PurposeTo characterize atypical variants of the cerebral arterial circle that fall outside the Lazorthes classification and to interpret them in a contemporary neuroradiologic framework.MethodsThis retrospective morphologic-neuroradiologic study analyzed 650 cases collected between 1 September 2023 and 1 March 2026: 40 dissections, including 10 injected with plastic material, 10 digital subtraction angiograms, 300 computed tomography angiograms, and 300 magnetic resonance angiograms. Typical configurations were separated from non-classifiable variants using the 22-variant Lazorthes system as the reference framework.ResultsOf the 650 cases, 523 (80.5%) were assignable to the Lazorthes classification, whereas 127 (19.5%) showed atypical configurations. These included six-sided anterior variants, anatomical absence or imaging non-visualization of one or two arterial segments, and incomplete posterior anastomotic patterns caused by segmental hypoplasia. The most frequent atypical pattern was unilateral anatomical absence or imaging non-visualization of a posterior communicating artery (43 cases; 6.6%), followed by unilateral anatomical absence or imaging non-visualization of a P1 segment (17 cases; 2.6%) and bilateral anatomical absence or imaging non-visualization of the posterior communicating arteries (11 cases; 1.6%).ConclusionA substantial proportion of cerebral arterial circles cannot be adequately described within the classical Lazorthes typology. These atypical variants are best interpreted as patterns of altered collateral design with potential relevance for CTA and MRA interpretation, cross-flow potential, vascular territory dependence, and cerebrovascular risk assessment.

The study was performed on 116 kidneys, using dissection and injection of plastic mass (followed by dissection or corrosion) as study methods. We found 6 cases of double renal veins (5.17% of cases), 5 cases being straight veins (9.62% of right veins) and 1 single case on the left being left veins (1.56% of left veins). In the formation of the venous trunk, both at the level of the superior veins and at the level of the inferior veins, two branches of origin participated in all cases, which most frequently were of different caliber. The trajectory of the superior renal vein in 4 cases was obliquely supero-medially, and in one case it was obliquely infero-medially, respectively horizontal. The trajectory of the inferior renal vein in 4 cases was obliquely supero-medially, and in 2 cases it was horizontal. The termination of the superior renal vein in the inferior vena cava is was done in 3 cases on the lateral side, respectively on the postero-lateral side. The termination of the inferior renal vein in the inferior vena cava was done in 3 cases on the postero-lateral side, in 2 cases on the antero-lateral side, and in only one case) on the lateral side. The caliber of the superior renal vein at the level of its termination in the vena cava, we found to be between 2.72-8.50 mm, the caliber of the inferior renal vein being between 2.10-3.60 mm. Significant morphological variations, particularly in venous morphometry, were observed compared to existing literature. These differences may be explained by methodological diversity, sample characteristics, and anatomical variability related to geographical area, sex, and age.

Supraspinatus tendinopathy is a common source of chronic shoulder pain and functional impairment, often resistant to conservative treatment. Emerging technologies such as nanopulsed electromagnetic field therapy have shown promise in enhancing musculoskeletal rehabilitation outcomes. This randomized controlled trial included 40 patients aged 30–70 years with non-traumatic, chronic supraspinatus tendinopathy, confirmed clinically and through imaging. Participants were allocated to either a control group receiving standard balneophysical therapy or an intervention group receiving the same protocol supplemented with Super Inductive System (SIS) therapy for 10 consecutive days. Clinical assessments at baseline and post-intervention included the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), pressure pain thresholds (PPTs), Constant–Murley Score (CMS), Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS), Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH), Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), EQ-5D-5L, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), goniometry and musculoskeletal ultrasound. Both groups demonstrated statistically significant improvements across all outcome measures. However, the SIS group showed superior pain reduction (VAS, PPT), greater functional recovery (CMS, OSS, QuickDASH, SPADI), improved range of motion, and more favorable structural changes in tendon thickness, echogenicity, and subacromial–subdeltoid (SASD) bursitis. Mental health outcomes improved comparably in both groups.The addition of SIS therapy to standard rehabilitation significantly enhances clinical and structural outcomes in supraspinatus tendinopathy, supporting its use as a safe and effective adjunct in conservative treatment programs.

Our study on 51 cases was performed by dissection and injection of plastic mass followed by corrosion with NaOH, on formalinized human cadavers and on organic blocks aorta-inferior vena cava-right and left kidneys. The trajectory of the gonadal veins was in all cases rectilinear, in 47.06% of cases being oriented supero-medially, and in 52.04% of cases being vertical. At the termination the gonadal vein made with the corresponding renal vein an open lateral angle ranging between 37-900. The termination of the gonadal vein in the renal vein was most frequently on its postero-inferior surface, an aspect encountered in 54.90% of cases. The gonadal vein ended in the renal vein closer to the aorta (56.86% of cases). Compared to the termination of the left inferior adrenal vein, the gonadal vein ended laterally from it in 58.82% of cases, in 33.33% of cases ending at the same level as it, and in 4 cases (7.84% of cases) it ended laterally from the inferior adrenal vein. The caliber of the gonadal vein at the termination in the renal vein was found to be between 1.3-3.2 mm, the average being 2.04 mm. The present study examines the morphological features of the left gonadal veins, providing insights into the increased prevalence of varicocele on the left side. Anatomical knowledge of testicular vein variations and their spatial relationships with neighboring vessels is crucial for urologists and vascular surgeons, as it aids in the accurate diagnosis of urogenital conditions and helps prevent complications during retroperitoneal surgeries and imaging procedures.

In examining the treatment options of coxo-femoral osteoarthritis (also known as coxarthrosis), rehabilitation treatment using balneo-physical therapy could be a beneficial alternative to traditional medication. Hip osteoarthritis is characterized by chronic debilitating pain that significantly impacts patients' quality-of-life, particularly as the condition progresses, limiting daily activities that require weight-bearing or upright posture. Traditional pharmacological treatments often address only the symptoms of pain without enhancing joint functionality; they may also pose risks of cardiovascular or gastrointestinal complications. The study group was made up by patients who were radiographically diagnosed with hip osteoarthritis, and who’s other joint attainments, in any, didn’t have an impact on functionality of quality of life. They all received treatments with sapropelic mud and salt water from Techirghiol Lake in addition to physical therapies. Hip pain, functionality and its impact on the quality of life were assessed with specific instruments and forms at admission, at discharge and 1 month follow-up. 73% of the patients were female, and more than half of the total number were within the 60-69 age group. A great positive impact of the treatment was objectified with sensible pain alleviation after treatment and at 1 month follow-up with increased joint mobility and with a general overall positive impact on the quality of life. The study revealed that balneo-physical therapy has a clear, demonstrated impact on the condition of patients with hip osteoarthritis, in terms of pain, mobility, function, and most importantly, activities and perception of overall health status, and is a viable, if not even preferable, treatment of hip osteoarthritis effect.

The trigeminal artery is a rare anatomical variant, representing an embryonic vestige of the anastomosis between the internal carotid artery and the posterior circulator system, that can be asymptomatic or could have vast clinical manifestations produced by insufficient flow or by vascular nervous conflicts. This study is an anatomical presentation of 3 trigeminal artery cases observed at Medimar Imagistic Services Constanta. The 3 trigeminal artery cases were discovered on a 860 magnetic resonance angiographies (0.35

This systematic review examines groundbreaking advancements in hand rehabilitation, driven by significant progress in medical technology. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, the review surveyed articles from various databases, emphasizing the utilization of advanced technologies for hand rehabilitation across diverse conditions such as fractures, burns, amputations, and postoperative care. Out of the 1562 studies analyzed, ten articles that met the inclusion criteria were identified. Key technologies like IMES (Implantable Myoelectric Sensor) technology are scrutinized for their potential to transform prosthetic control, providing intuitive functionality and substantial physiological hand function for individuals with limb loss. Similarly, ad-vancements in orthotic devices like the VacoHand Orthosis are showcased for their improve-ments in stabilizing and aiding the healing process in wrist immobilization and rehabilitation. The integration of virtual reality (VR) emerges as a pivotal convergence point, offering sup-plementary therapy to enhance direction-specific improvements in wrist and forearm mobility, hand function, and work-related tasks. Additional advantages include program customization, heightened engagement through interactive approaches, and improved functional outcomes such as hand strength and range of motion. While showcasing transformative potential, the re-view acknowledges the need for further research through larger sample sizes, standardized methodologies and more in-depth investigations to optimize these technologies. Overall, this review underlines the remarkable advancements achieved in hand rehabilitation through technological innovations, offering hope and improved outcomes for individuals grappling with various hand-related challenges.

La discipline d'anatomie qu'on enseigne dans les facultés de médecines de Roumanie suit le modèle français, ayant à la base les traités de Testut, Paturet, Rouvière ; à ces éditions ont participé même quelques roumains : C. Davila, T. Ionescu, A. Peride, D. Gerota, E. Juvara. Aujourd'hui on préfère aussi les traités d'anatomie de Chevrel, Kamina, Bouchet. Notre coopération a commencé en 1991, à l'occasion de notre participation au Congrès organisé à Bruxelles, deux anatomistes de Constanţa y étant présents. À partir de cette année, la participation des Roumains a augmenté, toujours avec des délégations représentatives : Limoges (15 participants et 17 travaux), Torino (21 participants et 18 travaux), Sousse (22 participants et 31 travaux), Constanţa (108 participants et 104 travaux !). La participation des anatomistes roumains a été appréciée à travers le temps, la preuve étant représentée par les prix reçus : Lille (1993), Reims (1997), Turin (1998), Sousse (2002), Amiens (2004), Constanţa (2005), Nantes (2006), Bruxelles (2009), Montpellier (2010). On peut mentionner ici la participation des étudiants roumains aux Congrès de l'Association. Pourquoi Lille ? : la participation au Congrès de1993 et 2023, au 4e Congrès européenne d'anatomie clinique (1997), XVIIes Journées Universitaires de Pédagogie des Sciences de la Santé de la CIDMEF (2008) et le programme européen Erasmus. Les anatomistes roumains ont marqué une participation active, au point de vue nombre de participants et nombre de travaux au Congrès de l'Association des Anatomistes d'expression française, en continuant ainsi les traditions de collaboration séculaire qui existent entre les deux pays.

Les modifications morphométriques des structures osseuses de l'articulation coxo-fémorale devraient entraîner des modifications de la cinématique de la marche, si les structures conjonctives ne parviennent pas à compenser les incongruités. Dans la littérature, il est mentionné que les changements de dynamique n'apparaissent que lorsqu'il existe également une symptomatologie locale, et en fait cela pourrait être la cause de la déviation du schéma de marche [1], [2], [3], [4]. L'étude a été réalisée sur un nombre de 37 volontaires, femmes et hommes, âgés de 20 à 60 ans, sans symptômes de la hanche. Ils ont réalisé une analyse informatisée de la marche et une radiographie du bassin. Après avoir effectué l'analyse de la marche, certains des volontaires ont signalé des douleurs ou des crépites locales, un fait qu'ils n'avaient pas remarqué jusqu'à présent, sans rapport avec l'âge. Des modifications radiologiques des structures osseuses ont été retrouvées chez la plupart des patients qui présentaient des modifications du schéma de marche. Tous ceux qui avaient des modifications radiologiques n'avaient pas de troubles de la dynamique coxo-fémorale. Aucune relation n'a été déterminée entre le degré de changements structurels et dynamiques de l'os. En ce qui concerne les troubles dynamiques, un affect à prédominance féminine a été observé. Habituellement, lorsqu'un trouble apparaissait, il était bilatéral, mais pas totalement symétrique, ce qui peut signifier qu'une des hanches en est en fait la cause, l'autre étant adaptée pour refléter ses mouvements, pour maintenir une marche constante. Les changements morphométriques déterminent dans la plupart des cas des troubles coxo-fémoraux dynamiques, mais ne provoquent pas nécessairement de symptômes. Tous ceux qui se sont plaints de symptômes après les tests avaient des troubles dynamiques sans modifications osseuses. L'étude doit être approfondie en réalisant des IRM sur ceux qui ont présenté des changements dynamiques sans changements osseux afin d'étudier les structures conjonctives, pour déterminer la cause exacte.

L'artère thyroïdienne supérieure (ATS) a son origine, le plus souvent, dans l'artère carotide externe (ACE). Elle peut aussi avoir son origine dans l'artère carotide commune (ACC) ou au niveau de sa ramification terminale (RCC) [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. Nous avons déterminé la valeur du calibre de l'ATS par rapport au calibre de l'artère d'origine. Nous avons effectué notre étude sur 221 ATS, 100 étant de sexe masculin et 121 de sexe féminin. Les méthodes utilisées dans cette étude sont : la dissection, l'injection de matière plastique et l'angiographie CT. Nous avons trouvé l'origine de l'ATS dans l'ACE dans 84,16 % des cas, avec un calibre représentant entre 24,49–88,64 % du calibre de l'ACE. Dans 9,05 % des cas, l'ATS trouvait son origine au niveau du tronc de l'ACC, avec un calibre représentant entre 15,0–49,06 % du calibre de l'ACC. L'origine de l'ATS a été trouvée dans 5,95 % des cas au niveau de la terminaison de l'ACC, avec un calibre représentant entre 15,0-35,0 % du calibre de la terminaison de l'ACC. L'ATS trouvant son origine dans l'ACE, avait dans 0,90 % des cas, une origine dans un tronc thyro-lingual, avec un calibre représentant entre 29,27–37,5 % du calibre de l'ACE et dans 0,45 % des cas, une origine dans un tronc thyro-lingo-facial, avec l'origine de l'ACE, avec un calibre représentant 31,7 % du calibre de l'ACE. Le rapport minime, chez le sexe masculin, entre le calibre de l'ATS et le calibre de l'ACE était plus grand du côté droit avec 4,54 % et le rapport maximal était plus grand du côté gauche avec 0,28 %. Chez le sexe féminin, le rapport minime était plus grand du côté droit avec 2,53 % et le rapport maximal était plus grand toujours du côté droit, mais avec 4,65 %. L'ATS avait le plus grand calibre dans les cas où son origine se trouvait dans l'ACE, après quoi suivait l'origine au niveau du tronc de l'ACC, et l'origine au niveau de la terminaison de l'ACC.

Purpose and background Detailed knowledge of the thyroid ima artery is essential for surgeons consequently we conducted an analysis investigating the arterial vasculature of the thyroid gland in 290 cases by dissection of formalin-fixed cadavers and by studying computed tomography angiographies. Methods Our study was conducted on 82 cases obtained from the dissection of formalin-fixed cadavers while 208 cases were computed tomography angiographies. The following aspects were observed: the frequency of the thyroid ima artery, its origin, course, and diameter. All were studied, comparing right to left and according to sex. Results Following the study of thyroid gland vasculature on a number of 290 cases, the thyroid ima artery was discovered in 16 cases (5.52% of cases), from which 3.45% of cases were in male subjects, and 2.07% of cases in female subjects. Of these, 4.14% of the total cases were left thyroid ima artery, and 1.38% of cases were on the right, found only in female subjects. In 5.17% of the total cases, the thyroid ima artery originated from the aortic arch, of which 3.45% were in the male sex and 1.72% were in the female sex. In one case only (0.35%) in the female sex did the thyroid ima artery originate from the brachiocephalic trunk. In 2.76% of cases, the thyroid ima artery existed with a left-sided inferior thyroid artery originating from the subclavian artery, either directly or from a thyrocervical trunk. Conclusions The thyroid ima artery has proven to be one of the highly variable arteries in terms of its presence and origin and the knowledge surrounding it is useful for surgical interventions.

ABSTRACT Fractures of the proximal extremity of the femur are some of the most common injuries treated by orthopedic surgeons, often associated with life-threatening polytrauma. Trochanteric fractures have an increased incidence, which is becoming more common due to the aging population. Femoral neck fractures are a particular type of intracapsular hip fracture, and the location of the junction makes the femoral neck prone to fracture. Fractures of the femoral shaft are found in approximately 6-9% of cases of femoral neck fractures. The management of these fractures is interdisciplinary, but in most cases, it requires surgical treatment to allow rapid elevation and recovery of autonomy. The present study is retrospective in which 140 cases of fracture of the upper femur extremity collected at the trauma department of Naousa and Kilkis Hospital over 4 years from December 2018 to December 2022 were analyzed, processed, and reviewed with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. The purpose of this article is to analyze the frequency of various types of fractures of the proximal extremity of the femur and to identify the etiological factors that contribute to these injuries, thus providing a comprehensive understanding of these traumatic events to treat them. The study showed that there is a preponderance of trochanteric fractures, with an increased frequency in the 75-89 age group and a predominance of femoral neck fractures in women, mainly caused by falls. External surgical approaches, standard gamma nail, and bipolar treatment had "excellent/good" functional results reflecting the success of the surgical interventions. The high frequency of anatomical reductions underlines the attention paid to the quality of the procedures.

Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome(CTS) is a compressive mononeuropathy affecting approximately 3-6% of the adult population, having a strong physical, psychological, and economic impact on the patient. The high intensity electromagnetic field applied with Super Inductive System (SIS) therapy has effects on pain relief, myorelaxation or miostimulation. The objective of this study is to assess the clinical outcome of patients with CTS after SIS therapy. Material and method: An observational prospective study was conducted between 2021-2022 on a cohort of 56 patients admitted to the Balneal and Rehabilitation Techirghiol Sanatorium for 2 weeks, with specific symptoms of CTS. The patients underwent treatment for two weeks at the sanatorium, receiving three SIS therapy sessions per week with the BTL-6000 device, and also other daily physical therapies. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of patients who experienced pain and paresthesia before treatment and the proportion of patients who experienced the same symptoms after treatment p<0.05 respectively p<0.01. Conclusion: The high intensity electromagnetic field using SIS therapy has been proven to be effective and safe in treating patients with CTS, bringing important benefits to patients by relieving pain, and paraesthesia, and improving the quality of life of patients.

Purpose and background The specialized literature has a low degree of information regarding the origin of the inferior thyroid artery (ITA). Our study was performed on computed tomography angiographies (CTAs), and the following aspects were observed: the origin of the ITA from the subclavian artery (SCA) or thyrocervical trunk (TCT), taking note of the distance of the origin of the ITA in relation to the origin of the SCA or the corresponding TCT, as well as the origin of the ITA, comparing right to left and according to gender. Methods Our study was realized on a total of 108 ITA (64 on the right side and 44 on the left, with 48 in male subjects and 60 in females), analyzed on CTA. Results From the 108 arteries, we found the origin of ITA directly from the SCA in 31.48% of cases, and in 68.52% from the TCT. The distance between the origin of the right SCA and the origin of the corresponding ITA, was between 29.1 and 53.1 mm, while on the left side, the same distance was between 43.7 and 68.1 mm. The distance between the right TCT and the origin of the right SCA, was between 22.5 and 75.0 mm, and for the left side, it’s between 48.7 and 56.8 mm. Conclusions The inferior thyroid artery is one of the arteries most susceptible to variations in terms of origin and size. With differences between the two sides (right and left), as well as differences related to gender.

Previous studies have identified variations regarding the morphology and location of the carotid sinus, a phenomenon still not commonly approached or studied on computed tomography angiography (CTA). Detailed characterization of the carotid sinus was performed on CTAs, determining its position, diameter and length. The study group included 43 patients with disease-free carotid trunks subjected to cervical CTA. We measured the terminal caliber of the common carotid artery (CCA), as well as the calibers of the internal (ICA) and external carotid arteries (ECA) at their origin. The diameters were correlated with the location and the shape of the carotid sinus. We also measured the length of the sinus dilatation (carotid bulb), in regard to its location on the terminal branches of the common carotid artery. Mean diameters of the studied arteries were 7.39 ± 1.04 mm for the CCA, 6.71 ± 1.49 mm for the ICA and, respectively, 4.27 ± 0.75 mm for the ECA. The classical position of the carotid sinus was seen in 80% of cases, the rest being considered anatomical variants. The length of the carotid bulb on the ICA was 9.99 ± 2.22 mm, showing variability between genders. The carotid sinus does not always extend to the ICA, presenting different distribution patterns that might be relevant in sinus pathology from a clinical point of view, respectively from a surgical point of view during invasive or minimally invasive interventions on the carotid axis.

La détermination du rapport en pourcentage entre le diamètre de l’artère thyroïdienne supérieure et le diamètre de l’artère carotide externe correspondante. Nous avons effectué l’étude sur 122 cas, analisés sur des angiographies réalisées par tomographie computérisé (CTA) sur une installation LightSpeed VCT64 Slice CT General electric. L’échantillon d’étude a été formé de 54 artères masculins (28 droites et 26 gauches) et 68 artères de sexe féminin (32 droites et 36 gauches). Pour le sexe masculin, nous avons trouvé le diamètre des artères carotides externes droites et gauches entre 3,7–13,7 mm; pour le sexe féminin, la carotide externe droites avait le diamètre entre 3,1–9,4 mm et la gauche entre 2,8–9,4 mm. Le diamètre de l’artère thyroïdienne supérieure droite mesurait, pour le sexe masculin, entre 1,8–3,3 mm et la thyroïdienne gauche entre 2,0–2,9 mm. En ce qui concerne le sexe féminin, le diamètre de l’artère thyroïdienne supérieure droite était compris entre 1,7–3,9 mm et la thyroïdienne gauche avait le diamètre compris entre 1,8–4,3 mm. Le rapport du pourcentage entre le diamètre de l’artère thyroïdienne supérieure et le diamètre de l’artère carotide externe d’origine se présentait pour le sexe masculin entre 15,33–59,46 % du côté droit, et du côté gauche entre 15,27–72,97 %. Le sexe féminin présentait ce rapport compris entre 17,56–83,87 % du côté droit et entre 13,14–76,31 % du côté gauche. La plus grande différence entre le diamètre des deux artères a été trouvée chez le sexe féminin du côté droit, de 29,38 %, par rapport à la valeur maxime du rapport chez le sexe masculin. Nous avons trouvé les valeurs extrêmes dans un seul cas. En ce qui concerne la morphométrie de deux artères, la thyroïdienne supérieure et carotide externe d’origine, aussi que le rapport du pourcentage de leurs diamètres, nous avons constaté des différences de sexe, aussi que des différences des deux côtés, droit et gauche.

La détermination des diamètres vertical et transversales (pôle supérieur, milieu du rein et pôle inférieur). Nous avons effectué l’étude sur 96 reins (38 de sexe masculin et 58 de sexe féminin), 48 cas de chaque côté de l’organisme. La morphométrie a été effectuée sur angiographies par tomographie computérisé. Nous avons analysé la hauteur des reins et leur étendue au niveau des pôles rénaux, supérieure et inférieure et au niveau du milieu du rein. Au sexe masculin, la hauteur du rein gauche mesurait entre 84,73–122,90 mm et rein droit avait la hauteur entre 62,04–125,0 mm. Au sexe féminin mesurait entre 56,98–110,60 mm et rein droit avait la hauteur entre 55,50–108,40 mm. La largeur du pôle supérieure du rein gauche chez le sexe masculin était comprise entre 16,28–44,30 mm et pour le rein droit entre 13,67–33,80 mm. Chez le sexe féminin se situait au rein gauche entre 13,04–33,80 mm et entre 11,26–27,36 mm au rein droit. La largeur au milieu du rein gauche chez le sexe masculin était comprise entre 16,19–41,10 mm et pour le rein droit entre 14,37–27,36 mm. Chez le sexe féminin se situait entre 15,54–31,0 mm et pour le rein droit entre 12,72–29,0 mm. Chez le sexe masculin mesurait 18,36–40,0 mm et pour le rein droit entre 14,37–35,50 mm. Chez le sexe féminin la largeur mesurait 9,93–39,0 mm et pour le rein droit entre 12,78–38,0 mm. En réalisant la comparaison des deux reins sur 44 cas, nous avons trouvé, dans 54,55 %, la hauteur du rein gauche était plus grande, le rein droit ayant la hauteur plus grand en 45,45 % des cas. Chez le sexe masculin, le rein gauche avait la hauteur plus grand dans 44,44 % des cas, tandis qu’au féminin dans 61,54 % des cas. Nous avons constaté des différences entre les diamètres de deux reins et chez les deux sexes, parfois assez représentatives : 5–28 mm. Les valeurs extrêmes ont été trouvées, le plus souvent, dans un seul cas.

Abstract In the specialized literature, there is a low degree of information regarding the morphometric aspects of the inferior thyroid artery. The study was performed on CTAs, and the following was observed: the distance between the origin of the inferior thyroid artery in relation to the origin of the corresponding subclavian artery, as well as the artery diameter comparing right to left, according to gender and in comparison with the diameter of the subclavicular artery or thyrocervical trunk from which it originated.The study was performed on a total of 108 inferior thyroid arteries (64 on the right side and 44 on the left side, 48 in males subjects and 60 arteries in female subjects), analyzed on computed tomography angiography. Of the 108 arteries, the origin of the inferior thyroid directly from the subclavian artery was found in 34 cases, 20 cases being on the right side and 14 cases on the left side. In the other 74 cases, the origin of the inferior thyroid artery was in a thyrocervical trunk, 44 cases being on the right side, and 30 cases on the left side. The distance and mean diameters are variable between genders and the left/right side.The inferior thyroid artery is one of the arteries most susceptible to variations in terms of origin and size. With differences between the two sides (right and left), as well as differences related to gender.

La fossette de la tête fémorale abrite l’insertion du ligament de la tête fémorale. Le ligament joue un rôle dans la limitation de l’amplitude de mouvement de la tête fémorale par rapport à la cavité acétabulaire, comme le montrent les études sur cadavres. L’épaisseur du ligament doit être proportionnelle à la taille de la tête fémorale afin de résister aux forces de torsion. L’étude a été réalisée sur un total de 40 patients (14 hommes et 26 femmes) en mesurant les indices morphométriques sur les tomodensitométries : diamètre vertical et transversal, circonférence de la tête fémorale(TF) et axe longitudinal et transversal, aire et circonférence de la fossette de la tête fémorale(FTF). Dans 85,72 % des cas, le diamètre vertical TF était plus grand (entre 3,95 cm–5,23 cm) que le diamètre transversal (entre 3,76 cm–5,10 cm). La circonférence TF variait entre 12,28 cm–16,22 cm, étant ovoïde dans 57,5 % des cas et sphérique dans le reste. L’axe longitudinal FTF variait entre 0,78 cm–1,96 cm et l’axe transversal entre 0,72cm–1,88 cm. Le taux de la circonférence FTF variait entre 15,89 %–41,64 % de la circonférence TF. Dans la plupart des cas (72,5 % des cas), le rapport entre les deux circonférences était compris entre 25,61 %–34,75 %. Dans 22,5 % des cas, le rapport entre les circonférences était supérieur à 34,75 %, et seulement 5 % des cas avait un rapport inférieur à 25,61 %. En termes de taille, on peut dire que les circonférences des fossettes sont au moins égales à un quart de celle des têtes fémorales dans 95 % des cas, ce qui signifie que l’épaisseur apparente du ligament de la tête fémorale est relativement élevée par rapport à la taille de la tête fémorale, ce qui peut expliquer son rôle dans la limitation des mouvements de la tête fémorale. Concernant la forme, la fossette de la tête fémorale était le plus souvent ovoïde et dans seulement trois cas triangulaire.

Background and Objectives: Knowledge of the internal carotid artery’s (ICA) morphometric features is influential in outlining surgical and minimally invasive procedures in the neurovascular field. Many studies have shown divisive numbers regarding the ICA’s caliber, with the measuring point of the artery sometimes differing. This study presents ICA dimensions based on computed tomography angiography in each of its seven segments as per Bouthillier’s classification, correlating vascular dimensions with anthropometric parameters. Materials and Methods: A thorough CT angiography analysis was performed on 70 patients with internal carotid vessels unaffected by atherosclerotic disease. The extracranial part of the ICA was measured in four locations—carotid bulb, post-bulbar dilation, at its cervical midpoint, and below its entrance into the carotid foramen. Single landmarks were used for measurements in the intracranial segments. ICA length was assessed in the neck region and also in the cranial cavity. Craniometric measurements were performed on sagittal and coronal CT reconstructions. Patient height was taken into consideration. Results: The largest ICA portion is near its origin in the carotid sinus area (7.59 ± 1.00 mm), with a steep decline in caliber following its extracranial course. Distal ICA presented values somewhat similar to its proximal intracranial segment diameters (4.67 ± 0.47 mm). Dimensions of the ICA in the intracranial segments start from a value of 4.53 ± 0.47 mm and decrease by approximately 40% when reaching the origin of the middle cerebral artery (2.71 ± 0.37 mm), showing a marked decrease in caliber after the emergence of the most critical collateral artery, the ophthalmic branch. The length of the ICA varies between genders, with the male ICA being about 10 mm longer in total length than female ICA; this difference is also correlated with patient height and skull dimensions. Conclusions: Both intra- and extracranial ICA have variable dimensions and length related to gender and anthropometric parameters, with no significant differences obtained concerning side or age.