage. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed FFC concentrations peaked at 12.15μg/mL in plasma and 77.92μg/mL in bile, both at 24hours. Elimination half-lives were 28.17h (plasma) and 26.88h (bile). The residues of FFC ranked muscle>intestine>skin>liver>kidney>gill. In contrast, the residues of florfenicol amine (FFA) ranked kidney>skin>liver>muscle>gill>intestine>brain, particularly notable in tropical summer conditions. The minimum inhibitory concentration of FFC was elucidated against several bacterial pathogens revealing its superior efficacy. Results highlight bile's crucial role in FFC elimination. Further investigation, especially during winter when fish susceptibility to infections rises, is warranted.

BACKGROUND:To study the pharmacokinetic interaction of cephalosporin antibiotic ceftriaxone (CFT) with raw undiluted Ocimum sanctum L. leaf juice in chronic staphylococcal mastitis in caprine. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Chronic inflammation of the udder was evoked in goats by Staphylococcus aureus (J638) intracisternal inoculation 2000 cfu for 30 days into the left udder. Animals of Group I were given one single dose of CFT at 20 mg/kg i.v. Group II animals were given one single dose of CFT at 20 mg/kg i.v, and contemporary extracted fresh leaf juice of O. sanctum L. given at 5 ml/kg orally for 7 consecutive days. RESULTS:O. sanctum L. at 5 ml/kg oral had synergistic herb-drug pharmacokinetic interaction with CFT antibiotic (i.v.) and increased its bioavailability. It prolonged its rate of elimination (β) and enhanced the volume of distribution (Vdarea) and mean residence time in the body. Bioavailability and persistence of the antibiotic CFT and its metabolite ceftizoxime were increased in the milk from the udder. CONCLUSION:Administration of O. sanctum L. at 5 ml/kg oral with intravenous CFT at 20 mg/kg may be advocated for effective treatment of S. aureus inflammation of the udder in caprine.

The present study was conducted to detect the occurrence of beta-lactamase and biofilm-producing Escherchia coli and Salmonella in apparently healthy broiler birds reared in household and contract poultry farms. In total, 150 cloacal swabs were collected from apparently healthy broiler birds of various age groups reared in backyard (n = 100) and contract farms (n = 50) in West Bengal (India). The isolation rate of ESBL producers was significantly more (P < 0 center dot 05) reared in contract poultry farms than those reared in backyard. Majority of the E. coli isolates possessed bla(CTX-M) followed by bla(SHV) and bla(TEM). Majority of the Salmonella strains possessed bla(TEM) followed by bla(CTX-M), and no bla(SHV) was detected. The selected sequences of the PCR products were found cognate with bla(CTX-M-1), bla(CTX-M-2), bla(CTX-M-9), bla(CTX-M-14), bla(CTX-M-15), bla(SHV-12) and bla(TEM-52). The study detected 46 center dot 8% of E. coli and 42 center dot 5% of Salmonella strains as biofilm producers. Beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains showed resistance against tetracycline, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, co-trimoxazole and ampicillin and sensitivity to imipenem-EDTA, colistin and gentamicin. The study revealed the partial clonal relationship of ESBL sequences possessed by the poultry isolates of the present study and local clinical isolates available in the database. The study made consumer awareness about careful handling of live birds or poultry meat to avoid the zoonotic transmission of antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.

Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli infection of poultry causes significant economic losses. Extended spectrum β lactamases (ESBL) producing E. coli was inoculated in a broiler, Rhode Island Red and Haringhata Black birds orally at 56×108 c.f.u. mL-1 for induction of diarrhoea. Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone-tazobactam combination (8:1) was studied following a single intramuscular injection at 28.125 mg kg-1 and the combination was administered twice daily to treat such infection. Plasma concentration of both ceftriaxone persisted up to 8 h in experimental birds and maintained an approximate ratio of 8:1 with tazobactam for a period of 2 h, 0.25 h and 0.75 h, respectively in a broiler, Rhode Island Red and Haringhata Black birds. The Kel was significantly lower in all experimental birds compared to healthy birds. Efficacy study was conducted in diarrhoeic birds by administration of ceftriaxone-tazobactam combination at 28.125 mg kg-1 body weight twice daily intramuscularly for three days which caused an increase in specific antibody titre in the broiler on 5th day and in Rhode Island Red birds 10th day. However, Haringhata black birds were inherently showed more resistance towards the infection. The combination of ceftriaxone and tazobactam in the ratio of 8:1 can be an effective treatment to combat ESBL producing E. coli infections.

•Fibrosin®, a commercial herbal drug is used for a long time as supportive therapy in mastitis.•Fibrosin® was given orally 1 h prior to intramuscular ceftriaxone to study disposition kinetics.•Ceftriaxone showed a reabsorption half-life (t½Ka′) of 0.18±0.003 h in presence of Fibrosin®.•The reabsorption rate constant of ceftriaxone (3.86±0.10 h−1) suggested rapid intestinal reabsorption.

The application of antiparasitic drugs plays a crucial role in the removal of infectious parasites in aquaculture. Emamectin benzoate (EB) is predominantly used as a feed premix against ectoparasites on temperate fish. This study evaluated the influence of 14 days of EB-dosing at 0-10 times the recommended dose (1X: 50 mu g/kg biomass/day) on the biological responses and accrual/depletion of EB-residues in a tropical fish monosex Oreochromis niloticus fries. A significant dose-dependent reduction in feed intake by 3.50% in 1X and 43.00% in 10X groups, and an increase in mortalities from 2.92% (1X) to 11.25% (10X) during the EB-dosing period was noted. A significant increase in glucose and alkaline phosphatase and reduction in calcium and chloride ions, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and acetylcholinesterase levels in the muscle and/or brain tissue was observed. On day 21 post-EB-dosing, the levels of muscle glucose and SOD reached normalcy in the 1X group, while the levels of other biomarkers failed to recuperate. The EB-residue levels peaked on day 14 EB-dosing (2.77 ng/g) in the 1X group and decreased later with detectable levels (0.03 ng/g) even on day 21 post-EB-dosing. The EB-residue levels were within the permissible limits of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency and the European Commission. The EB-dosing negatively influenced the health of O. niloticus by altering the physiological state in a doseand time-dependent way. The results suggested that the use of EB might be plausibly risky in tropical aquaculture.

Abstract Oreochromis niloticus is imperative in Indian aquaculture attributing to a significant portion of culture fisheries after carps. This study assessed the serum biochemical, haematological, and histopathological changes in O. niloticus juveniles upon dietary administration of florfenicol (FFC) at 15 mg/kg biomass/day (1X) and 45 mg/kg biomass/day (3X) for 10 consecutive days and compared with control. Behavioural changes, feed consumption, survival, and biomass were evaluated. Besides, the levels of serum glucose, calcium, chloride, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase, and blood cell morphology were determined at scheduled intervals. The 10 days of oral dosing resulted in 100% (1X) and 96.15% (3X) survival, reduced feed intake, and biomass. Significant erythrocyte morphological alterations were observed in the 1X group compared to the control. Alterations in haematological parameters of FFC-dosed fish suggested apparent cytotoxicity. A substantial hike in lymphocyte counts and mean corpuscular volume was observed. All the serum biomarkers of O. niloticus increased significantly on day 10 dosing in a dose-dependent manner, except for calcium and chloride, which reduced significantly. Marked histopathological changes like degeneration of renal tubular epithelium and widened lumen in the kidney, and glycogen-type vacuolation, cytoplasmic degeneration, and cytoplasmic vacuolation in the liver were observed during the dosing period. Within 3 weeks of suspension of dosing, the 1X group serum biomarker levels became normal except for alkaline phosphatase. The recovery of serum biomarker levels, haematological values, histopathological and erythrocyte morphological changes suggested that the FFC-induced changes are reversible at the therapeutic dose and are safe for O. niloticus.

The intensification of aquacultural practices demands the regulated use of antibiotics to contain diseases. This study investigated the accrual and depletion of florfenicol (FFC) and its metabolite florfenicol amine (FFA) in Oreochromis niloticus juveniles following dietary administration of 15 and 45 mg FFC/kg biomass/day for 10 days, the oxidative stress responses and histopathological alterations in the kidney and liver tissues. The therapeutic dose caused no mortalities but reduced the feed intake significantly. The induction of oxidative stress in the liver and kidney tissues upon FFC-dosing was revealed by the increase in malondialdehyde, ferric reducing antioxidant power, total nitric oxide, and decrease in glutathione-S-transferase on day 10. The dietary FFC caused degeneration of renal tubular epithelium, inflammation, mineralization, hydropic swelling and necrosis in the kidney and glycogen-type vacuolation, cytoplasmic degeneration, cellular hypertrophy, and nuclear abnormalities in the liver signifying its nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic potential. The elimination of FFC was rapid in the liver and kidney but it persevered in muscle for 3 weeks. The depletion of FFA was faster in the liver and muscle, while it persevered in the kidney, signifying the probable reaction between free radicals and FFC metabolites. The withdrawal period was computed to be 6 days. Within 3 weeks of termination of dosing, the changes in biomarkers and histoarchitecture were recuperated. Though the dietary FFC induced oxidative stress and alterations in the kidney and liver histoarchitecture, our findings suggested that FFC was well tolerated by O. niloticus and is practically safe at the therapeutic dose.

Microsporum canis is a worldwide-diffused pathogenic dermatophyte that can cause outbreaks in both human and animal populations.Considerable upsurge in the incidence of multidrug-resistant M. canis has created the urgency to identify and develop novel antifungals to avoid therapeutic failures during treatment.The present study was designed to explore the synergistic antifungal potential of fractionalized extract with different solvents of Ficus racemosa and Cassia fistula Leaves (L.) against multidrug-resistant M. canis by broth micro-dilution assay.The mixture of the methanolic fraction of both the extracts showed a potent antifungal activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 µg/ml as compared to their pure fractions.The results provided a scientific validation for a possible and novel antifungal agent which should further be explored for its safety by using suitable animal trials.

BACKGROUND:Clinical mastitis is an important production disease of dairy animals, causing significant economic losses.OBJECTIVE:Disposition kinetics of ceftriaxone was conducted in healthy lactating and staphylococcal mastitic crossbred cows in field condition following single-dose intravenous administration of only ceftriaxone.METHODS:A single dose of ceftriaxone at 20 mg kg-1 body weight was administered intravenously through jugular vein to six clinically healthy and six mastitic crossbred cows after proper diagnosis and three mastitic cows remained untreated (positive control). Blood and milk samples were collected at 0 (pre-dosing), 5, 15, 30 min, and 1, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h post drug administration and analyzed for ceftriaxone and its active metabolite (ceftizoxime) by high-performance liquid chromatography.RESULTS:Ceftriaxone achieved a peak mean plasma concentration of 131.67±1.83 μg mL-1 at 5 min, which decreased sharply until 1 h (35.56±0.44 μg mL-1) and was below detection limit at 24 h post drug administration in mastitic crossbred cows. On the other hand, ceftizoxime (active metabolite of ceftriaxone) achieved a peak level of 55.42±3.34 μg mL-1 at 72 h and could not be detected at 120 h post drug administration in the milk of those mastitic crossbred cows. The Staphylococcus aureus colony count in mastitic crossbred cows was 49.33±6.55 × 105 c.f.u./mL and the lowest colony count was achieved at 72 h with no colony at 120 h post drug administration. All the staphylococcal mastitis affected crossbred cows were cured on day 5.CONCLUSION:Ceftriaxone may prove to be effective in the treatment of staphylococcal mastitis in crossbred cows following single-dose intravenous administration at 20 mg kg-1 body weight.

The study aims to monitor pesticide and antibacterial drug residues in food of animal origin namely eggs, chicken, chevon and cow milk using two modified multi-residue analytical methods for simultaneous detection and quantification of thirteen pesticides with gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and four antibacterial drugs with high performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). A total of 462 egg, 503 chicken, 575 chevon and 570 milk samples were collected from the local markets, dairy farms and households in twelve districts of West Bengal and four districts of Odisha, India. Samples were procured in summer and winter season. The validation of the method included the determination of limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity, accuracy and precision and an inter- and intra-day assay of the method. Good linearity was obtained (r 2  > 0.99), the recovery % ranged from 85.07 to 93.53% for antibacterial drugs and from 82.0 to 99.47% for pesticides, inter-assay and intra-assay variability were below 10 and 15% and repeatability was < 20% in both cases. The proposed modified methods thus proved reliable and were applied for monitoring pesticide and antibacterial drug residues in animal samples. The results revealed that 5.17% of the chicken samples were positive for delta-hexachlorocyclohexane, 11.33% for gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane and 11.93% for alachlor whereas 2.09% of the chevon samples were positive for alachlor and 1.57% for chlorpyrifos. However, all these values were within the maximum residue levels as set by European Commission and Codex Alimentarious Commission, suggesting no serious threat to public health.

The influence of fluctuating water temperature and dietary oxytetracycline (OTC) at 0 (0X), 80 (1X), 240 (3X), 400 (5X) and 800 mg (10X)/kg biomass/day for 30 consecutive days on the safety of monosex (all male) Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fries in terms of feeding, growth, survival and histopathology of vital organs were assessed. A dose-dependent decline in feed intake and biomass was recorded. The OTC-dosed groups recorded higher mortalities than the control. The therapeutic OTC-dosing (1X) in conjunction with low temperature caused 75.56 ± 8.01% mortality and 25.75% reduced feed intake in 30 days. The mortalities increased with increasing OTC-doses from 85.19 ± 3.39% (1X) to 95.56 ± 2.22% (10X) and fluctuating temperature (12.00–21.50°C) even after the withdrawal of OTC. Relatively mild to moderate histopathological lesions were observed in the kidney, liver and intestine of OTC-dosed fries. These results suggested that dietary OTC and low water temperature may cause adverse effects on monosex O. niloticus fries.

Emamectin benzoate (EB) premix top-coated onto feed is extensively used to treat ectoparasitic crustacean infestations in aquaculture. This study evaluated the safety of EB-dosing in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus at the recommended dose and dosage of 50 μg/kg biomass/day for 7 consecutive days (1X) and compared with control and 10 times the recommended dose (10X). Depletion of EB-residues in the edible muscle of 1X-dosed Nile tilapia was also studied. Mortality, behavioural changes, feed consumption, biomass, EB-residue depletion, and histopathological alterations in the kidney, liver and intestine were determined at slated intervals. Significant dose-dependent reduction in feed intake and biomass and insignificant mortalities were noted in 1X and 10X EB-dosed fish. In 1X EB-dosed fish muscle, the residues peaked on day 7 EB-dosing (9.72 ng/g) and decreased subsequently. Nevertheless, the residue levels were within the acceptable limit of the European Commission and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency even during the EB-dosing period. Histologically, tubule degeneration in the kidney, mild glycogen vacuolation in the liver, and loss of absorptive vacuoles, inflammation and disintegration of the epithelial layer in the intestine of Nile tilapia fed the 1X EB-diet were observed. The fish reverted back to their normal functions with time upon termination of oral-EB-dosing. This work contributed scientific data on the safety of EB particularly on the feed intake, growth reduction, mortality, histopathological alterations, and EB-residue levels in the edible tissues of Nile tilapia fed at the recommended dose and dosage, which suggested that EB-therapy might be reasonably risky in a tropical climate.

Antimicrobial resistance is a global emergency which needs one health approach to address. The present study was conducted to detect the prevalence of beta-lactamase and biofilm-producing Klebsiella strains in rectal swabs (n = 624) collected from healthy dogs, cats, sheep and goats reared as companion or household animals in India. The dogs and cats were frequently exposed to third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins for therapy. The sheep and goats were occasionally exposed to antibiotics and had environmental exposure. Phenotypical ESBL (n = 93) and ACBL (n = 88)-producing Klebsiella were isolated significantly more (P < 0·05) from companion animals than household animals. Majority of the Klebsiella possessed blaCTX-M-15 . The sequences blaCTX-M-15.2 , blaCTX-M-197 and blaCTX-M-225 are reported first time from the companion animals. All ACBL-producing isolates possessed blaAmpC . The present study detected 65·8% of Klebsiella strains as biofilm producers possessing the studied biofilm associated genes. The isolates showed phenotypical resistance against chloramphenicol, tetracycline, doxycycline, co-trimoxazole, ampicillin, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid. The present study showed that companion and household animals (dogs, cats, sheep, goats) may act as a carrier of ESBL/biofilm-producing, multi-drug resistant, high-risk clonal lineage of Klebsiella.

Aim: To assess the effects of an antiparasitic aquadrug emamectin benzoate (EB) on the serum biomarkers of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus when fed at the recommended dietary dose regimen of 50 mu g kg biomass(-1) day(-1) for 7 consecutive days (1X) and compare with the control and 10 times the recommended dose (10X). Methodology: Nile tilapia were divided into three groups of thirty fish each. The fish of Group 1 were fed with control feed. Group 2 and 3 were fed with 50 mu g and 500 mu g EB kg biomass(-1) day(-1), respectively, for 7 days followed by 45 days of post-dosing observations. Serum samples from different EB-dosed Nile tilapia were collected at scheduled interludes to analyse the serum biomarkers, viz., glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine and C-reactive protein (CRP) by standard kits. Results: Seven days of EB-dosing reduced the biomass by 6.91%. The levels of fish serum biomarkers increased significantly on day 7 EB-dosing. Their levels consequently reduced, but did not reach normalcy, except ALT, AST and CRP, on day 45 post-EB-dosing at the recommended dose. The results demonstrated that the physiological state of apparently healthy Nile tilapia was persuaded by oral EB-dosing. Interpretation: The effects of EB-dosing on serum biomarkers of Nile tilapia are revocable. Nevertheless, the observed results on the biomass reduction and elevated levels of serum biomarkers, raises concern on the effectiveness of oral EB-dosing in Indian condition.

The poultry sector is growing rapidly in many parts of India which is broadly divided into a highly organized commercial sector (with about 80% of the total market share) and an AbstractExtended spectrum  lactamases (EBSL) producing Escherichia coli infections in poultry may adversely affect gut health as well as liver health.E. coli infection resistant to antibiotics is sometimes responsible for heavy financial losses to the poultry farmers.Ceftriaxone is a third generation cephalosporin which undergoes significant hepatic clearance in sheep, goat and some other animal species.Diarrhoea was induced experimentally in broiler, Rhode Island Red and Haringhata Black chickens by oral inoculation of 56×10 8 c.f.u.mL -1 of ESBL Escherichia coli culture and ceftriaxone-tazobactam combination (8:1) was administered at 28.1 mg kg -1 intramuscularly twice daily for three days for evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of the antibiotic combination along with monitoring of liver health during infection and treatment period.Blood samples were collected at 3 days interval up to 21 days post inoculation to study the liver markers like aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase.A complete recovery was noticed on 3 rd day of treatment which was evidenced by absence of diarrhoea.ESBL E. coli infection caused increase in alkaline phosphatase activity during post inoculation and even after treatment indicating intestinal cellular damage.However, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase activities did not alter significantly.Therefore, the combination of ceftriaxone and tazobactam in the ratio of 8:1 can be an effective treatment to combat ESBL producing E. coli infections resistant to many antibiotics in poultry at 28.1 mg kg -1 intramuscularly twice daily for three days.

The present study was conducted to detect the occurrence of methicillin-resistant and enterotoxin producing Staphylococcus aureus in bovine milk with SCCmec, spa type, antimicrobial sensitivity and MIC of anti-staphylococcal drugs against the isolates. A total of 450 composite milk samples both from cattle with or without mastitis were collected from all agro-climatic zones of West Bengal. Nine (9.6%) S. aureus isolates were phenotypically detected as MRSA and all of them possessed mecA. Whereas, 12 (12.8%) and 4 (4.3%) isolates possessed the staphylococcal enterotoxins sei and seg, respectively. Six and three isolates belonged to SCCmec type Iva and type V, respectively. Spa typing of the isolates showed MRSA isolates belonged to t304 and t6297. All the MRSA isolates were multidrug resistant. The MIC of oxacillin, vancomycin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and linezolid against MRSA isolates was 8->256 μg ml−1, 0.064–0.256 μg ml−1, 0.38–2 μg ml−1 and 6–8 μg ml−1, and 0.1 μg ml−1, respectively. The finding is worrying from public health point of view due to detection of MRSA and enterotoxin (seg,sei) producing S. aureus in milk samples which are commonly associated with human infection or food poisoning cases. This is the first comprehensive study with substantial numbers of samples for characterization of MRSA in bovine milk in India.