This paper analyzes recent changes in the policies and practices through which displaced populations are governed by humanitarian and state actors. In particular, we examine how the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) is increasingly operationalizing its protection mandate by linking the more longstanding logic of self-reliance with the newer idea of resilience, itself composed of both micro (individual) and macro (societal and particularly urban) strands. Using Uganda as a site of analysis, we suggest that the linking of the more entrenched concept of self-reliance with resilience is another step forward in the entwining of UNHCR’s traditional humanitarian mandate with the developmental goals promoted by other global aid organizations. Resilience emerges in this context as a policy ideal that brings together disparate strands of operational aspirations into one multifaceted objective to govern refugees both within and beyond the camp/settlement structure.

Stereotactic magnetic resonance (MR)-guided online adaptive radiotherapy (SMART) combines real-time MR imaging with RT delivery, allowing for online adaptive planning and continuous motion management. However, uncertainty remains in optimal patient positioning, image quality standards, and contouring guidelines for SMART. To determine the optimal combination of MR sequence parameters, coil and patient positioning, and treatment immobilization, we conducted a healthy volunteer (HV) study utilizing a 0.35T MR-Linac (MRL). We hypothesized that with optimization of these parameters, image quality and SMART workflows for HVs would be acceptable across a range of clinically relevant organs, facilitating subsequent patient imaging. The HV study was approved by the IRB. Adults of all races and genders were included. MR simulation and simulated SMART were performed in HVs on an MRL. For each scan, the following parameters were assessed on a scale from 1-5 (5 = extremely high, 1 = extremely poor): visibility of target, visibility of nearby normal organs, and overall image quality. Adaptive recontouring time was recorded. With IRB approval, we retrospectively reviewed recontouring times for the first fraction for the first 18 patients treated clinically with SMART. HV and clinical times were compared with a t-test (alpha = 0.05). 46 HVs consented to the study. 18 underwent simulated treatments that included simulation of all aspects of SMART clinical workflow, except RT delivery, and targeted the following organs: adrenal, prostate, pancreas, lung, kidney, and brain. Average visibility of target and nearby organs were 4.58 and 4.62, respectively, and average overall image quality was 4.62 with a range of 4-5 for all measures. The average recontouring time was 15 minutes (range 4-35) in the HVs, comparable to an average of 16.1 minutes (range 7-33) in patients (p = 0.886). The clinical cases targeted adrenal, prostate, pancreas, lung, and pelvic and abdominal nodes. HV scanning on an MRL resulted in acceptable image quality and target visibility for a range of organs. Contouring time, the longest step in our workflow, was well-simulated in HVs, with similar times achieved clinically. The organs targeted in HVs correlated well with the organs treated clinically. The HV study provided a non-clinical environment to optimize all aspects of SMART, except for RT delivery. Further study is needed to determine the optimal number of HV scans required to prepare for clinical implementation of SMART.

The number and status of lymph nodes (LN) examined is accepted as one of the main prognostic factors in patients with rectal cancer. However, the prognostic role of LN node evaluation in patients who receive preoperative chemoradiation (CRT) is unclear. Neoadjuvant Rectal Cancer (NAR) Score, is a novel short-term surrogate endpoint validated in clinical trials. The aim of this study is to define the impact of preoperative CRT on the number of both retrieved and positive LN and to evaluate the influence of the number of LN retrieved on survival and their effect on the predictability of NAR. From 2000 to 2019, 425 patients who underwent preoperative CRT followed by total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer were evaluated. Multivariable analysis was used to demonstrate the influence of clinical and pathologic variables on the number of both retrieved and positive LN ratio. NAR was defined as [5 ypN - 3 (cT - ypT) + 12]2/9.61]. Patients were categorized by number of LN retrieved (<12 vs ≥12 and 0 NA# 293 (69.1%) 131 (30.9%) 1(0.2%)Number of positive LN0(0-35)NAR8.4 (0-100) Open table in a new tab

Extending inquiries into the dynamics underpinning the iterative development of security governance at mega-events, this article explores practices of knowledge sharing and policy transfer at major political summits. Through detailed interviews with police involved in the Toronto 2010 G20 and the Brisbane 2014 G20 summits, and through analysing supporting documentation, we examine the ways in which police interpret past events, as either failures or successes, specifically in the context of public order policing. The article extends insights into how such perceptions are facilitated through transnational exchanges, particularly where event-related failures might be considered as a benchmark for iterative policy developments. We explain this process as a form of failure-inspired social learning that questions the effectiveness, norms and legitimacy of established policies, practices and institutions involved in security governance, which can influence future transformations in global best practices.

Though described as the first milestone towards securing Canada's critical infrastructure (CI), the 2009 National Strategy for Critical Infrastructure is the most recent effort in decades of federal engagement with the problem of how to secure the material elements that underpin state, economy, and society. In this article, we show how a little-known civil defence program initiated after WWII to protect important industrial facilities from military enemies has transformed in the contemporary period into the monitoring of a range of political and social movements as perceived dangers to what is understood today as CI. We view these changes as indicative of transformations in the exercise of police power through which the contemporary colonial-liberal order is enacted.

Locally advanced esophageal cancer is generally treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by esophagectomy. We previously reported that patients' self-reported outcomes (PROs) for symptoms and quality of life (QOL) measured during treatment may correlate with pathologic response, which is a proxy for survival outcomes. We seek to further characterize the trajectory of PROs for patients undergoing CRT for esophageal cancer and investigate its relationship to pathologic and survival outcomes. This retrospective study included 145 patients with esophageal squamous cell or adenocarcinoma, stage cT2N0or higher, treated with CRT between2014-2017, who reported PROs weekly. Patients answered 16 questions relating to gastrointestinal(GI) symptoms and QOL, derived from an EORTC questionnaire. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to characterize progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).Logistic regression and Cox regression were used to evaluate the relationship between PROs and pCR and time-to-event endpoints, respectively. Median follow-up was 24.0 months. Median age was 66.8 years, 81% of patients were male, and 77% had adenocarcinoma. Patients received between 9 and 67 Gy, with 74% of patients receiving 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions. All patients received concurrent chemotherapy, with 97% receiving carboplatin and paclitaxel. 70% underwent esophagectomy. Among patients who had surgery, 41.2% achieved pCR or near pCR. Median PFS was 21.2 months (95% CI:15.7-not reached [NR]) and median OS was NR (95% CI: 32.0 months-NR). Overall response rate for the questionnaire was 77%. Response rate was lowest for week 1 (66%) and highest for week 3 (84%). Patients generally reported worsening GI symptoms and QOL over time. The most prevalent symptoms were "feeling weak," fatigue, pain overall, odynophagia, dysphagia to liquids, loss of appetite, and worsening QOL. The symptoms with the greatest magnitude of change included these, as well as dysphagia to solids, nausea, early satiety, and heartburn. The PROs that correlated with pCR were dysphagia to liquids (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.26-0.91; p=0.02) and dysphagia to soft foods (OR 0.56 95% CI 0.32-0.97; p=0.04). The PROs that correlated with PFS were fatigue (HR 0.69; 95% CI 0.49-0.98; p=0.04) and pain (HR 0.7; 95% CI 0.50-0.99; p=0.04). No PROs were statistically significant in their correlation with OS. Patients with esophageal cancer self-reported worsening GI symptoms (particularly dysphagia and issues with appetite), fatigue, pain, and QOL during neoadjuvant CRT. More dysphagia was associated with reduced pathologic response. More fatigue and pain were associated with worse PFS. The relationship between symptom progression during neoadjuvant CRT and clinical outcomes warrants further study.

This article provides a genealogy of the governance of critical infrastructure in Canada. We focus in particular on a largely unknown and unexamined civil defense initiative introduced during World War II that sought to count, categorize and, under declaration of a national emergency, directly protect what were then known as ‘vital points’ from sabotage. Our analysis recounts major episodes and turning points in the deployment of this organizational apparatus by the various institutions responsible for civil defence and emergency management in which it was embedded. In the latter sections of this article we show how the problem of critical infrastructure was decoupled from the exercise of exceptional emergency power and reconstituted in the form of what we refer to as ‘coordinated preparedness’, through which the governance of critical infrastructure is accomplished in ways that are compatible with the constitutionalization of Canada’s emergency power. We conclude by considering what the governance of critical infrastructure in Canada reveals for critical understandings of emergencies and emergency power.

This article examines the historical conditions of emergence for the embrace of resilience in the field of critical infrastructure in Canada. Using previously unreleased archival records from the Government of Canada along with contemporary government policies, it traces transformations in how federal planners have sought to diagnose and secure the circulations regarded as essential for life since WWII. It contextualises the embrace of resilience as a recent modulation in these historical processes, one that governs through promoting the adaptive capacities of self-governing entities who operate essential' or critical' services. This is an articulation of resilience that is compatible with, and extends, wider forms of advanced liberal governance by promoting managerial and technical means for adapting to uncertainty while renouncing responsibility for the integrity of the systems upon which collective vitality depends.

As the world’s largest humanitarian organization fighting hunger, and primary expositor of food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa, the World Food Programme’s (WFP) activities offer a unique opportunity to examine the contemporary food-security nexus. In this article, we examine the ‘turn’ toward resilience in the practices and policies of the WFP. Our analysis emphasizes that resilience is one of a family of security strategies through which the WFP seeks to govern food security. As such, it is impossible to claim, as some have, that resilience is displacing security as the dominant logic for governing insecurity. Nevertheless, resilience is a cornerstone of the WFPs’ current activities. Whereas more familiar strategies of security attempt to pre-empt or contain disruptive events – in the context of food crises – resilience is a style of thinking that assumes the inevitability of unpredictable, high-impact events and aims to foster the capability for systems and people to adapt, absorb, and bounce back from their effects. Resilience, while championed as part of an overall solution to a range of ills afflicting human populations today, aims only to equip people and populations with the capacity to live with the instabilities of a neoliberal food system without questioning, destabilizing, or resisting the very sources of socio-economic and political instability.

This article compares security dynamics at two Olympic Games hosted by Canada: Montreal (1976) and Vancouver (2010). It is the first study of security at the Montreal Olympics and was only made possible after four years of requests under the Access to Information Act that resulted in the release of thousands of classified security documents in French and English. A comparative study of the two largest peacetime security operations in Canadian history offers unique insights into the challenges of hosting a major international gathering in the aftermath of an international terrorist incident: the 1972 Munich massacre and the 11 September 2001 attack on the World Trade Center. The comparison further offers an opportunity to chart the continuities and differences in Olympic security over time. We focus in part on how the historical context of each event informed ‘imaginaries of disaster’. We also examine continuities in the official security response, such as the emphasis on advance intelligence gathering, security ‘mock-ups’, manpower allocation, coalitions of security agencies and technological innovation. We conclude with some considerations on security legacies and the importance of major event security as a subject of comparative inquiry.

The Olympic Games are political, national, and consumer spectacles that, as contributions to this volume amply demonstrate, continue to be critically examined from a wide variety of perspectives in relation to a wide variety of topics. In the recent decade the Olympics have also become conspicuous security spectacles characterised by overt displays of military personnel and hardware, sophisticated new surveillance technologies, and rapidly escalating budgets.1 Initiated by the siege and subsequent killing of 11 Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Games and later accelerated by the detonation of a pipe bomb at Atlanta's Centennial Park during the 1996 Olympics, this securitisation process reached a categorically different level of intensity after September 11, 2001 to the extent that authorities and critics alike routinely describe the Games as the world's largest security operations outside of war. September 11 (hereafter 9/11) did not cause this intensification so much as it acted as a tipping point for concerns about what was already being articulated as 'the new terrorism' to describe the combination of religious and/or political extremism, unorthodox methods and penchant for theatricality that was already coalescing around the Games and other high-profile events.2 Further reinforced by the 2004 Madrid train bombings and the 2005 London Underground bombings, concerns that the global profile of the Olympics provide an ideal platform for a catastrophic terrorist attack now figure prominently in the bidding, staging and wider public discourse surrounding the Games.3

Security for the Olympic Games has become undeniably visible in recent years. A certain degree of this visibility became unavoidable after the 1972 Munich Olympics when military personnel and hardware became standard elements of Olympic security. Yet, this visibility is qualitatively different today in that it is often deliberately fashioned for public consumption. This article argues that this expressive dimension of security at the Games provides a window into wider issues of how authorities 'show' that they can deliver on the promise of maximum security under conditions of radical uncertainty. The latter sections of this article examine three ways in which this promise is extended: the discursive work of managers of unease, the staging of highly stylized demonstration projects, and the fabrication of fantasy documents. We focus on how officials emphasize that they have contemplated and planned for all possible security threats, especially catastrophic threats and worst-case scenarios. Actually planning for these events is epistemologically and practically impossible, but saying and showing that authorities are 'planning for the worst' are discursive ways of transforming uncertainty into apparently manageable risks that are independent of the functional activities they describe. As such, our analysis provides insights into the much broader issue of how authorities sustain the appearance of maximum security in order to maintain rhetorical control over what are deemed to be highly uncertain and insecure situations. Such performances may paradoxically amplify uncertainty, thus recreating the conditions that foster the ongoing securitization of everyday life.

Periods of economic insecurity affect different age groups in different ways. Whether you call them generations or cohorts, life experiences framed by the unique intersection of age and history have proved a fascinating subject for social scientists. In their coming-of-age account of the group of birth cohorts some have dubbed Generation X, Lesley Andres and Johanna Wyn provide a readable, theoretically embedded, and empirically supported account of how policy, economic conditions, and persistent inequality create currents that can lead us to different futures from those we imagined. Utilizing a longitudinal design and 14 to 15 years of data from the ‘‘Paths on Life’s Way’’ project, based in British Columbia, Canada, and the ‘‘Life Patterns’’ project, set in Victoria, Australia, the authors examine how these two sets of adolescents, who completed their secondary schooling in the late 1980s and early 1990s, manage decisions about postsecondary education, work, and relationships in a context of increasing economic insecurity, global competition, workplace restructuring, and persistent inequalities by class and gender. The similarities in the political, social, and economic institutions of Canada and Australia allow the authors to spotlight how expansions in post-secondary education were orchestrated, how the goal of expanding education opportunity was reflected in education achievement, and how these young adults tried to articulate their educational credentials and life goals with the changing work environment. The authors organize the material into five interrelated themes: reluctant change makers, an education generation, generating new patterns of family life, a generation in search of work/life balance, and a diverse generation. In unfolding these themes, they show us how, on the one hand, these young people wanted the same sorts of things we wanted at their age—financial security (but not necessarily wealth), good relationships, and happiness. But the circumstances they face are different—better in some ways, more difficult in others. Part of that difficulty stems from the diverse pathways available to young people, which may appear incomprehensible to those who argue that more choice is always better. Those trying to figure out how to get from here to there find that having ‘‘endless possibilities’’ is not necessarily a comfort, especially when we later discover that some of those routes are in disrepair, others are too crowded, and still others come with detours that may keep us from ever reaching our destinations. Rather, seeing some number of clearly articulated routes that lead to a specific outcome assures us that we will be able to reach our goals. The trend toward the individualization of risk that has been noted in both the academic and popular press appears here in various manifestations—for example, the anxiety felt over choosing the right major, finding more than a dead-end job, and paying off student loans. The other side of this trend is showing how the costs of social change are externalized, sometimes with unintended consequences. As families and students absorb the higher costs of post-secondary schooling, parents continue to house their graduates well into their 20s, graduates delay marriage and children until they are able to establish some financial foothold, while employers are able to hire college graduates to fill clerical jobs. When the costs of such widespread social change are shifted, those already in a position of disadvantage are often the most vulnerable. Despite the expansion of post-secondary education, existing patterns of inequality are reproduced as new generations are sorted into winners and losers. Those whose parents are college graduates manage the secondary to post-secondary transition more smoothly

(2012). Chapter 10 - Knowledge networks: Mega-events and security expertise. Routledge Online Studies on the Olympic and Paralympic Games: Vol. 1, Security Games, pp. 169-184.

Cet article prend les préparations pour les Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2010 comme point départ d'un examen de l'idée et de la pratique de la résilience dans les domaines de la sécurité publique et de la gouvernance urbaine. Cet enthousiasme contemporain pour la résilience est généralement relié à des changements plus substantiels dans les logiques sécuritaires en réponse à une prolifération d'événements disruptifs difficiles à anticiper et aux conséquences potentiellement catastrophiques. Cependant, comment est‐il possible de planifier en vue d'un avenir inconnu et inconnaissable? Cet article décrit trois ensembles de pratiques visant à construire une résilience urbaine. Paraissant routinières et ordinaires et associées principalement au domaine de la gestion des urgences, ces pratiques illustrent néanmoins un domaine de l'action gouvernementale qui a prospéré depuis le 11 septembre 2001, mais qui a reçu peu d'attention académique et scientifique.

Assessment of VSL pilot program impact in Tougouri department, Namentenga Province, took place in early February 2009 and involved focus group discussions and a household impact survey. Six focus group discussions were engaged in – three among the first group of VSLs formed by Plan (2006-07) and three in the second wave of VSL formation (2007-08). The household impact survey was administered to 60 women among the first group of VSLs formed (VSL 1), 60 from the second group of VSLs (VSL 2), and 60 comparable women from an area not yet involved in the VSL program.