Rangelands are crucial to human well-being, but their ability to provide ecosystem services is threatened. We (1) quantified key ecosystem services provided by rangelands, (2) assessed short- and long-term impacts of fertilization (nutrient addition) and the exclusion of large grazing herbivores with fences (herbivore exclusion) on services, and (3) identified synergies and trade-offs among services. We measured indicators of ecosystem services and plant diversity at 79 sites across six continents in the global Nutrient Network. Short-term herbivore exclusion increased forage quantity and soil fertility, but longer-term herbivore exclusion decreased both along with plant richness and pollination. Nutrient addition improved forage provisioning, soil stability, climate regulation, and control of soil erosion but lowered plant diversity and impeded delivery of related services, especially after prolonged application. We found synergies between plant diversity and pollination, as well as between soil fertility, soil stability, and climate regulation. Trade-offs between forage stability and quality persisted after nutrient addition but disappeared with herbivore exclusion. Our results suggest that alternative management actions may sustain livestock production while maintaining rangeland ecosystem services.

The search for predictors of plant diversity has challenged scientists for decades. Here we identify intense photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) as a major factor constraining plant species richness in global grasslands. We show that the strength of the negative relationship between species richness and PAR increases with increasing elevation and that species richness is more strongly correlated with intense PAR than with UV-B radiation, climate variables, and atmospheric nitrogen deposition. In addition to species richness, plant biomass was also negatively correlated with PAR at higher elevations, indicating that intense PAR also constrains plant biomass in montane grasslands. Furthermore, we show that the decrease in plant species richness with increasing PAR is mainly caused by a decrease in species richness of forbs, sedges, and rushes. In contrast, species richness of grasses was only negatively correlated with PAR at high elevations, and species richness of legumes was not significantly correlated with PAR. Our results suggest that PAR constrains plant species richness in global grasslands and limits the extent to which plant species of specific functional groups can migrate uphill in response to climate warming.

Protected areas (PAs) constitute a fundamental strategy for mitigating biodiversity loss. The land–sparing approach has expanded in response to international agreements, but expansion of PAs does not guarantee conservation objectives. The objective was to assess PA effectiveness in conserving Nothofagus antarctica forests in Santa Cruz (Argentina), evaluating human impacts associated with fires, animal uses, and harvesting. The research was conducted within pure native forests in Santa Cruz, Argentina. This province encompasses 52 protected areas, representing the highest concentration of conservation units within the forested landscapes across Argentina. At least eight PAs included N. antarctica forests. Three land tenure categories were evaluated: protected areas (PAs), a buffer of 15 km from PA boundaries on private lands (BL), and private lands (PL) outside the buffer. In total, 103 stands were sampled, where 38 variables were assessed (impacts, soil, forest structure, understory, and animal use). Three indices were developed to analyze ecosystem integrity: forest structure (FI), soil (SI), and animal use (AI). PAs presented the highest FI (0.64 for PA, 0.44 for BL, and 0.30 for PL) and AI (0.60 for PA, 0.55 for BL, and 0.52 for PL), and together with buffer areas, the highest SI (0.43 for PA, 0.47 for BL, and 0.32 for PL). PAs were clearly distinct from private lands; however, sustained actions for livestock exclusion, harvest regulation, and fire management remain necessary for future sustainable planning at the landscape level.

Understanding the drivers of plant community stability is crucial for predicting ecosystem responses to extreme drought events. In grasslands, drought resistance supports the maintenance of key functions such as above-ground primary productivity, making the identification of resistance drivers essential to guide management under climate change. Proposed factors contributing to grassland stability include multiple diversity facets, functional traits and long-term climate, but most assessments focus on temporal invariability under historical disturbance regimes, leaving mechanisms of extreme drought resistance and their variation across climatic contexts relatively underexplored. Here, we analysed data from 54 grassland sites of the International Drought Experiment to examine the resistance of above-ground net primary productivity to a short-term (i.e. 1 year) extreme drought. We investigated the relative importance and joint influence of functional composition (i.e. community-weighted means of leaf and root traits), plant diversity facets (taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic) and climate (aridity and rainfall variability) on drought resistance. We used structural equation models to disentangle direct, indirect, and moderating pathways linking these drivers to drought resistance. Long-term aridity appeared as one of the most important drivers of grassland resistance to drought, with more arid sites showing lower resistance. Moreover, aridity impacted resistance through indirect effects by shaping functional composition and plant diversity, and by moderating the influence of plant diversity and functional composition. Functional composition related to dehydration avoidance and dehydration tolerance was also positively associated with resistance, while diversity had a weaker relationship with resistance, mostly through functional and phylogenetic facets. Interannual rainfall variability also influenced resistance, with different effects in more arid versus humid and less arid sites. Synthesis. Widely studied stability drivers such as plant diversity and functional composition have only partial explanatory power for short-term drought resistance of above-ground productivity in grasslands at a global scale. The abiotic context, particularly long-term aridity, is crucial for understanding ecosystem responses to rainfall variation and can improve predictive models for advancing the study of ecosystem resistance to drought. Along with management practices that target high species diversity or specific traits, restoration and conservation practices should support vulnerable sites experiencing high aridity Compreender os fatores que determinam a estabilidade de comunidades vegetais & eacute; fundamental para prever as respostas dos ecossistemas a eventos de seca extrema. Em ecossistemas dominados por gram & iacute;neas, a resist & ecirc;ncia & agrave; seca & eacute; importante para a manuten & ccedil;& atilde;o de fun & ccedil;& otilde;es como a produtividade prim & aacute;ria a & eacute;rea. Assim, identificar os fatores que promovem essa resist & ecirc;ncia & eacute; crucial para orientar o manejo em um cen & aacute;rio de mudan & ccedil;as clim & aacute;ticas. Entre os principais determinantes da estabilidade em sistemas dominados por gram & iacute;neas est & atilde;o diferentes facetas da diversidade, atributos funcionais das esp & eacute;cies e o clima. No entanto, a maioria dos estudo foca na invariabilidade temporal sob regimes hist & oacute;ricos de dist & uacute;rbio, enquanto os mecanismos de resist & ecirc;ncia & agrave; seca extrema e a sua varia & ccedil;& atilde;o ao longo de gradientes clim & aacute;ticos permanecem relativamente pouco explorados. Neste estudo, analisamos dados de 54 s & iacute;tios do Experimento Internacional de Seca para avaliar a resist & ecirc;ncia da produtividade prim & aacute;ria l & iacute;quida a & eacute;rea a uma seca extrema de curta dura & ccedil;& atilde;o (um ano). Investigamos a import & acirc;ncia relativa e os efeitos conjuntos da composi & ccedil;& atilde;o funcional (isto & eacute;, m & eacute;dias ponderadas da comunidade de atributos funcionais de folhas e ra & iacute;zes), de diferentes facetas da diversidade de plantas (taxon & ocirc;mica, funcional e filogen & eacute;tica) e do clima (aridez e variabilidade interanual da precipita & ccedil;& atilde;o) sobre a resist & ecirc;ncia & agrave; seca. Usamos modelos de equa & ccedil;& otilde;es estruturais para discriminar os efeitos diretos, indiretos e de modera & ccedil;& atilde;o que conectam esses fatores & agrave; resist & ecirc;ncia & agrave; seca. A aridez destacou-se como um dos principais fatores geradores de resist & ecirc;ncia & agrave; seca, com locais mais & aacute;ridos apresentando menor resist & ecirc;ncia. Al & eacute;m disso, a aridez tamb & eacute;m influenciou a resist & ecirc;ncia de forma indireta, ao afetar a composi & ccedil;& atilde;o funcional e a diversidade de plantas, al & eacute;m de moderar a efeito da diversidade de plantas e da composi & ccedil;& atilde;o funcional na resist & ecirc;ncia. A composi & ccedil;& atilde;o funcional associada a estrat & eacute;gias de evita & ccedil;& atilde;o e toler & acirc;ncia & agrave; desidrata & ccedil;& atilde;o tamb & eacute;m apresentou rela & ccedil;& atilde;o positiva com a resist & ecirc;ncia, enquanto a diversidade de plantas mostrou associa & ccedil;& atilde;o mais fraca, contribuindo principalmente por meio das facetas funcionais e filogen & eacute;ticas. A variabilidade interanual da precipita & ccedil;& atilde;o tamb & eacute;m influenciou a resist & ecirc;ncia, com efeitos distintos entre locais mais & aacute;ridos e locais h & uacute;midos ou menos & aacute;ridos S & iacute;ntese. Fatores amplamente estudados como determinantes da estabilidade, como a diversidade das plantas e a composi & ccedil;& atilde;o funcional, explicam apenas parcialmente a resist & ecirc;ncia da produtividade a & eacute;rea a secas de curta dura & ccedil;& atilde;o em ecossistemas dominados por gram & iacute;n Em conjunto com pr & aacute;ticas de manejo voltados ao aumento da diversidade de esp & eacute;cies ou & agrave; promo & ccedil;& atilde;o de determinados atributos funcionais, a & ccedil;& otilde;es de restaura & ccedil;& atilde;o e conserva & ccedil;& atilde;o devem focar em & aacute;reas mais vulner & aacute;veis sob maior aridez.

Reference forests provide essential benchmarks for conservation, forest management, and ecological restoration. However, they are commonly represented by a single old-growth condition and primarily characterized by structural attributes, overlooking both the natural variability generated by forest development under natural disturbance regimes and other ecosystem dimensions relevant to these objectives. Characterizing the natural range of variation across forest developmental stages through multiple ecological dimensions can improve the definition and selection of reference conditions by capturing the diversity of ecosystem states that occur throughout forest development. We proposed a seven developmental stages model representing the natural dynamic cycle of Nothofagus pumilio forests in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina), encompassing both even- and uneven-aged stand structures generated by natural disturbance regimes. By integrating forest structure, soil, understory vegetation, and animal use, we aimed to identify multidimensionally reference forests within this natural range of variability for management, restoration and conservation objectives, using univariate, multivariate, and integrative index analyses. Forest developmental stages differed consistently in structural attributes, while soil, understory vegetation, and animal use exhibited more gradual or dimension-specific responses. Live tree volume, coarse woody debris, dead tree density, and soil phosphorus emerged as useful indicators of forest development, whereas several other attributes showed limited variation across stages. Dimension-specific indices identified developmental stages representing the boundaries of the natural range of variation, while multivariate analyses identified groups of stages sharing similar ecological characteristics. These results demonstrate that no single developmental stage adequately represents the full natural range of variation and that the most appropriate reference condition depends on the ecological dimension and management objective being considered. Multiple forest developmental stages provide a more comprehensive representation of reference conditions than a single old-growth forest. By integrating multiple ecological dimensions, our framework captures the natural variability generated by forest development and offers ecological baselines for forest management, conservation, and ecological restoration. Beyond Nothofagus pumilio forests, this multidimensional approach provides a flexible basis for defining reference conditions across ecosystems with contrasting disturbance histories and may contribute to adaptive forest management under future environmental change.

Forests play a central role in climate change mitigation by storing carbon in vegetation biomass and soils. Carbon pools of native forests growing in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina) have been previously analyzed separately, but with limited landscape-scale extrapolation and interpretation. This study aimed to integrate vegetation biomass and soil carbon to assess total stand carbon and to identify the main factors associated with its spatial variability across different Nothofagus forest types. For this, 884 field plots across three Nothofagus forest types (NA: N. antarctica, NP: N. pumilio, and MIX: pure N. betuloides and mixed evergreen forests) were used to integrate forest structure variables, climate, remote sensing indices, and soil nutrients into models of vegetation biomass, vegetation carbon, and total stand carbon through linear regression approaches. Total stand carbon reached 296.03 Tg across the forest area of 7124.27 km2, with significant spatial heterogeneity among forest types. MIX forests showed the highest carbon stock (613.89 Mg ha⁻1), followed by NP (403.89 Mg ha⁻1) and NA (341.73 Mg ha⁻1). Forest-type-specific models achieved high predictive accuracy (R2adj > 95

La proyección de la estructura diamétrica es clave para el manejo forestal sostenible, ya que permite analizar la evolución de la densidad, el área basal y el volumen luego de intervenciones silvícolas. Este trabajo analizó la proyección de la estructura diamétrica y del volumen de un bosque nativo del Chaco Húmedo intervenido mediante dos métodos de selección: el Método de la Masa (MM) y el Método del Árbol Futuro (MAF). El análisis se efectuó para un horizonte de diez años (2022–2032) mediante la aplicación de la Razón de Movimiento, utilizando datos censales, modelos de incremento diamétrico y tasas de reclutamiento, y mortalidad específicas del sitio. Los resultados muestran que el MAF concentra el crecimiento en clases diamétricas bajas e intermedias, con incrementos aproximados del 17% en densidad y del 12% en área basal y volumen, favoreciendo la formación de capital forestal futuro. En contraste, el MM presentó incrementos cercanos al 22% en densidad y al 13% en área basal y volumen, con mayor aporte en clases próximas a los diámetros mínimos de corta, incrementando la posibilidad de cosecha hasta un 32%, frente a valores próximos al 20% en el MAF. Esto permite valorar la Razón de Movimiento operativamente.

Abstract. Global forest assessments assist climate policy development, ecosystem science, and conservation planning, yet they rely on biomass and canopy data that do not explicitly represent the stand structural attributes derived from tree diameter measurements. This limits the ability to compare size-related structure and within-stand heterogeneity at large spatial scales. Here we present a global, spatially explicit dataset of stand-level tree diameter structure for forest cover in 2020 at 0.027° (~3 km) resolution, based on 1,203,524 georeferenced forest inventory plots comprising 54.6 million trees (≥10 cm DBH) integrated with more than 50 environmental and satellite-derived covariates into machine learning models. The dataset provides the first globally consistent maps of three complementary diameter-based metrics: arithmetic mean diameter (Dmean), quadratic mean diameter (Dqm), and the coefficient of variation of diameter (Dcv), representing average tree size, large-tree dominance, and within-stand size variability, respectively. Model performance of the ecozone-specific Random Forest framework ranged from R² = 0.41–0.82 (RMSE = 3.91–4.63 cm) for Dmean, R² = 0.43–0.83 (RMSE = 4.38–5.27 cm) for Dqm, and R² = 0.47–0.62 with (RMSE = 0.10–0.13) for Dcv across different forest ecozones. By jointly quantifying central tendency and variability in tree size, the dataset revealed spatial patterns of forest structural organization not captured by existing biomass or canopy-height products. It provides a consistent baseline for cross-biome comparison of forest structure, supporting parameterization and evaluation of vegetation and Earth system models, while offering an independent benchmark for remotely sensed structural proxies. Furthermore, it enables spatial assessment of stand structural attributes, including large-tree dominance and structural complexity, facilitating integration of diameter-based structure into global analyses of carbon dynamics and ecosystem functioning.

Increased climate variability is expected to intensify short-term drought events. Plants have evolved stress tolerance strategies involving trade-offs in resource conservation, mycorrhizal collaboration and plant size, yet how these strategies promote drought resistance across different herbaceous plant groups remains unknown. Leveraging 63 globally distributed grassland and shrubland sites from the International Drought Experiment, we identified plant traits linked to drought resistance in 661 populations of 421 species after 1 year of extreme drought. We assessed how traits, site precipitation and drought severity affected cover change across growth forms and lifespans, and how trait-environment interactions influenced drought resistance. Across all species, leaf N (an acquisitive trait) was associated with drought resistance, whereas in forbs, drought resistance was also associated with a conservative root trait and plant size. In addition, interactions among traits mediated drought resistance; root traits predicted performance only in concert with other traits. Environmental variables influenced trait effects on drought resistance, notably for annuals in wetter sites, suggesting that drought-escape strategies in annuals may be advantageous only under mild stress. Our study highlights variability in traits that predict drought resistance across herbaceous plant groups, emphasizing the importance of species context, environmental stress and the selection of traits in research and management.

Watersheds are natural units and meta-ecosystems of the earth's land surface providing multiple ecological functions. However, little is known about the biodiversity-ecological multifunctionality relationships of watersheds, particularly regarding how these relationships scale to large and complex landscapes. Here, we explore the impact of forest tree species richness on the ecological multifunctionality of watersheds in terms of carbon sequestration, carbon storage, water supply, water regulation, and soil conservation, by utilizing integrated ground-sourced forest inventory datasets comprising 846 forest watersheds from the Global Forest Biodiversity Initiative, the Global Streamflow Indices and Metadata Archive, and remote sensing data products. We find a consistently positive relationship between forest tree species richness and watershed ecological multifunctionality by accounting for factors such as forest structural characteristics and environmental conditions. Furthermore, we find that this biodiversity-multifunctionality link is dependent on spatial scale and climatic context, becoming stronger in larger watersheds but diminishing in arid climatic conditions. These insights enhance our understanding of ecosystem multifunctionality and underscore the importance of considering watershed-scale ecological processes and biodiversity in ecosystem management and conservation strategies.

Questions Biological invasions significantly impact plant communities, affecting and threatening biodiversity at regional and local scales worldwide. The invasion process may be influenced by climate change, particularly by the increasing frequency of extreme droughts. Here we evaluate (1) the level of exotic plant invasion along an aridity gradient and its relationship with environmental variables, and (2) the cumulative effect of prolonged droughts on native plant communities and the invasion of exotic species.Location Rangelands located along an aridity gradient from the arid Patagonian steppe to the humid Pampa region in Argentina, South America. The study sites (11) encompass a wide range of mean annual precipitation (170-950 mm year-1) and diverse vegetation physiognomic characteristics.Methods We conducted floristic surveys to assess plant community composition, diversity, and the cover of native and invasive exotic species in (1) 11 sites located along an aridity gradient, and (2) a 4-year drought simulation experiment established in nine sites. At each experimental site, rain-out shelters intercepted 50%-60% of incoming rainfall to simulate drought conditions. We then used linear mixed models to analyze the effects of drought on the cover, richness, and dominance of the plant community.Results Our findings reveal (1) a positive relationship between plant invasion and rangeland humidity at the regional scale. In the humid extreme, invasive exotic species dominated the plant community, whereas in the arid extreme native species were more abundant than invasive exotic species. (2) Experimental droughts reduced native plant cover in arid and semi-arid rangelands and promoted the cover, dominance, and richness of invasive exotic species in humid counterparts, reducing native species richness.Conclusions This study suggests a potential intensification of biological invasions in response to increased occurrences of droughts predicted by climate change. Management strategies for invaded humid rangelands are imperative, and early warnings are crucial during dry years in arid and semi-arid rangelands, where droughts could enhance the abundance of invasive exotic species.

Nutrient enrichment typically causes local plant diversity declines. A common but untested expectation is that nutrient enrichment also reduces variation in nutrient conditions among localities and selects for a smaller pool of species, causing greater diversity declines at larger than local scales and thus biotic homogenization. Here we apply a framework that links changes in species richness across scales to changes in the numbers of spatially restricted and widespread species for a standardized nutrient addition experiment across 72 grasslands on six continents. Overall, we find proportionally similar species loss at local and larger scales, suggesting similar declines of spatially restricted and widespread species, and no biotic homogenization after 4 years and up to 14 years of treatment. These patterns of diversity changes are generally consistent across species groups. Thus, nutrient enrichment poses threats to plant diversity, including for widespread species that are often critical for ecosystem functions.

As droughts become longer and more intense, impacts on terrestrial primary productivity are expected to increase progressively. Yet, some ecosystems appear to acclimate to multiyear drought, with constant or diminishing reductions in productivity as drought duration increases. We quantified the combined effects of drought duration and intensity on aboveground productivity in 74 grasslands and shrublands distributed globally. Ecosystem acclimation with multiyear drought was observed overall, except when droughts were extreme (i.e., ≤1-in-100-year likelihood of occurrence). Productivity losses after four consecutive years of extreme drought increased by ~2.5-fold compared with those of the first year. These results portend a foundational shift in ecosystem behavior if drought duration and intensity increase, from maintenance of reduced functioning over time to progressive and profound losses of productivity when droughts are extreme.

Partitioning the terrestrial carbon sink between vegetation and soil is crucial for predicting future climate change, but the role of soils remains poorly quantified. Here, we compiled 3,099 soil organic carbon time series spanning five decades. We found a global soil organic carbon sink of 1.83 ± 0.9 (mean ± SE) petagrams per year from 1992 to 2020, driven by extratropical young forests, boreal old forests, and grasslands, while trends in tropical ecosystems remain uncertain. Our findings suggest the net land sink resides almost exclusively belowground as soil carbon, emphasizing the global opportunity of soil conservation and restoration for climate mitigation. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DEB-2339051. This research was supported by a seed award from the MIT Climate and Sustainability Consortium. This is a contribution of the MIT Terrer Lab. AM was supported by a Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program at PNNL. This work was generated using data from the Nutrient Network (This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DEB-2339051. This research was supported by a seed award from the MIT Climate and Sustainability Consortium. This is a contribution of the MIT Terrer Lab. AM was supported by a Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program at PNNL. This work was generated using data from the Nutrient Network () experiment, funded at the site-scale by individual researchers. Coordination and data management have been supported by funding to E. Borer and E. Seabloom from the National Science Foundation Research Coordination Network (NSF-DEB-1042132) and Long Term Ecological Research (NSF-DEB-1234162 and NSF-DEB-1831944 to Cedar Creek LTER) programs, and the Institute on the Environment (DG-0001-13). We also thank the Minnesota Supercomputer Institute for hosting project data and the Institute on the Environment for hosting Network meetings. Soil analyses were supported, in part, by USDA-ARS grant 58-3098-7-007 to ETB. The evaluation was based on data that was collected by partners of the official UNECE ICP Forests Network (). Part of the data was co-financed by the European Commission (Data achieved at 10/12/2023)., ,

In dry forests, we face the challenge of maintaining forage production while conserving or enhancing ecosystem services and biodiversity. Management practices such as fire and roller-chopping are commonly used to increase grass production and support cattle grazing. However, cattle can alter forest structure and plant diversity. Despite these practices in the native forests of the Monte desert, their effects on ecosystem function, particularly carbon storage, remain poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the effects of fire and roller-chopping on forest structure, plant diversity, and carbon storage in Neltuma woodlands of southern Mendoza, province, Argentina. We hypothesized that fire, by altering forest structure and reducing plant diversity, would lead to a greater reduction in carbon stocks than roller-chopping, which primarily affects the understory. We estimated carbon stocks in various ecosystem compartments under three forest land uses: reference forests, rolled forests, and burned forests. Our findings highlight how forest management practices modified tree density, canopy cover, and species richness, ultimately hampering carbon storage. Reference forests had the highest carbon storage, especially in trees, roots, and shrubs components, while fire-affected forests showed the lowest carbon stocks. Although no significant differences were observed in pools of herbs, litter, woody debris, and dead plants, reference forests consistently stored more carbon than both rolled or fire-affected forests. Roller-chopping forests exhibited intermediate values of carbon storage for most compartments. These results provide valuable insights for designing silvopastoral management strategies that balance livestock production, biodiversity conservation, and carbon storage.

In this study, we assess whether exotic plant species richness in southern Patagonia is primarily constrained by environmental adversity, human activity or both. The establishment of exotic plant species has been linked to numerous factors, with human activity frequently acting as a primary catalyst. Case studies consistently show that human activities, including the construction of infrastructure such as roads, contribute to the spread of exotic species. Interactions between climate change (e.g. temperature increase; rainfall and hydrological change, increase in extreme weather events) and longstanding grazing threats presumably act synergistically to amplify impacts on plant diversity. Productive habitats were more occupied by exotic plants than less productive habitats. In southern Patagonia, there is little evidence that disturbance generates resources, including available space that in turn benefits exotic plant species. The analysis in this study provides essential information for preventing and mitigating invasion impacts while identifying key factors for the preservation of natural communities.

El raleo planificado en bosques secundarios puede reducir el tiempo necesario para obtener los productos deseados para la industria. En 2006 se establecieron parcelas de monitoreo a largo plazo en dos rodales de la misma edad de Nothofagus pumilio (12.550 árb/ha), y en rodales de N. antarctica establecidos en 2008 (4.050 árb/ha) en la provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina, con el objetivo de cuantificar la respuesta a diferentes intensidades de raleo y compararla con la dinámica natural de autorraleo. Para N. pumilio, se probó 4 intensidades de raleo, dejando desde 2.350 árb/ha hasta 1.050 árb/ha y un control. En N. antarctica se evaluó durante 10 años un raleo moderado, dejando 1.550 árb/ha, y un control. El crecimiento en diámetro (DAP), área basal (AB) y volumen total sobre corteza (TOBV) de N. pumilio fue mayor para el tratamiento de intensidad moderada de raleo (0,40 cm/año, 1,40 m2/ha-año, y 10,11 m³/ha-año). Para N. antárctica, el DAP y la tasa de crecimiento del TOBV fue mayor para el tratamiento de intensidad de raleo moderada (0,27 cm/año, 3,41 m³/ha-año) en comparación con el rodal de control. El estudio de dinámica natural de rodales de N. pumilio reveló una mortalidad inducida por competencia a una tasa media de 441 árboles/ha-año, con una tasa media de crecimiento de 6,05 m3/ha-año. La importancia de las parcelas de largo plazo del presente trabajo es que proporcionarán datos esenciales para la planificación del manejo forestal en la Patagonia.