The Mariana Islands have at least a three-millennia human occupation and have been subject to decades of intensive archaeological research. However, unlike other regions of Oceania, intra- and inter-archipelago movement of volcanic stone/tools is poorly documented. We used non-destructive EDXRF to characterize the geochemistry of 36 geological samples from three islands (Sarigan, Rota, and Guam) and 287 artifacts and manuports from five islands (Alamagan, Saipan, Tinian, Rota, and Guam). We confirm that some reliable geochemical results can be obtained from heavily chemically weathered artifacts and define three primary and four secondary geochemical groups. Our results document ~1,500 years of interaction with notable north-south oriented clines in the prevalence of northern- and southern-sourced stone. For Guam, there is a significant association between two broad artifact categories and local and non-local stone. We propose complementary hypotheses for explaining the procurement and circulation of stone/tools—bet hedging, economic need, and prestige/costly signaling—that may explain different aspects of the current data and provide several avenues for future research.

To date, no quarries were known on the eastern part of Moloka'i Island, and it was assumed that the Kaluako'i quarries on West Moloka'i supplied the East Moloka'i communities with adze material. Here, we report on the identification of a major quarry at Honoko'i Gulch, near H & amacr;lawa Valley at the island's eastern tip. Fine-grained basalt (technically hawaiite-mugearite) exposed in a massive cliff was extracted and reduced to adze preforms at the quarry itself as well as at several flaking areas. EDXRF analysis of the quarry material demonstrates that it is identical to the Group A basalt debitage previously analyzed at the H & amacr;lawa Dune Site, indicating that the Honoko'i quarry was a significant source of adze material for the occupants of H & amacr;lawa Valley. Radiocarbon dates from Honoko'i and from the H & amacr;lawa Dune Site indicate that the quarry was in use from as early as AD 1366-1610. An unusual feature at the quarry itself is the presence of several anthropomorphic petroglyphs.

Syn-eruption geochemical monitoring during volcanic activity is an important component of integrated volcanic monitoring. Volcanoes on the Island of Hawai‘i are primarily monitored by the U.S. Geological Survey’s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory using instrumental networks, field surveys, satellite observations, and petrologic monitoring. In collaboration with the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo, an important component of this monitoring is near-real-time (generally within 24 h of sample collection) bulk-rock geochemistry using benchtop energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). Bulk-rock geochemistry, coupled with additional petrologic and geophysical analyses, are used to track eruption dynamics to help facilitate identification and understanding of changes that signal the onset of potentially hazardous activity. In this paper, we present EDXRF methodology for bulk-rock analysis used to evaluate the 2018 Kīlauea and 2022 Mauna Loa eruptions and compare this technique to other geochemical methods. Syn-eruption geochemical monitoring using EDXRF provides reliable quantitative data that is important for understanding eruption dynamics. Critical to this process are calibrating the instrument for analysis over the same range of compositions expected during volcanic activity, compiling a relevant database from past eruptions on the same instrument for comparison, and having the physical infrastructure and trained personnel to complete the analyses in a timely fashion. In addition to the scientific goals of petrologic monitoring, near-real-time geochemical analysis in Hawaii provides important information about the nature of on-going eruptions and informs decision-makers and the public about associated evolving hazards.

Exchange systems are constituted by multiple materials moving in different patterns. Factions in societies negotiate access to these materials based on their social and practical utility, as well as whether and how society honors property rights claims to a resource. In Hawai'i, there has been a primary focus on the movement of staples and wealth that fueled political economies with less attention placed on materials largely outside those political economies. Volcanic glass is one item that is hypothesized to have moved in a decentralized manner as a common pool resource, though these interpretations are based on data largely from a single island and source. Here, we build on this research by evaluating and interpreting evidence of volcanic glass exchange on the island of O'ahu. We show that the composition of assemblages can be best predicted by the distance from archaeological locations (destinations) to multiple sources (origins). Furthermore, the density of sources proximal to archaeo-logical locations influences assemblage composition. For O'ahu, we find no evidence that leaders claimed property rights in volcanic glass at the scale of our analysis.

We examined 2947 basalt and volcanic glass artifacts from 38 sites in leeward Kohala. Nondestructive energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence provided initial geochemical characterizations. Wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (WDXRF) and thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) analyses were completed on samples from ambiguously sourced groups. No more than 13.9% of the probable and definite adze‐related debitage originated in leeward Kohala. Notably absent are lithic materials from the nearby Pololū Adze Quarry in windward Kohala. Material from the more distant Mauna Kea Adze Quarry accounts for 41.6% of the adze debitage. Another 38.8% of the adze debitage matches with a tholeiitic source or sources long assumed to be Kīlauea Volcano in Kaʻū, but WDXRF and TIMS isotopic data do not support a Kīlauea source. Centralized adze production and distribution networks best explain adze distribution. Scoria abraders appear to have been regularly transported from the Kona district to leeward Kohala. Volcanic glass sources loosely align with distance‐decay trends, but show greater reliance on Puʻuwaʻawaʻa material by 1650 CE.

Exchange plays a number of roles within societies, including the provisioning of necessary and prestige resources. The elucidation of these different roles requires documenting how different kinds of material were used and how these resources became distributed. These studies are particularly prominent in Polynesia, especially the Sāmoan archipelago. However, the nature and scale of artifact transfer within and outside the archipelago are debated given deficiencies in the empirical record. Here, we remedy this situation by examining trends in Sāmoan intra-archipelago exchange using geochemical and limited technological analyses of a lithic assemblage from the Manu‘a group of the Sāmoan archipelago. Our results indicate that material from multiple basalt sources is present, including several sources outside the Manu‘a group. It is apparent that this nonlocal material was used differently than local material as 95% of analyzed adzes were manufactured of the former. However, there is no evidence to suggest that this nonlocal material was differentially distributed or controlled at the scale of the group or site. We argue that this is evidence of decentralized exchange and that imported materials became common pool resources to support community resiliency and sustainability.

We address interpretive challenges at multicultural sites by presenting a digital reconstruction of a fort built in 1816 on Kaua'i Island known as "Pa'ula'ula" or "Hipo" in Hawaiian texts and as "Fort Elizabeth" in Russian texts. Based on archival documents, maps, photographs, and archaeological research, we create diachronic 3D models to illustrate the cultural complexities behind the site's formation. The results of the study provide more public visibility to this poorly understood National Historic Landmark. The 3D models are intended to foster community-based engagement with academic research by providing representations of the fort and surrounding cultural landscape as it changed over time; they would also assist people in better estimating what would be necessary to design and complete a full-scale restoration of the fort.

The results of paired technological and geochemical sourcing analyses of 1258 pieces of volcanic glass collected during archaeological investigations in the coastal portion of Kualoa on the windward coast of O‘ahu, Hawaiian Islands are reported. Geochemical analyses by EDXRF and microprobe indicate most of the volcanic glass pieces recovered at Kualoa derived from a source in the Wai‘anae Range on the leeward side of O‘ahu. Also present are three pieces from Pu‘uwa‘awa‘a on Hawai‘i Island. Much of the rest of the material resembles sources in the Ko‘olau Range, however this is a common geochemical makeup that is widely distributed on O‘ahu and other islands in Hawai‘i and precise sources for this material have not been identified. Technological analyses of volcanic glass nodules, cores, flakes, and debris indicate that volcanic glass from each of the sources was brought to Kualoa as unworked nodules, a finding that supports previous conclusions that Hawaiians enjoyed direct access to volcanic glass sources. A reduction sequence based on observations of broken and whole flakes and of cortex on the dorsal faces of whole flakes with and without edge damage indicates that volcanic glass users habitually chose larger flakes for tasks that resulted in macroscopic traces of edge damage. Smaller flakes were either used for tasks that did not leave macroscopic traces of edge damage or were discarded without being used. Paired technological and geochemical sourcing analyses indicate a volcanic glass industry at Kualoa oriented to the production of flakes that were likely used for a variety of expedient cutting and scraping tasks by people with direct access to unworked material from local and non-local volcanic glass sources up to 300 km away. The picture that emerges from the paired technological and geochemical sourcing analyses is of a highly connected society in which people traveled widely and enjoyed support for their productive activities with unfettered access to sources of volcanic glass.

We analysed 1593 basalt artefacts from the Hālawa Dune Site, on the easternmost part of Molokaʻi Island, for a combination of geochemical and technological attributes to expose different reduction strategies related to basalt adze production and rejuvenation. West Molokaʻi is well known as a location where many outcrops were quarried to make adzes, but the island's east side has not been widely perceived as a location where adzes were produced in significant quantities in the prehistoric economy. We infer, however, through large-scale geochemical non-destructive energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analyses, combined with technological analyses, that the majority of adzes at the Hālawa Dune Site were manufactured from local resources, supporting a predominantly localised pattern of adze production and use. Approximately one third of the adze debitage clearly related to use and rejuvenation (DA) is made from non-local sources, but does not represent a heavy reliance on the full range of quarries on West Molokaʻi, and may also include samples derived from other islands or archipelagos.

Commercial ranches are part of Hawai‘i’s colonial landscape and form an expansive archaeological horizon in rural parts of the islands. Ranching facilitated the evolution of folk societies of cowboys (paniolo ) who incorporated Hawaiian language and values in daily working activities despite the multiethnic origins and nontraditional occupations of the workers. The archaeology of these communities in upland pastures of the Humu‘ula district on the eastern slopes of Hawai‘i Island is presented herein. The study provides an enhanced understanding of the evolution of colonial identities through multiple scales of analysis, including social, economic, and environmental responses of the rise of industrial capitalism, trends in vernacular architecture, engendered analyses of living floors, and microhistories embedded in individual artifacts.

Museum collections contribute valuable information for cultural heritage, biological conservation, and the application of innovative and new methodological approaches. Collections deriving from archaeological projects in Hawai‘i serve as a case in point. Here, we report on re-analysis of two Ka‘ū District collections from Hawai‘i Island (HA-B22-64 and -248) to demonstrate what can be learned when applying new research questions to old collections. Our research goals center on two main themes: re-dating the HA-B22-64 and -248 sites to place them within the newly refined Hawaiian archipelago settlement chronology; and using diverse data sources to look at changing resource use in pre-Contact Hawai‘i through time. Our new AMS dating results indicate that the lower levels of rockshelter HA-B22-64 date to the mid- to Late Prehistoric period during the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries, while upper levels calibrate to the ninteenth century. Both levels of HA-B22-248 calibrate to the late eighteenth to nineteenth centuries. In terms of resource use, Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a volcanic glass is present at both sites in small amounts, which is consistent with other sites in the South Point area. However, the high percentage of Group 3 volcanic glass is unusual for the area, and represents the highest percentage for the Kona side of Hawai‘i Island. HA-B22-64 has a small number of basalt artifacts consistent with the Keahua I source on Kaua‘i, while both sites have evidence for artifacts produced from the Mauna Kea quarry. Technological data from our basalt assemblages do not support direct access to the Mauna Kea quarry nor the presence of adze specialists in Ka‘ū households; rather, we find rejuvenation and use of already finished adzes. Measurements on Scarine oral and pharyngeal jawbones illustrate a consistent and stable size structure of fish populations at both sites. This, along with the large overall fish size, is indicative of sustainable fishing practices.

Reviewed by: Shipwrecked in Paradise: Cleopatra’s Barge in Hawai‘i by Paul F. Johnston Peter Mills, Professor, Anthropology Shipwrecked in Paradise: Cleopatra’s Barge in Hawai‘i. By Paul F. Johnston. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2015. x + 204 pp. Illustrated. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $39.95 cloth Paul Johnston has compiled a beautifully illustrated and fascinating account of the vessel Ha‘aheo o Hawai‘i (Pride of Hawai‘i), formerly known as “Cleopatra’s Barge” that was owned by the Hawaiian monarchy and wrecked in 1824 on the reef at Hanalei Bay, Kaua‘i. Most Hawai‘i residents, even many who consider themselves well informed on Hawaiian history, are often unaware of the multitude of Western-style sailing vessels that Hawaiian chiefs acquired in the late 1700s and early 1800s (approximately 80 of them before 1830)1. Johnston’s sustained and focused work on the most expensive and best known of these vessels is a testament to what could be learned about the earliest days of the unified Hawaiian nation with continued efforts in this subject area, and Johnston has set a high bar in this pioneering book. The first chapter opens with an autobiographical narrative that covers the author’s career as a maritime archaeologist and historian and how that led to his interest in Cleopatra’s Barge. The chapter leads from his plans to relocate the wreck to season-by-season accounts of his controlled underwater excavations (1995-1999). Johnston weaves childbirths, family deaths, crew weddings, and local school presentations into the narrative, with much attention paid to moments of crisis and discovery. The writing style makes it implicitly clear how much of the author’s life and crew members’ lives have been committed to the fieldwork, and the personal style pays credit to many people who worked with Johnston on the completion of this tremendous task. His nuanced account of conducting this large field project draws the reader into many experiences of exhilaration and frustration, which makes the subsequent presentation of historical and archaeological data all the more intimate. Chapter 2 titled “A Million Pounds of Sandalwood” begins with the known history of the vessel, which involves the eccentric first owner, George Crowningshield Jr., a wealthy, short, and portly son of a maritime merchant who was known to speed around Salem, Massachusetts in his bright yellow 2 -horse carriage, wearing clothes of his own design. George commissioned the construction of Cleopatra’s Barge as the first ever pleasure yacht built in New England. In March of 1817, he sailed in her with a crew of 14 (p. 47) to the Mediterranean. Over 8,000 people visited the vessel in a single day in Barcelona, but despite the attention garnered by the vessel, Crowningshield, who had hoped to find a European princess to return with him back to Salem, did not find a willing partner. He sailed back to the United States in August where he died of a heart attack in November 1817. George’s younger brother, Richard, [End Page 170] purchased the vessel (stripped of many interior fittings) for a mere $15,400 during the auction for his late brother’s estate in August 1818, and then sold the vessel to the merchant firm of Bryant & Sturgis in 1820. Shortly thereafter, Bryant & Sturgis outfitted the vessel for a voyage to Hawai‘i with the specific intent of selling her to the monarchy, where Liholiho quickly agreed to purchase the vessel for $80,000. Shortly thereafter, Liholiho renamed her Ha‘aheo o Hawai ‘i. As has been noted in several former Hawaiian histories, and also by Johnston, one Honolulu merchant of the era quipped about Hawaiian religion that “All sects are tolerated but the King worships the Barge” (p. 68). This much has been told many times over in scattered references. But hereafter, Johnston sails for new horizons by compiling a detailed history—largely derived from unpublished Protestant missionary letters—of what the monarchy did with the vessel in the following four years before she was wrecked. In Chapter 3, Johnston presents new details on the ship’s construction garnered from intact portions of the ship’s hull, deck, sternpost, and keelson. In 1822...

138 volcanic glass artifacts recovered from Site 50–10–19–30173 at Ka'ūpūlehu, Hawai'i Island were sourced to Pu'uwa'awa'a using EDXRF. Site 50–10–19–30173 is a beach sand deposit with volcanic glass and other traditional Hawaiian artifacts that was sealed by an AD 1800–1801 lava flow. The proportion of Pu'uwa'awa'a volcanic glass in the assemblage is consistent with a cost surface model proposed recently. It is shown that the fall off in Pu'uwa'awa'a volcanic glass is exponential for the cost surface for Hawai'i Island, as it is for two alternative distance decay models, which also yield good fits to the volcanic glass data. A straight line distance overland model provides an easy way to generate predictions. A depot model, where Pu'uwa'awa'a volcanic glass is brought to Kahuwai Bay at Ka'ūpūlehu and distributed by canoe, fits the existing data somewhat better than the two overland transport models. It has been argued on the basis of distributional data and technological analyses that Pu'uwa'awa'a volcanic glass was a common pooled resource. The analysis presented here supports this idea by noting the lack of evidence for directional trade in the residuals of the fit to the exponential curve. Recommendations for future research are offered.

The Gambier Islands (French Polynesia) are noted for their extreme deforestation and low biodiversity in the post-European contact period. We report on the archaeological and palaeoecological investigation of a stratified rock shelter (site AGA-3) on Agakauitai Island, revealing a sequence of environmental transformation following Polynesian colonisation of the archipelago. Radiocarbon dates indicate use of the rock shelter from the 13th to the mid-17th centuries, followed by a sterile depositional hiatus, and then final early post-contact use (late 18th to early 19th century). Zooarchaeological analysis of faunal remains indicates rapid declines in local populations of seabirds, especially procellariids, as well as later increases in numbers of the introduced, commensal Pacific rat (Rattus exulans). Macro- and micro-botanical evidence documents transformation of the island's flora from indigenous forest to one dominated by economic plants and fire-resistant taxa. A multi-causal model of dynamic interactions, including nutrient depletion due to seabird loss, most likely accounts for this dramatic ecological transformation.Resume Les iles de l'archipel des Gambier, en Polynesie francaise, sont notamment connues pour leur deforestation extreme et leur faible biodiversite dont temoignaient deja les ecrits des premiers occidentaux. Nous presentons ici les resultats d'un projet de recherche portant sur l'etude archeologique et paleoecologique d'un abri-sous-roche stratifie (site AGA-3) sur l'ile d'Agakauitai. Nos travaux demontrent une sequence de transformations environnementales qui debuterent immediatement apres la colonisation Polynesienne de l'archipel. Les datations radiocarbone indiquent que cet abri fut utilise continuellement entre le 13(eme) et le milieu du 17(eme) siecle AD. Suite a une interruption de l'occupation marquee par un depot sterile, l'abri est finalement reutilise au cours de la periode post-europeenne (fin 18(eme) - debut 19(eme) siecle). L'analyse zooarcheologique des restes fauniques demontre un rapide declin des populations locales d'oiseaux marins, en particulier les procellariides, ainsi qu'une augmentation plus tardive du nombre de restes de rat Pacifique (Rattus exulans), une espece commensale introduite par les Polynesiens. L'etude des restes micro- et macrobotaniques documente egalement la transformation de la flore de l'ile en demontrant une evolution du couvert vegetal passant d'une foret indigene a un environnement domine par les plantes a valeur economique ainsi que des taxons resistants au feu. Le modele d'interactions dynamiques a plusieurs facteurs ici propose, integrant notamment la perte de nutriments consecutive a la disparition des oiseaux marins, constitue a present l'explication la plus plausible a cette dramatique transformation ecologique.

The Marquesan island of Eiao was an important source of fine-grained basalt in Central East Polynesia, with examples being identified in archaeological assemblages throughout the region. However, compared to many other large-scale Polynesian basalt sources, little has been published about the physical extent and geochemical variability of tool-quality basalt on Eiao; prior to our study, only a single site with evidence of stone extraction had been identified and geochemi- cal information was limited to less than two dozen samples. In this paper we report geochemical data for 225 additional basalt specimens collected on Eiao. Our analyses were conducted non-destructively using three EDXRF instruments: one lab-based unit and two portable analysers. The majority of our sample, identified here as Group 1, possesses geochemical and physical characteristics similar to those reported in previous studies. Group 1 samples were collected from various locations on Eiao suggesting that, rather than being limited to a single quarry site, fine-grained basalt was extracted from multiple sources throughout the island. In addition, we identified a second group (Group 2), which possesses a distinct geochemistry, a coarser grain and often an unusual reddish colour. Evidence from Eiao indicates that Group 2 stone was regularly utilised and our analysis of an adze collected on Hiva Oa Island suggests that this material was distributed at least as far as the southern Marquesas.

Patrick Kirch’s publication of Feathered Gods and Fishhooks in 1985 emphasized the value of sourcing stone tools to delineate precontact interaction spheres and the evolution of social complexity in Hawai‘i. Throughout the 1990s, however, published sourcing studies included just over 200 specimens, limiting our ability to generate well-substantiated conclusions related to stone tool production over nearly a millennium of Hawaiian prehistory. Recent geochemically based analyses of archaeological basalt and volcanic glass in Hawai‘i include over 21,000 samples of basalt and volcanic glass. We present a review of this expansive data set. Findings point to regionally divergent patterns in production and distribution, and other basalt sources that could rival the well-known Mauna Kea Adze Quarry in their extent of interisland distribution.

We apply X-ray fluorescence (XRF) geochemical analysis to a collection of 'Opunohu Valley lithic artifacts from Mo'orea island to investigate the local scale of raw material procurement, adze production, use, and exchange within the Society Island archipelago. We use these data to document the distribution of non-local versus local volcanic artifacts in 'Opunohu Valley house sites, ritual sites, and specialized sites, as a means for establishing intra-site production and consumption patterns, and access to exotic, possibly superior, stone resources, and how these two themes correlate with site function or household wealth and status. Overall, 30% of the artifacts analyzed via WDXRF derive from non-local sources, notably two other islands in the archipelago outside of the political boundaries of Moorean chiefdoms. Our case study thus provides the first direct material evidence of intra-archipelago trade and exchange in the Society Islands. Intra-archipelago trade in adzes was certainly in place by as early as A.D. 1350, if not earlier, and continued up until the time of European contact. In addition, our analyses have identified a local adze production locale in the Afareaitu district of Mo'orea island. The patterns of local versus non-local adze production and exchange strongly suggest that dual interaction spheres were involved. The correlation between adzes and adze-related debris produced from off-island sources and sites with specialized use, which were often reserved for the social, ritual, and political elites in Ma'ohi society suggests that some of the exotic adzes derived from gift exchange between Mo'orea and ruling elites in Tahiti and the Leeward Islands. These adzes from afar would have solidified socio-political and ideological alliances between elites in the Windward and Leeward sectors of the archipelago.