Purpose Physical inactivity among adults remains a public health concern, despite the extensive efforts of researchers and policymakers to promote physical activity (PA) and reduce sedentary behaviour (SB). Challenges arise when attempting to translate research on modifiable determinants of PA and SB into effective policies. Recently it has been emphasized the need to consider key settings at the individual, social, and environmental level to maximize the likelihood of effectiveness. The present protocol outlines a comprehensive approach that includes systematic reviews (SLRs) and meta-analyses (MAs) to generate a best-evidence statement (BESt) regarding the modifiable determinants of PA and SB within specific settings during adulthood. Methods and analysis The search strategy will be performed through MEDLINE (PubMed), PsycINFO (EBSCO), Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) platforms. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), controlled trials (CTs) and longitudinal studies analysing the effects of modifiable determinants on PA and/or SB of male and female adults will be considered. At least two measurement time-points of both modifiable determinants and outcomes related to PA and/or SB are mandatory prerequisites. Risk of bias of RCTs, CTs, and longitudinal studies will be performed through a modified RoB 2.0, a modified ROBINS-I, and an adapted version of the National Institutes of Health tool, respectively. Identified setting-dependent modifiable determinants will be discussed narratively using the SWiM tool and, where possible, MA will be performed using both frequentist and Bayesian statistical inference approaches. Both self-reported and device-based PA measurements will be considered. Systematic review registration PROSPERO [Reg. Nr. CRD42023412964]

Most European adolescents do not meet recommended levels of physical activity (PA), increasing their risk of long-term health issues and contributing to the burden of non-communicable diseases. To address this public health challenge, there is a need for evidence-based, age-specific frameworks that identify the key determinants influencing PA behaviours during adolescence, a critical developmental stage for habit formation. This study developed the EUropean Physical Activity Determinants framework for Adolescents (EU-PAD-A) and identified the most important and modifiable factors that can inform targeted interventions and public policy. Using Group Concept Mapping analysis, 240 experts contributed to the identification, sorting, and rating of PA determinants for adolescents. A total number of 110 determinants were grouped into nine thematic clusters. Determinants were rated for importance and modifiability, with 53

BACKGROUND:Monitoring body composition is crucial for optimizing performance and preventing injuries in young athletes during a competitive season. This study evaluated changes in body composition and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) in 15 male U17 Italian national handball players (age: 16.44±0.60 years). METHODS:Bioelectrical parameters were analyzed across four time points: end of the season (T0), pre-season (T1), season onset (T2), and winter break (T3), using repeated measures mixed models, while Mahalanobis' tests track vector shifts and ellipse distances (D). Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. RESULTS:The vector significantly lengthened from T0 to T1 (D=1.95), then shortened from T1 to T2 (D=1.63) and T2 to T3 (D=0.88). Stature-adjusted resistance significantly decreased at T2 (262.9 Ω/m±26.1) compared to T1 (275.6 Ω/m±27.8) and at T3 (249.7 Ω/m±21.4) compared to T0 (269.7 Ω/m±27.9), T1, and T2. Stature-adjusted reactance significantly increased at T1 (39.00 Ω/m±3.7) compared to T0 (35.3 Ω/m±3.6) then decreased at T2 (36.2 Ω/m±3.2) and T3 (35.7 Ω/m±3.4) compared to T1. From T0 to T3, phase angle, total body water, and fat-free mass increased significantly from 7.4°±0.5 to 8.1±0.6°, 59.9±3.6% to 61.1±3.7%, and 82.0±4.5% to 84.0±5.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:Bioelectrical analysis effectively tracks hydration indices and training adaptations in young athletes, representing a valuable tool for managing performance and recovery.

Objective: Since specific bioelectrical reference values for Italian adults are lacking, this study aims to define specific values and test their suitability in pathological cases and athletes. Methods: A sample of 1049 Italian individuals (441 men, 608 women) aged 30–65 years was considered. Competitive athletes (bodybuilding, streetlifting and tennis) were identified within the general sample, and an independent group of individuals with obesity or anorexia nervosa was analyzed for comparison. Anthropometric (weight, kg; stature, mid-upper arm, waist and calf circumferences; cm) and bioelectrical (resistance and reactance, at 50 kHz) variables were taken. Resistivity, (Rsp, Ωcm), reactivity (Xcsp, Ωcm), impedivity (Zsp, Ωcm) and phase angle (PhA, °) were calculated. Two-way ANOVA and Hotelling’s T2 test were applied to assess group differences. These data were then pooled with existing datasets to create a comprehensive reference for individuals aged 18 to 100 years. Results: The specific bioelectrical variables were: Rsp = 352.3 ± 55.5, Xcsp = 41.8 ± 9.1, PhA = 6.8 ± 1.0, r (Rsp, Xcsp) = 0.67 (men); Rsp = 384.9 ± 71.2, Xcsp = 40.7 ± 9.4, PhA = 6.1 ± 1.0, r (Rsp, Xcsp) = 0.72 (women). Men showed higher PhA values (p < 0.001), reflecting higher muscle mass and quality, and shorter vectors (p < 0.001), indicative of lower relative fat mass (FM%), than women. Advancing age was associated with lower PhA and longer vectors (p < 0.001). Bioelectrical vectors of individuals with obesity or anorexia nervosa were outside the 95% variability, indicating abnormal values of FM%, whereas those of athletes fell within the lower left quadrant. Conclusions: The specific tolerance ellipses for the Italian adult population fill a gap in the existing literature, providing essential new tools for evaluating body composition in clinical and sports settings, and for comparative analyses.

Background: Contextual interference (CI), defined as interleaved practice, improves motor skill learning in powerlifters. However, previous protocols lacked ecological validity. This study evaluated an alternative, highly specific CI exercise (the seal row) to provide a more practical approach for powerlifting routines. Methods: Fifteen powerlifters (10 males and 5 females, age: 23 ± 2 years, 1RM: 78 ± 32 kg) were randomized in a high CI group (HCI) and low CI group (LCI) undergoing a 6-week training intervention. Powerlifters were tested on their bench press exercise strength and technical execution. Technical execution was assessed using a 13-item Likert scale. Results: Strength significantly increased in both groups (F (3.32, 46.5) = 9.553, p < 0.05, pes = 0.42). Global technique analysis showed a group × time interaction (F (4, 952) = 2.547, p = 0.038). A significant group × time interaction occurred for scapular adduction/retraction (F (4, 52) = 3.753, p = 0.009), with the HCI group showing greater improvement. Conclusions: Alternating a primary task (bench press) with antagonist overloads (seal row) improves technical execution over six weeks without hindering strength gains. These findings support practical CI strategies in resistance training to optimize skill acquisition.

Purpose Despite physical activity (PA)'s health benefits, few adolescents meet recommended levels. This review examined associations between adolescents’ self-reported PA and sedentary behaviours (SB) and their modifiable determinants, assessing interventions across settings (school, home, mixed). Methods Five databases were searched from 2010 to 2023. Eligible studies included experimental studies assessing adolescents’ self-reported PA/SB and modifiable determinants at pre- and post-intervention. Within a social-ecological framework, Robust-Bayesian-Meta-Analyses (RoBMA) were conducted per setting, assessing heterogeneity and publication-bias. Single-study outcomes were narratively reported. A holistic classification of determinant domains was then applied to map measured determinants and targeted intervention components across individual-psychological, individual-behavioural, interpersonal, and environmental domains. Risk of bias and evidence certainty were also evaluated. PROSPERO-ID: CRD42021282874. Results Twelve RCTs and two CTs (school n = 10, home n = 2, and school-home n = 2 settings) were included. Thirteen studies (93%) incorporated theory-based approaches, and 13 studies (93%) addressed multiple determinant domains, although only four (29%) showed high-integration multi-domain designs. Of the 67 unique modifiable determinants identified, 94% were classified within individual/interpersonal categories. In particular, RoBMAs showed minimal or no pooled effects on PA/SB or determinants, except for weak evidence suggesting a small positive effect on planning in school setting, including action and coping planning, implementation intentions, or commitment to a plan of action, with substantial heterogeneity across studies. Risk of bias was due mainly to randomization and outcome measurement issues. The level of certainty from the evidence ranged from very low to low. Discussion Existing interventions predominantly target individual-level factors, with limited coordinated integration across socio-ecological domains. High-quality future trials should test whether well-designed, integrated multilevel interventions can more consistently modify diverse determinants of adolescents' PA/SB across setting and co-occur with psychosocial benefits.

Background: Youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) often show low physical activity levels and a long time spent in sedentary and poor sleep, which may worsen their health. This study aimed to describe baseline movement and sleep patterns in children and adolescents with T1D and compare them with behaviors recorded during a structured summer camp. Methods: Twenty-three participants (13.33 ± 2.13 years) completed physical fitness tests, self-report questionnaires, and 7–8 days of wearable monitoring before camp. During a 10-day diabetes summer camp, participants continued wearing the devices to track physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep. Comparisons between pre- and during-camp periods were performed using paired statistics, and linear regressions examined associations between activity and sleep awakenings. Results: At baseline, device-based monitoring showed low physical activity levels, long sedentary time and poor sleep. Self-reported data confirmed low activity levels and long time spent in sedentary activities, especially screen time. During camp, daily steps increased significantly (p < 0.001), as well as all the physical activity intensities (p < 0.01). Sedentary time decreased significantly (p < 0.001), and sleep duration declined (p < 0.001), but awakenings were shorter (p = 0.005). Baseline sedentary time predicted longer nocturnal awakenings, while greater increases in steps during camp correlated with longer awakenings. Conclusions: Children and adolescents with T1D showed low baseline activity, high sedentary time, and poor sleep. Participation in the structured summer camp appears to be associated with changes in physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep patterns.

Although there is a trend toward outdoor activities, limited research has examined the effects of outdoor exercise on blood pressure. This study aimed to compare the Systolic (sBP) and Diastolic (dBP) Blood Pressure, Heart Rate (HR) response, Post-Exercise Hypotension (PEH) and Rate Pressure Product (RPP) following indoor and outdoor activities. Thirty-seven participants (18 females = age: 24.7 ± 0.7 years, BMI: 21.1 ± 2.1 kg/m2, MET*week: 3779 ± 3037; 19 males = age: 24.9 ± 0.5 years, BMI: 24.1 ± 2.6 kg/m2, MET*week: 3000 ± 730) completed an outdoor hike (H) (~3800 m) and an indoor maximal walking test (MWT). During both sessions, sBP, dBP and HR were measured 15-min before (PRE), immediately after (POST), 15-min (POST-15) and 30-min (POST-30) after the sessions. Mean differences and standard deviations of all variables, along with PEH and RPP, were determined. Repeated-measures mixed models evaluate the effects of indoor and outdoor sessions on hemodynamic variables. Paired t-tests compared PEH between settings. Regardless of sessions PRE measurements were higher (p < 0.0001) than POST-30 for sBP (H: 10.4 ± 2.1 mmHg; MWT: 12.3 ± 2.3 mmHg), dBP (H: 4.3 ± 1.9 mmHg; MWT: 4.5 ± 1.7 mmHg), HR (H: -5.4 ± 2.2 bpm; MWT: -7.8 ± 2.5 bpm) and RPP (H: 140.6 ± 296.6 mmHg*bpm; MWT: 38.6 ± 323.5 mmHg*bpm). No significant difference in PEH (0.9 ± 11.3 mmHg) was found between sessions. PEH occurred regardless of PRE values, confirming the positive effect of physical activity on reducing BP.

Background/Objectives: Plyometric training is a method of increasing soccer performance which leverages the muscle stretch-shortening cycle. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of plyometric training in prepubertal soccer players. Methods: Twenty-three young athletes (age 9.4 ± 0.3 years) from an elite club, training three times per week, were enrolled. During one of the weekly training sessions, twelve players formed the experimental group (PLYO), incorporating a 45 min plyometric training component into their routine, while the control group (CON), consisting of eleven players continued with their usual training program. At baseline and after 12 weeks, anthropometric parameters, flexibility, lower limb strength, and agility were assessed. Results: At baseline, no differences were observed between the two groups in anthropometric or physical performance parameters. No injuries occurred during the study. After 12 weeks, both groups showed significant growth and performance improvements. However, the PLYO showed a significantly greater increase in lower limb strength (Δ + 10.7%) compared to the CON (Δ + 6.0%). Conversely, although not statistically significant, agility improvements were greater in the CON (Δ + 12.4%) than in the PLYO (Δ + 8.6%). Conclusions: Plyometric training appears to be a safe and effective method for enhancing lower limb strength in prepubertal athletes. However, this strength gain did not directly translate into greater agility, which may benefit more from sport-specific training during this developmental stage.

Background: Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) is a qualitative method that standardizes resistance and reactance relative to stature (R/H and Xc/H) and plots them as vectors on an R-Xc graph. This equation-free approach assesses body composition, allowing for the evaluation of hydration status and cellular integrity through tolerance ellipses. This study aimed to systematically map BIVA reference ellipses across general, pediatric, pathological, and athletic populations. Methods: A scoping review was conducted according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Five databases were searched. Extracted data included (a) sample characteristics (sample size, age, sex, BMI, country, ethnicity), (b) population type, (c) analyzer specifications, and (d) R/H and Xc/H means, standard deviations, and correlation values. Results: A total of 53 studies published between 1994 and July 2025 were included. From these, 508 tolerance ellipses were identified: 281 for the general population (18–92 years), 133 for children/adolescents (0–18 years), 49 for athletes, and 45 for pathological groups. Studies were primarily conducted in Europe and the Americas, using 11 analyzers with variations in measurement protocols, including body side, posture, and electrode placement. Conclusions: This scoping review categorizes the existing BIVA tolerance ellipses by population type, sex, age, BMI, device used, and measurement protocol. The structured presentation is intended to guide researchers, clinicians, nutritionists, and sports professionals in selecting appropriate reference ellipses tailored to specific populations and contexts.

The menstrual cycle (MC) and body composition are key biological variables in the study of female sports performance. This study aims to evaluate changes in body composition and performance during the follicular phase of the MC and verify any possible relationship between these changes. This cross-sectional study included 12 female track and field athletes (age 22.3 ± 2.6 years). Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA), and physical performance was evaluated through tests of muscle flexibility, vertical and horizontal jump, speed, and endurance. Assessments were conducted during the early follicular phase (EF) and the late follicular phase (LF). Differences were analyzed using the paired sample t test, while Pearson’s correlation was applied to assess relationships between BIVA and performance variables across the EF and LF phases. During the EF phase, standing long jump performance was reduced (2.36 ± 0.15 m vs. 2.40 ± 0.16 m; p < 0.03), and 400-m run times were slower (69.38 ± 5.68 s vs. 67.77 ± 6.22 s; p < 0.003) compared to the LF phase. No significant differences were observed in other performance parameters. No conclusive correlations were identified between BIVA values and physical performance across the EF and LF phases. Female athletes’ performance during the MC may be influenced by various factors. However, biological variables such as body composition likely offer only partial insights into these variations. A multidisciplinary and individualized approach is, therefore, recommended to optimize sports performance.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Direct assessment of skinfold thickness and waist and hip girths provides information about body fat and its distribution, avoiding estimation errors due to predictive equations. The present study aimed to provide new centile curves for the sum of eight skinfold thicknesses (Σ8SKF) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in adult population, and to identify breakpoints during adulthood. METHODS:The present investigation was conceived as a multicenter, cross-sectional study. Stature, body mass, eight skinfold thicknesses (i.e., triceps, biceps, subscapular, iliac crest, supraspinal, abdominal, thigh, and calf) and waist and hip girths were measured according to the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry protocol in 1,313 men and 1,194 women aged 18-65 years. Smoothed age- and sex-specific percentile curves were generated using the Lambda Mu and Sigma method. For both sexes, simple linear regressions of the dependent variable (Σ8SKF and WHR) versus the explanatory variable (age) were performed to investigate changes in the response variable's slope and to test for potential breakpoints. RESULTS:Reference percentile curves (3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 97th) for Σ8SKF and WHR were provided. In men, Σ8SKF increased by 1.0 mm/year between the ages of 21 and 59, while in women, it increased by 3.8 mm/year between the ages of 38.5 and 47. In men, WHR showed a progressive increase of 0.004/year until the age of 28.4, followed by a slower increase of 0.003/year throughout the lifespan. In women, WHR increased by 0.003/year from the age of 20-65. CONCLUSIONS:Σ8SKF and WHR appear sex- and age-specific. Scientists and practitioners are provided with reference values for the adult population.

Background and aims:Somatotype analysis classifies individuals into 13 categories based on unique combinations of the three principal components: endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy. This study aimed to examine sex-related differences and intra-category variability within somatotype classifications, and to characterize body composition patterns in the general population. Methods:Anthropometric data were collected from 185 males and 156 females aged 18-40 years to estimate somatotype, fat mass index (FMI), and skeletal muscle index (SMI). Sex differences were evaluated with Hotelling's T2 and chi-square tests, while within-category morphological dispersion was quantified as Euclidean distances from centroids. K-means clustering on FMI and SMI identified Low, Medium, and High groups, and somatotype distributions across clusters were compared using chi-square and binomial tests. Results:Men exhibited an Endomorphic-Mesomorph somatotype, whereas women displayed an Mesomorph-Endomorph profile. Hotelling's T2 test confirmed significant sex differences in somatotype centroids (p < 0.001), and chi-square analyses showed strong associations between sex and somatotype categories (p < 0.001). Within-category morphological dispersion was significant in most groups, with males showing greater overall variability than females (p = 0.004). K-means clustering of FMI and SMI identified Low, Medium, and High groups, with somatotype distributions differing significantly across clusters (p < 0.001); a clear predominance of a single somatotype category was observed in the Medium FMI cluster of males (Endomorphic-Mesomorph, 76.8%, p < 0.001) and in the High SMI cluster of males (Endomorphic-Mesomorph, 67.5%, p = 0.019). Conclusion:These findings highlight pronounced sex-related differences, considerable intra-category variability, and distinct body composition patterns across somatotypes in the general population. Notably, although individuals classified within the same somatotype can still present heterogeneous body shapes, the Endomorphic-Mesomorph profile distinctly characterizes males with moderate fat mass and higher muscle mass.

Background: Urinary incontinence (UI) is common in women and negatively affects quality of life. Although pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is effective, most studies have focused on isolated muscle contractions. Less is known about multimodal programs integrating posture, breathing, and intra-abdominal pressure management. This study examined how urinary loss (UL) and moderate physical activity (MPA), measured objectively, relate to perceived pelvic floor disorders after a five-week multimodal intervention. Methods: Twenty women (40–70 years) with UI participated in three weekly 60 min sessions for five weeks. Outcomes were assessed before and after the intervention: UL using the pad test, physical activity with a wrist-worn accelerometer, and pelvic floor disorders with the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI-20). Paired t-tests or Wilcoxon tests and regression models were used to analyze changes and associations between variables. Results: UL significantly decreased after treatment (p < 0.001) as did total PFDI-20 (p = 0.007). Before treatment, PFDI-20 was mainly predicted by MPA (β = −0.537, p = 0.013). After treatment, UL became the strongest predictor of PFDI-20 (β = 0.587, p = 0.008) while Δ analyses confirmed that changes in both UL (β = 0.444, p = 0.026) and MPA (β = −0.461, p = 0.021) predicted improvements in perceived pelvic floor disorders. Conclusions: A five-week multimodal program reduced UL and improved perceived pelvic floor disorders. After treatment, symptoms were more strongly related to UL than to MPA. This study suggests that a multimodal exercise approach may represent a feasible and potentially effective option for improving both objectively measured urinary loss and perceived pelvic floor symptoms.

IntroductionThe holistic development of elite athletes is a priority within European sports policies, necessitating a coordinated approach to dual career support. This study evaluated the perspectives of both university experts and student-athletes (S-As) on various dual career aspects, aiming to provide actionable insights for improving policies within European higher education institutions (HEIs).Materials and methodsData was collected through an online survey tailored for HEI experts and S-As across multiple countries. A total of 46 HEI experts and 321 S-As responded to the survey. The role of the country of origin on each dual career aspect for S-As was investigated using a MANOVA, followed by an ANOVA and post hoc analyses using Tukey's test when an effect emerged. The data from HEI experts and comparisons between S-As and HEI experts were handled descriptively due to the violation of assumptions of homogeneity of variances and sufficient sample size.ResultsThe study revealed significant trends and disparities in the availability and quality of support services. In particular, logistic, and financial support, and other support/policies areas showed a significant effect for S-As countries of origin, with Romanian and Serbian S-As generally reporting better scores and Italian and Spanish worse. In general, HEI experts rated dual career provision areas more favorably than S-As.ConclusionThis study underscores the importance of integrating both HEI expert and S-As' perspectives to develop effective dual career policies. Tailored interventions and enhanced communication about available resources are crucial for improving the dual career experiences of S-As across Europe.

Background/Objectives: In hypertension (HTN), lifestyle modification is important for controlling blood pressure (BP) and lipidemic profile. The HINTreat trial showed that an anti-inflammatory diet was associated with improved endothelial function, after six months of intensive nutritional treatment. Methods: This post hoc analysis of the HINTreat trial examined how adherence to various nutritional patterns like the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet), the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, and anti-inflammatory diet, had impact on the blood lipids profile and the CVD risk. Patients with stage 1 HTN, allocated either on intensive lifestyle treatment (ILT) or usual care (UC) standard treatment, participated in the analysis. From the original sample size of the HINTreat trial, all patients that were prescribed lipid lowering medication at any time of the study period were excluded from the total analysis; thus, the intervention and the control groups consisted of 33 and 28 patients, respectively. Nutritional intakes were assessed with repeated 24 h recalls from the previous day, and dietary indexes and scores were calculated as follows: MedDiet score, DASH index, and Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII). After six months of intervention, changes in the nutritional indexes and their effect on the lipidemic profile and CVD risk were analyzed. Results: In the ILT group, reductions were noted in Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) for day systolic BP (SBP) (-12.7 mmHg) and diastolic BP (DBP) (-8.4 mmHg), total cholesterol (TC) (-35.4 mg/dL), triglycerides (TG) (-21.4 mg/dL), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) (-27.5 mg/dL) concentrations, and CVD risk score (-1.5%), p < 0.001 for all. Multiple regression analysis showed that dietary quality indices independently influenced improvements in blood lipid profile and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among patients receiving ILT. Specifically, a higher Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) score was significantly associated with reductions in TC (B = -7.238, p < 0.001), TG (B = -4.103, p = 0.035), and LDL-C (B = -6.431, p = 0.004). The DASH index was positively associated with TG levels (B = 9.913, p = 0.010), suggesting a more complex relationship that may require further investigation. In addition, DII was positively associated with increased CVD risk (B = 0.973, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The findings suggest that ILT can improve BP levels, target blood lipids concentrations, and reduce CVD risk in patients with stage 1 HTN.

Background/Objectives: The 24 h activity cycle highlights the need to consider sedentary behavior (SED), non-exercise physical activity (NEPA), and sleep when introducing aerobic exercise. This study assessed changes in these components among breast cancer survivors (BCS) and non-oncologic menopausal women after a 3-month walking (W) or Nordic walking (NW) program. Methods: A total of 324 menopausal women participated: 156 non-oncologic (Meno), 102 BCS with natural menopause (BCS_Meno), and 66 BCS with medically induced menopause (BCS_Ind_Meno). Linear Mixed Effects (LME) modeling was applied. Age, BMI, hormonal therapy, cancer treatments, hypertension, sleep, and METs were included as covariates. Results: BCS_Meno and BCS_Ind_Meno had longer sleep durations at baseline (adj. diff.: +26.5 min/day, 95% CI 10.1 to 43.0; p = 0.002 and +25.7, 95% CI 6.7 to 44.6; p = 0.008). Sleep improved across all groups post-intervention (overall adj. effect = +17.4 min/day, 95% CI 4.8 to 30.0; p = 0.007). Higher sleep and METs were associated with reduced SED (sleep: β = −43.7 min/day per unit increase, −52.6 to −34.8; METs: β = −115.4, −126.4 to −104.4; both p < 0.001). A significant group × time interaction showed a decrease in SED in the BCS_Ind_Meno group (adj. diff. = −65.1 min/day, −102.8 to −27.4; p = 0.001). NEPA was negatively influenced by sleep (β = −8.7 min/day, −16.2 to −1.1, p = 0.024) and positively by METs (β = +121.1, 111.8 to 130.3; p < 0.001). NEPA increased only in BCS_Ind_Meno (adj. diff.: +70.6 min/day, 38.4 to 102.7; p < 0.001), not in BCS_Meno (+9.87, −18.7 to 38.4; p = 0.497). Conclusions: BCS_Ind_Meno showed the greatest benefits, with reduced SED, increased NEPA, and improved sleep. Sleep improved across all groups following aerobic interventions.