Air pollution and water scarcity have grown to be global catastrophes. One promising renewable energy source that can help with both of these issues is the floating photovoltaic (FPV) system, particularly when paired with a clean hydrogen generation system. The present study employed an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict the hydrogen output of an electrolysis process powered by a floating PV system. The Yazd wastewater pond, which experiences seasonal and annual variations in water level, was chosen as the site for this study. The pond is located in the north of Yazd city, in the center of Iran, in a dry and desert area. The amount of electrical energy and hydrogen that can be produced by the system was estimated with the help of PVsyst and Homer software. The model's input data consisted of meteorological and solar radiation data retrieved from NASA, Meteonorm, and local airport meteorological services databases. The model's inputs were the independent variables. The output of the model in the curve fitting part of model development, which was carried out in MATLAB, was the pond's surface area. In terms of prediction accuracy, the Levenberg-Marquardt approach performed the best of all the techniques used to train the ANN model. The electricity output of the FPV system on the Yazd wastewater pond from 2024 to 2028 was estimated. The estimated hydrogen outputs vary from a minimum of 2,361 tons in December 2024 to 3,626 tons in November 2028.

Given the detrimental environmental impacts of fossil fuels, there is a gradual worldwide shift towards renewable energy sources. Wind power, renowned for its cost-effectiveness and simplicity, has been widely embraced. Despite Afghanistan facing significant challenges in its energy sector, its considerable wind energy potential offers a chance to mitigate some of these issues. This study employed a multi-criteria decision-making approach to evaluate potential wind-hydrogen project sites in Afghanistan, encompassing economic, technical, social, risk, and environmental considerations. Five criteria and sub-criteria for wind-hydrogen project implementation were analyzed using the Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) method. The Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS), Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS), Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS), and Technique of Order Preference Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods were then applied to prioritize provinces for wind-hydrogen project implementation. The analysis found that the Duration of the Payback Period and Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) with weight of 6.6

In this study, we examined the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from the Mahanadi River Estuary (MRE), identified sources, and evaluated the ecological toxicity. The PAHs distributions in MRE ranged from 13.1 to 685.4 ng g-1 (dry weight), with a mean value of 192.91 ± 177.56 ng g-1 (dry weight). Sediments at sites S11, S8, and S13 have the highest 3-rings, 4-rings, and 5-rings PAHs, respectively. In MRE, pyrene has a significantly higher concentration with a mean value of 30.51 ng g-1, followed by Fluoranthene (86.2 ng g-1), Chrysene (67.4 ng g-1), and Benzo(k)fluoranthene (54.2 ng g-1). Site S8 had a higher total PAH concentration than sites S11, S13, and S1. The diagnostic and principal component analysis suggests that PAHs originated from petroleum, oil, biomass, and coal combustion. Higher toxic and mutagenic equivalent quotients indicate potential aquatic toxicity and a need for continuous monitoring of MRE for PAHs pollution.

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through contaminated water may adversely affect human health and ecology. Water and sediment samples collected from the Mahanadi River Basin (MRB) were analyzed for the presence of sixteen priority PAHs. Results showed that the concentrations of sigma 16 PAHs in water and sediments ranged from 13.1 to 685.4 mu g/L and 302.6 to 728.2 ng/g. In river water samples, the highest mean concentrations were recorded for Acenaphthylene (18.73 +/- 11.61 mu g/L) and Benzo(a)Anthracene (10.11 & PLUSMN; 8 mu g/ L). On the contrary, the maximum concentration was recorded for Phenanthrene (96.18 +/- 50.66 ng/g) and Pyrene (76.69 +/- 22.73 ng/g) in sediment samples. Human health risk assessment suggests low risk, with in-cremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) being 37.44 x 10(-5) for children and 21.82 x 10(-5) for adults. In contrast, ecological risk assessment showed a high toxic equivalent quotient of 40.68 ng/g and mutagenic equivalent quotient of 39.74 ng/g suggesting elevated adverse risk to aquatic species.

Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) are innovative and evolving project delivery methods that have enabled public entities, such as local, state, and federal government agencies to pursue projects that were otherwise infeasible. Value for Money (VfM) is commonly used as a tool to evaluate PPP project delivery with traditional project delivery. In this work, a BN framework is presented for supplementing VfM analysis that allows for the combination of the quantitative and qualitative components of project delivery. The framework includes steps to develop BNs, analyze network scenarios and interpret the results. The proposed BN framework reduces the subjectivity and bias inherent in VfM assessment. It, therefore, has the potential to supplement the decision-making process. We demonstrate the application of the proposed framework to California’s Presidio Parkway Project as a case study. The results corroborate the findings from the VfM assessment and conclude that for the Presidio Parkway project, design–build–finance–operate–maintain is a better method than the traditional design–bid–build project delivery method.

Introduction The microbial infections are serious problem to human being and clinically useful antimicrobial drugs prevent the growth of bacteria and infections. The factors are important to select the therapy based on known characteristics of organisms and particular pharmacological features of antimicrobial agents [1]. The various antifungals like fluconazole, voriconazole containing triazole nucleus and antibacterial heterocycles such as azetidinones and penicillins, are reported as clinically useful compounds [2]. Therefore, 1, 2, 4-triazoles have been expected to be of considerable importance due to their precious biological significance. Though, these reported drugs have been used clinically but they pose limitations due to their toxicity, drug resistance and pharmacokinetic deficiencies. There is an urgent need of newer antimicrobial agents to rectify these above-mentioned problems. In the literature, the substituted 1, 3, 4-oxadiazoles have been reported to possess antimicrobial [3-5], anticonvulsant [6,7], antitubercular [8,9], anticancer [10] and anti-inflammatory activities [11,12]. Similarly, 1, 2, 4Abstract In the present study, 5-(4-substituted phenyl)-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-thiol (5a-e) were synthesized from 5-(4-substituted phenyl)-1, 3, 4oxadiazole-2-thiol (4a-e) and their structures were confirmed by IR, NMR, Mass spectral and elemental analysis. These synthesized compounds were screened for the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. The results indicated that, compound 5(a) and 5(b) showed the highest antibacterial activity. Compound 5(d) and 5(e) were observed to be the most potent antifungal agents. The structure activity relationship discovered that the presence of electron withdrawing and electron donating substituents at para position of phenyl ring of synthesized compounds enhance the antibacterial and antifungal activities, respectively. Further, the results of cytotoxicity studies on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) suggested that active antimicrobial agents 5(a), 5(b), 5(c), 5(d) and 5(e) are accompanied with low cytotoxicity. The biological profiles of these 1, 2, 4-triazoles would be a fruitful matrix for further development of safe and efficacious compounds.

In recent years, there has been a growing concern regarding the occurrence of micro-pollutants in the environment. Emerging micro-pollutants (EMs) are the ones that have been typically detected at very low concentrations, and are currently not being monitored or regulated. The EMs may or may not be of recent origin, but their environmental detection and ecological implications are only now becoming known. This chapter deals with the mobility of sulfamethazine (SMN) and hydrolysis of three neonicotinoids - dinotefuran (DNT), imidacloprid (IMD) and thiamethoxam (THM) in the environment. Transport of SMN in the sub-surface environment was modeled using a modified one-dimensional advection dispersion equation and showed that the mobility is impacted by the speciation of SMN and as such it may be highly mobile in alkaline soils compared to acidic soils. A classical hydrolysis model suggests that DNT, IMD and THM, all undergo hydrolysis. However, IMD hydrolyzes at a much faster rate suggesting that DNT and THM can persist longer in the environment compared to IMD. The mobility and persistence of these EMs may pose adverse ecological risk.

We present the description of a fully coupled simulator FEHM for modeling coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) processes in geomedia. The coupled equations for fluid flow and energy transport are implemented using finite volume whereas Galerkin finite element method is used for mechanical force balance. The simulator is designed to address spatial scales on the order of tens of centimeters to tens of kilometers, and time scales on the order of hours to tens of years. The governing coupled nonlinear equations are solved using a Newton–Rapshon scheme with analytically or numerically computed Jacobians. A suite of models is available for coupling flow and mechanical deformation via permeability–deformation relationships. The coupled simulator is verified by comparing with several analytical solutions developed for this purpose. A subset of the simulator capabilities is benchmarked against commercially available simulators. We also demonstrate a good match with data from Desert Peak geothermal field in Nevada, USA. This validation required the use of a shear failure model with non-linear permeability–stress relationship. In addition, we present another application involving fluid injection into an inclined fault zone using a non-orthogonal grid with stress-dependent Young׳s modulus and permeability.

Salt formations have received recent attention for geologic disposal of heat-generating, high-level nuclear waste (HLW). Existing investigations are summarized and expanded upon using analytical and numerical models to investigate simulated temperatures in the salt after emplacement of HLW. Analytical modeling suggests that temperature variations near canisters will be smooth, indicating that the system can be approximated by a coarsely discretized numerical model. Two multidimensional parameter studies explore canister configuration using characteristics from (a) defense HLW and (b) spent nuclear fuel (SNF) waste. Numerical modeling was conducted for a disposal concept consisting of emplacement of waste canisters on the floor of drifts and covering each with salt backfill. Results indicate that waste forms with U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) waste characteristics can be easily configured to maintain simulated temperatures far below 200 degrees C at spacings as close as 0.3 m (similar to 1 ft), the minimum feasible spacing that could practically be achieved. For SNF waste packaged into canisters with heat loads of 1500 or 1000 W with canister spacing of 6 m (similar to 20 ft) and 3 m (similar to 10 ft), respectively, simulated temperatures can be maintained below 200 degrees C; much higher maximum temperatures would result for designs with higher canister heat loads and smaller spacings. These results indicate that from a thermal loading perspective, in-drift disposal of HLW in salt deposits is feasible for DOE-managed waste as long as the maximum temperature is managed through proper selection of canister heat loads and spacings. The results will aid in the design of potential future field tests to confirm this conclusion.

A series of site investigations and decision-support analyses have been performed related to a chromium plume in the regional aquifer beneath the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Based on the collected data and site information, alternative conceptual and numerical models representing governing subsurface processes with different complexity and resolution have been developed. The current conceptual model is supported by multiple lines of evidence based on comprehensive analyses of the available data and modeling results. The model is applied for decision-support analyses related to estimation of contaminant-arrival locations and chromium mass flux reaching the regional aquifer, and to optimization of a site monitoring-well network. Plume characterization is a challenging and nonunique problem because multiple models and contamination scenarios are consistent with the site data and conceptual knowledge. To solve this complex problem, an advanced methodology based on model calibration and uncertainty quantification has been developed within the computational framework MADS (http://mads.lanl.gov). This work implements high-performance computing and novel, efficient and robust model analysis techniques for optimization and uncertainty quantification (ABAGUS, Squads, multi-try (multi-start) techniques), which allow for solving problems with large degrees of freedom.

Analytic and semi-analytic solution are often used by researchers and practicioners to estimate aquifer parameters from unconfined aquifer pumping tests. The non-linearities associated with unconfined (i.e., water table) aquifer tests makes their analysis more complex than confined tests. Although analytical solutions for unconfined flow began in the mid-1800s with Dupuit, Thiem was possibly the first to use them to estimate aquifer parameters from pumping tests in the early 1900s. In the 1950s, Boulton developed the first transient well test solution specialized to unconfined flow. By the 1970s Neuman had developed solutions considering both primary transient storage mechanisms (confined storage and delayed yield) without non-physical fitting parameters. In the last decade, research into developing unconfined aquifer test solutions has mostly focused on explicitly coupling the aquifer with the linearized vadose zone. Despite the many advanced solution methods available, there still exists a need for realism to accurately simulate real-world aquifer tests.

An analytical solution is developed for three-dimensional flow towards a partially penetrating large-diameter well in an unconfined aquifer bounded below by an aquitard of finite or semi-infinite extent. The analytical solution is derived using Laplace and Hankel transforms, then inverted numerically. Existing solutions for flow in leaky unconfined aquifers neglect the unsaturated zone following an assumption of instantaneous drainage assumption due to Neuman [1972]. We extend the theory of leakage in unconfined aquifers by (1) including water flow and storage in the unsaturated zone above the water table, and (2) allowing the finite-diameter pumping well to partially penetrate the aquifer. The investigation of model-predicted results shows that leakage from an underlying aquitard leads to significant departure from the unconfined solution without leakage. The investigation of dimensionless time-drawdown relationships shows that the aquitard drawdown also depends on unsaturated zone properties and the pumping-well wellbore storage effects.

Analytical solutions for constant-rate pumping tests are widely used to infer aquifer properties. In this note, we implement a methodology that approximates the time-varying pumping record as a series of segments with linearly varying pumping rates. We validate our approach using an analytical solution for a sinusoidally varying pumping test. We also apply our methodology to analyze synthetic test data and compare the results with those from a commonly used method where rate variations are represented by a series of constant-rate steps.

Drawdowns generated by extracting water from large diameter (e.g. water supply) well are affected by wellbore storage. We present an analytical solution in Laplace transformed space for drawdown in a uniform anisotropic aquifer caused by withdrawing water at a constant rate from partially penetrating well with storage. The solution is back transformed into the time domain numerically. When the pumping well is fully penetrating our solution reduces to that of Papadopulos and Cooper (1967); Hantush (1964) when the pumping well has no wellbore storage; Theis (1935) when both conditions are fulfilled and Yang (2006) when the pumping well is partially penetrating, has finite radius but lacks storage. Newly developed solution is then used to explore graphically the effects of partial penetration, wellbore storage and anisotropy on time evolutions of drawdown in the pumping well and in observation wells. We concluded after validating the developed analytical solution using synthetic pumping test. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Drawdowns generated by extracting water from a large diameter (e.g. water supply) well are affected by wellbore storage. We present an analytical solution in Laplace transformed space for drawdown in a uniform anisotropic aquifer caused by withdrawing water at a constant rate from a partially penetrating well with storage. The solution is back transformed into the time domain numerically. When the pumping well is fully penetrating our solution reduces to that of Papadopulos and Cooper [1967]; Hantush [1964] when the pumping well has no wellbore storage; Theis [1935] when both conditions are fulfilled and Yang et.al. [2006] when the pumping well is partially penetrating, has finite radius but lacks storage. We use our solution to explore graphically the effects of partial penetration, wellbore storage and anisotropy on time evolutions of drawdown in the pumping well and in observation wells.