Part I of this two-part paper provided an overview of the HAZUS-MH Flood Model and a discussion of its capabilities for characterizing riverine and coastal flooding. Included was a discussion of the Flood Information Tool, which permits rapid analysis of a wide variety of stream discharge data and topographic mapping to determine flood-frequencies over entire floodplains. This paper reports on the damage and loss estimation capability of the Flood Model, which includes a library of more than 900 damage curves for use in estimating damage to various types of buildings and infrastructure. Based on estimated property damage, the model estimates shelter needs and direct and indirect economic losses arising from floods. Analyses for the effects of flood warning, the benefits of levees, structural elevation, and flood mapping restudies are also facilitated with the Flood Model.

The capability has successfully been developed at the Los Alamos Nuclear Science Center (LANSCE) to utilize a spatially and temporally prepared 800MeV proton beam to produce proton radiographs. A series of proton bursts are transmitted through a dynamic object and transported, via a unique magnetic lens system, to an image plane. The magnetic lens system permits correcting for the effects of multiple coulomb scattering which would otherwise completely blur the spatially transmitted information at the image plane. The proton radiographs are recorded either on a time integrating film plate or with a recently developed multi-frame electronic imaging camera system. The latter technique permits obtaining a time dependent series of proton radiographs with time intervals (modulo 358ns) up to many microseconds and variable time intervals between images. One electronically shuttered, intensified, CCD camera is required per image. These cameras can detect single protons interacting with a scintillating fiber optic array in the image plane but also have a dynamic range which permits recording radiographs with better than 5% statistics for observation of detailed density variations in the object. A number of tests have been carried out to characterize the quality of the proton radiography system for absolute mass determination, resolution, and dynamic range. Initial dynamic experiments characterized the temporal and spatial behavior of shock propagation in a high explosive sample with up to six images per experiment. Based on experience with the prototype system, a number of upgrades are being implemented including the anticipated capability for enhanced mass discrimination through differential multiple coulomb scattering radiographs and more images with improved imaging techniques.

Avocado thrips, Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was discovered in California in July of 1996 and spread rapidly from two initial sites of discovery near Port Hueneme in Ventura County and at the Irvine Ranch in Orange County. Avocado thrips larvae and adults can build to such high densities over the fall through spring period on young leaves on top-worked trees that leaves damaged from feeding can drop. The main source of economic loss attributable to avocado thrips, however, is scarring of immature fruit in spring by feeding thrips. Economic losses attributable to avocado thrips have been calculated using packout records. Economic data for 22 anonymous growers were combined with costs of thrips control incurred by either using biological control agents, Veratran-D (sabadilla), or Agri- Mek (abamectin). An economic model was developed by an agricultural economist at UC Davis to estimate the effects to growers and consumers of rising production costs, retail prices, and decreases in quality. The model indicated an annual short-run loss to avocado growers of between $7.6 and $13.4 million in 1998 from the combined effects of losses in quality and increased production costs associated with avocado thrips management. Economic losses to avocado thrips continue to accrue annually, but the magnitude of decreased revenue will vary yearly depending on the severity of thrips infestations, costs of control (biological or chemical), percentage of crop damaged, severity of damage, and market value for harvested fruit. Our research sponsored by the California Avocado Commission has taken a three pronged approach to investigating potential control strategies to minimize economic losses to avocado thrips. Our thrips management program is based on: (1) an improved understanding of this pest's biology, behavior, ecology, and natural enemies. We intend to use this information for the development of biological and cultural control programs for avocado thrips. (2) Screening and selection of IPM compatible insecticides and monitoring avocado thrips populations for resistance to these insecticides, and (3) investigating cost effective strategies for applying insecticides by air or ground as selected from screening trials.