Stop-and-go operation exposes fuel-cell electric buses to coupled demands for hydrogen economy, battery-energy balance, and mitigation of health-related operating stress. This study proposes a dual-budget supervised equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) that retains instantaneous economic optimization while regulating cumulative health-proxy exposure and net battery-energy deviation through external budgets. An energy-first lexicographic screening rule coordinates physical feasibility, terminal SOC recovery, health-budget compliance, and fuel economy without embedding all objectives in a single weighted cost. Under the CHTC-B cycle, all four evaluated strategies satisfy the terminal-SOC criterion. Relative to adaptive ECMS, the proposed strategy nearly doubles the mean continuous-on duration (35.17 to 69.63 s) and reduces on-state current-spectrum severity by 3.65%, at a 5.52% hydrogen penalty. Cross-evaluation bounds this advantage across cumulative indicators. Local sensitivity results support partial, rather than complete, separation of energy- and health-side calibration effects. The framework therefore provides an interpretable means of shaping the energy-health trade-off.

Abstract Under the pressure of petroleum shortage and more stringent vehicle emission regulations at present, finding green and renewable alternative fuels has become an important research direction for the internal combustion engine. Due to the increment in oil imports, it is urgent to find a clean alternative fuel that will meet the diesel power and economic performance requirements. Biodiesel, with its renewable characteristics and wide resources, was considered, applied, and promoted extensively. The biodiesel studied in this paper is acidified oil biodiesel. The composition and ratio of acidified oil biodiesel were detected. The physicochemical indexes of acidified oil biodiesel/diesel fuel blends were measured and compared. In the electronically controlled high-pressure common rail diesel engine on different blending ratios of biodiesel/diesel fuel blends for a bench test, we analyze the combustion and characteristics. The results indicate that with the increasing biodiesel proportion, the peak of the premixed combustion and diffusion combustion in the cylinder increase, the combustion start point advances, the combustion duration shortens, and the maximum combustion temperature rises.

Chemical upcycling of end-of-life plastics is an economically and environmentally feasible way to tackle plastics crisis. Among them, methanol alcoholysis of polylactic acid (PLA) is a promising approach, which can produce methyl lactate (MLA) that can be further converted to lactide to achieve a sustainable development. In this work, a series of WOr/ZrP catalysts with WOr active sites in low coverage and high surface area were synthesized via anchoring WOr species on the surface of zirconium phosphate (ZrP). Characterizations indicated that the strong interaction between WOr and ZrP promoted the formation of WOr active sites in low coverage. In particular, 10 %WOr/ZrP catalyst was highly active and stable for the alcoholysis of PLA plastics under mild conditions due to the abundant WOr active sites and strong acidity. The yield of MLA over 10 %WOr/ZrP catalyst reached 94.5 % within 4 h at 160 degrees C, which was superior to the performance of traditional solid acids (alpha-ZrP, HZSM-5, H beta and Amberlyst-45). In addition, 10 %WOr/ZrP was versatile for the alcoholysis of discarded PLA-based products and could be recycled at least five times. The prominent performance of 10 %WOr/ZrP catalyst and the possible reaction mechanism were discussed.

This paper studies the catalytic hydrogenation reduction of lignin-derived phenolic compounds, such as catechol, guaiacol (O-methoxyphenol), phenol, P-methylphenol, O-ethylphenol, O-ethoxyphenol, etc. The reaction system focuses on the catalytic performance of hydrodeoxygenation reactions involving the phenolic derivatives of the lignin depolymerization products catechol and guaiacol. A series of Al2O3-TiO2 composite oxide supports with different Al/Ti ratios were prepared by a co-precipitation method, and a 5% Pd/Al2O3-TiO2 bifunctional catalyst was prepared by an impregnation method and characterized with XRD, SEM, BET, NH3-TPD, etc. Among these, the Pd/Al2Ti1 catalyst had the most excellent catalytic performance. At 100 °C and 2 MPa hydrogen pressure, the conversion of catechol was as high as 100%, and at 100 °C and 5 MPa hydrogen pressure, the conversion of guaiacol reached 90%.

In this work, the highly efficient hydrogenation of guaiacol catalyzed by ruthenium supported on Al2O3-TiO2 (Ru/Al2Ti1) at very mild conditions was carried out. At temperatures as low as 25 °C and 2 MPa H2, about 60% of guaiacol could be converted to 2-methoxycyclohexanol (MCH) with a selectivity as high as 94% on the Ru/Al2Ti1 catalyst with an appropriate hydrogen pressure. At temperatures above 50 °C, almost all of the guaiacol could be converted with the catalyst of Ru/Al2Ti1, mainly into hydrogenated products such as MCH. The surprisingly efficient hydrogenation of guaiacol at low temperatures was most likely due to the ability of Ru particles loaded on the specific complex metal oxide carriers, particularly the reduction of the edge effect of Ru, to activate phenyl and hydrogen and reduce the competition of the dimethoxy process. These findings about the high activity of the Ru/Al2Ti1 catalyst at nearly room temperature may be helpful to upgrading the industrial process of the pyrolysis bio-oils.

Green tea is known for its unique health benefit and flavor. As one of the major bioactive and taste components in green tea infusion, catechins have been deeply studied worldwide. However, the reported contents differ significantly in research, thus needing further study for estimates. Here, we systematically reviewed 11 012 English articles from the Web of Science Core Collection and extracted 40 from them based on meta-analysis. All 40 studies were reported by organizations from 14 countries with green tea samples from 13 countries and regions. Among them, 35% of the studies were from Chinese scientific research institutions, and 75% of the research used samples from China. More than half of these studies did not measure the moisture content in green tea samples or crush the samples to make the particle size consistent; one-tenth of the studies referenced ISO 14502-2:2005; while 70% used water as the solvent. The catechins content in 32 studies was between 5% and 20% of sample weight, and their corresponding pretreatment and extraction treatment were analyzed. The statistics indicate that catechins content may be significantly affected by different extraction solvents and neo-standardization for extracting catechins is necessary according to research needs.

Selective hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone is a vital step in the manufacture of fiber (nylon), which is currently carried out over expensive Pd catalyst with low productivity. In this work, a series of Ru-promoted Pd catalysts were synthesized in a facile microwave-assisted method and tested in the hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone. It was found that small amount of Ru in Ru-Pd alloy can increase the conversion of phenol obviously without loss of cyclohexanone selectivity. The selectivity of cyclohexanone over Ru0.15Pd4.85/ZrHP remained higher than 99%, while the conversion of phenol increased from 20.5% (over Pd5/ZrHP) to 97.9% at 100 degrees C and 1 MPa. And the highest turnover frequency (TOF) of surface metal in Ru0.15Pd4.85/ZrHP at 100 degrees C and MPa reached 1605 h-1. Characterization results revealed that the addition of Ru can improve the dispersion of Ru-Pd alloy and enhance its electron density. In addition, the activated hydrogen on Ru-Pd alloy and acid sites in ZrHP played a synergistic effect for the selective formation of cyclohexanone from phenol.

Hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone is a vital step in the production of synthetic fiber (nylon). In this work, a layered-structured solid acid (zirconium hydrogen phosphate, ZrHP) supported Pd catalyst was synthesized in a microwave method. The structure and property of Pd/ZrHP catalyst were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), nitrogen adsorption-desorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) technologies. It was found that Pd/ZrHP catalyst exhibited better performance than the Pd-based catalysts supported by traditional oxide (Al2O3, SiO2, MgO), molecular sieve (H-Beta), and active carbon (XC-72) under the mild condition (100 degrees C, 1.0 MPa H-2). The specific activity of the surface Pd atom in Pd/ZrHP reached 612.2 h(-1), and it could be recycled five times without obvious deactivation. The synergistic effect between Pd metal and the acidic sites on ZrHP surface might be the main reason for the selective formation of cyclohexanone.

Post-radiotherapy recurrence and metastasis of liver cancer were thought to arise from the invasion and metastasis of residual hepatocellular carcinoma cells, but it has now been shown to be closely related to the increased metastatic potential of residual liver cancer cells mediated by radiotherapy. The changes of liver microenvironment after radiotherapy also provide a favorable condition for promoting the metastatic potential of hepatocellular carcinoma. Studies have shown that radiation-induced activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is one of the main changes in the microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, we hypothesized that activated HSCs are involved in regulating the metastatic capacity of residual cancer cells after radiotherapy. The present study observed that 48 h co-culture of three human hepatoma cell lines (MHCC97-L, Hep-3B, LM3) with a irradiated human HSC line (LX-2) in a transwell chamber could significantly improve the invasion of the human hepatoma cells; and the culture supernatant of activated HSCs could also enhance the invasion of the hepatoma cells. In contrast, co-culture with irradiated hepatoma cells enhanced the invasion of LX-2 cells. In vitro, irradiation enhanced the activation phenotype and the toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway of LX-2 cells or primary mouse HSCs, which upregulated intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1), laminin receptor (67 LR), Interleukin- 6 (IL-6), and CX3C chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) and downregulated toll-interacting proteins. The compound (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibited signal transduction of activated TLR4 and radiation-induced invasion of LX-2 cells by binding to 67 LR. These observations indicated that the enhancement of the metastatic potential of hepatoma cells after irradiation was relevant to the activation of HSCs, and the activation of TLR4 signaling pathway was involved in this process, which was inhibited by EGCG. Our results will help enhance the therapeutic efficacy of liver cancer stereotactic body radiation therapy to prevent and decrease the risks of post-radiotherapy recurrence and metastasis.

During the traditional homogeneous Fenton reaction process for water treatment, the consumption rate constant of Fe2+ is much greater than its regeneration rate constant, which makes Fe2+ an almost stoichiometric loss and produces iron sludge waste. In this article, highly dispersed zero-valent Fe nanoparticles loaded on porous carbon materials (Fe-EMC) were synthesized by a one-step calcination method using Flammulina velutipes natural carbon source and Fe(NO3)3 as raw materials to solve the aforementioned problem. The as-prepared Fe-EMC materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalyzer, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption–desorption measurements. It exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dyes under a broad pH region. Under conditions of 0.3 g/L Fe-EMC, 0.2 M/L H2O2, pH 7.0–11.0, and 50 mg/L MB, 97.98% of the MB dyes in the solution were completely degraded within 1 h. It was attributed to the efficient regeneration cycle between Fe2+ and Fe3+ in the Fenton-like system with light irradiation, which can promote the generation of active oxygen species.

以Ni x/z Mg y/z Al 2/z （OH） 2 （CO 3 ） 1/z （z=x+y+2,x=0.2、1,5≤y≤11.8）水滑石为前驱体,经高温焙烧和H 2 还原后得到了一系列可用于甲醇-丁酮（MEK）烷基化反应的Ni x /Mg y Al 2 O y+3 （x=0.2、1,5≤y≤11.8）双功能催化剂,并采用X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、程序升温还原（TPR）、程序升温脱附（TPD）等技术对催化剂的结构和形貌进行了表征。活性实验结果发现Ni/Mg 9 A l 2 O 12 催化剂具有较好的活性,在常压、温度280℃、原料液时空速（LHSV）6.0 h -1 的条件下,丁酮的转化率为61.6%,3-戊酮（DEK）和3-甲基-2-丁酮（MIPK）的选择性分别为45.0%和17.7%。表征结果表明催化剂中合适的活性金属Ni和MgO含量对提高DEK和MIPK的选择性具有重要的影响,Ni与催化剂表面碱量之间的协同作用可能是影响催化剂的活性和选择性的主要因素。

A series of Ni-x/MgyAl2Oy+3 (x=0.2 or 1, 5 <= y <= 11.8) bifunctional catalysts were prepared by calcination and hydrogen reduction of Nix/zMgy/zAl2/z(OH)(2)(CO3)(1/z) (z=x+y+2, x=0.2 or 1, 5 <= y <= 11.8) hydrotalcite precursors. The structure and morphology of these catalysts were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), temperature program reduction (TPR), temperature program desorption (TPD) and other technologies. It was found that Ni/Mg9Al2O12 exhibited excellent activity for the alkylation of butanone (MEK) with methanol. The conversion of butanone reached 61.6%, with the 45.0% and 17.7% selectivity of 3-pentanone (DEK) and 3-methyl-2 -butanone (MIPK) under atmospheric pressure, 280 degrees C, and liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 6.0 h(-1). The characterization results show that the appropriate active metal Ni and MgO contents in the catalyst play an important role on the selectivity of DEK and MIPK. The synergistic effect between Ni and the surface alkalinity may be the main factor affecting the activity and selectivity of the catalyst.

Selective oxidation of glycerol with molecular oxygen in base-free aqueous solutions has become a hot topic, as the rapidly increasing production of biodiesel is creating a surplus of glycerol. In this work, an N-doped-carbon-supported core-shell structured Sb@PtSb2 hybrid catalyst was prepared via a facile synthesis route, in which a mixture of glucose, melamine, and SbCl3 (Sb-NC) was pyrolyzed, then impregnated with Pt by immersion in an aqueous solution of H2PtCl6, and further treated in hydrogen flow. Characterization of the catalyst products indicated that introducing SbCl3 can increase the surface area of the binary glucose + melamine pyrolyzed support (NC), and Sb@PtSb2 hybrids could be formed on the surface of an Sb-NC support during hydrogen treatment at 700 degrees C. It was found that the Sb@PtSb2/NC catalyst was more active for the selective oxidation of glycerol in a base-free aqueous solution than Sb-free NC-supported Pt (Pt/NC). Further characterization also indicated that the promising performance of Sb@PtSb2/NC might be attributed to its enhanced oxygen activation. (C) 2020, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Glycerol is one of the most attractive platform chemicals and catalytic upgrading of glycerol to valuable products is of great importance. In the past decade, synthesis of 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO) from renewable glycerol has attracted attentions of many scientists. In this review, the performance and recent progress of those typical and popularly reported catalysts, such as Ru-, Pt-based noble metals, Co, Ni, copper-chromite, Cu/ZnO, Cu/Al2O3, Cu/SiO2, Cu/MgO and homogenously dispersed Cu in solid base, in the synthesis of 1,2-PDO from glycerol were summarized in detail. The reaction mechanism over noble metals and Cu-based catalysts were discussed. At the same time, hydrogenolysis of glycerol via catalytic transfer hydrogenation, and the relationship between structure and performance of Cu-based catalyst in continuous hydrogenolysis of glycerol in vapor phase were also compared.

通过共沉淀法和两段焙烧的方式制备了丙烷选择氧化制丙烯酸的Mo1V0.3Te0.23Nb0.12SbxOy催化剂,并通过XRD、XPS、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD等表征手段探讨了Sb元素的引入对催化剂相结构、表面酸碱性、氧化还原性等的影响.实验结果表明,适量Sb元素的掺杂使得催化剂相结构中活性相M1和M2的相对量发生明显变化,催化剂表面酸性降低,氧化能力减弱,催化剂表面Mo6+和V5+物种量减少,提高了丙烯酸的选择性.当Sb/Mo为0.01时,其丙烯酸选择性高达78.6％,得率可达48.5％.

Catalytic transformation of glycerol to value-added products has attracted the attention of scientists all over the world. Among various transformations, selective oxidation of glycerol with molecular oxygen to dihydroxyacetone, glyceric acid, glyceraldehydes, and tartronic acid is challenging both from the viewpoint of academic research and industrial application. Herein, we review the recent progresses in the selective oxidation of glycerol under base-free conditions. Those catalysts widely reported for the selective oxidation of the terminal hydroxyl and secondary hydroxyl groups in glycerol, such as monometallic Au, Pt, and Pd NPs, and bimetallic Au-Pt, Au-Pd, Pt-Bi, Pt-Sb, and Pt-Cu, were compared and discussed in detail. The reaction mechanism over Pt-based catalysts, possible catalyst deactivation, and the corresponding improvements are presented. Further, the recent progresses in the continuous oxidation of glycerol in fixed bed reactors and its excellent selectivity in the formation of dihydroxyacetone are highlighted.

A carbon film encapsulated Co NP catalyst (Co@NC) was highly active, selective and stable for the hydrogenation of glycidol to 1,3-PDO.

Novel Co/ZnO catalyst obtained from CoZn-ZIF precursor is highly active and selective for synthesis of ethanol from glycerol.

The hydrodeoxygenation catalytic activity and stability of carbon supported molybdenum carbide catalysts could be improved by graphitizing their carbon supports.

分别采用共沉淀法和溶胶凝胶法制备了具有高水热稳定性的Ce0.5M0.5O2(M=Zr,Ti)载体,并通过浸渍法制得高分散Pt/Ce0.5 M0.5O2(M=Zr,Ti)催化剂,分析了短链脂肪醇作为氢供体用于香兰素加氢脱氧反应的催化性能.实验结果表明,复合氧化物催化剂Pt/Ce0.5M0.5O2(M=Zr,Ti)具有高的水热稳定性和优良的加氢脱氧活性,且Pt/Ce0.5 Zr0.5 O2较Pt/Ce0.5 Ti0.5O2的催化性能更胜一筹,催化剂的加氢脱氧性能与其表面的酸性质以及贵金属Pt在载体上的高度分散有关.短链脂肪醇作为含氢的有机小分子,可作为氢源替代氢气,是理想有效的氢供体.