The oldest undisputed metazoan body fossils are often represented by tubular remains, which led to the characterization of early ecosystems as the Ediacaran 'worm-world' fauna. Tubular body fossils continued to dominate during the Cambrian Bioradiation Event, primarily as three-dimensionally preserved small skeletal fossils, although their preservation varied widely. Most tubular fossils, however, lack soft tissue preservation, making it challenging to determine their biological affinities based solely on tube morphology. Here we describe well-preserved tubular fossils, Longgangia bilamellata gen. et sp. nov. and Selkirkia cf. columbia, from the Cambrian Mantou Formation (Miaolingian Series, Wuliuan Stage) in Burgess Shale-type preservation. Longgangia bilamellata gen. et sp. nov. features a double-layered tube wall, transversal annulations, and Y-shaped branching of half-ring annulations. The new species shows importance because of its resemblance in construction and preservation with Ediacaran tubular fossils, such as Sinospongia, Sinotubulites, and Sabellidites, therefore providing evidence for the persistence of the tube-dwelling lifestyle from the Ediacaran to the Cambrian (Miaolingian). This also highlights the evolutionary and ecological significance of tube-forming organisms during the Cambrian Bioradiation Event, an interval characterized by explosive metazoan diversification, biomineralization, genetic innovation, and niche specialization. The potential affinity with cnidarians, annelids, and hemichordates is discussed and an assignment of Longgangia gen. nov. to Annelida is considered most plausible. The new material also reveals that annelids are capable to create tubes by half-ring construction with Y-branchings of growth lines, thus emphasizing this tube construction is not exclusive to hemichordate pterobranchs.

Peat mires play a central role in the theoretical framework of coal geology, yet significant controversies remain regarding their formation and associated scientific issues. Based on an analysis of peat formation and accumulation characteristics in various coal-forming basins, this study introduces the concepts of autochthonous peat mire and allochthonous peat mire, and further delineates their respective formation settings, fundamental conditions, peat accumulation processes, and associated coal seam development. The distinguishing features and characteristics of coal seams formed by allochthonous coal and allochthonous peat mires are compared and analysed. Studies indicate that peat mires may serve either as geographical units for plant growth, reproduction, and peatification of plant remains, or as areas without significant plant growth but with intensive peatification. 'Allochthonous peat mires' are defined as environments where plant remains or peat materials are continuously transported to a specific basin location with a relatively closed water environment, allowing ongoing peatification and the formation of peat accumulation layers. Notably, allochthonous peat mires can form extensive and thick coal seams. In contrast, autochthonous peat mires typically fail to generate thick coal seams because the continuously accumulating peat deposits within the sediment layers do not support the growth of large terrestrial plants.

On the basis of the original interpretation of flooded layer, aiming at the reservoir property and development situation of X block in low porosity and permeability oilfield, the interpretation of flooded layer adopts the method of qualitative identification and quantitative calculation of logging response, comprehensive analysis of coring data and production data, and the combination of static analysis results and dynamic production conditions to analyze the flooding condition of X block infilling well. The results show that there are three characteristics in the logging response identification of the waterlogged layer: U-shape change of resistivity curve, increase of acoustic time difference curve and distortion of natural gamma curve. Quantitative calculation of displacement efficiency is an important parameter to predict the ultimate oil recovery, evaluate the oil field development effect and determine the flooding condition. The water-flooded interval of the infill well in Block X is concentrated in the main reservoir or banded sand body. Select the combined fishing test beds with fishing test beds or those that have been in operation for more than 3 months (the connection between sand bodies and injection Wells is emphasized) to verify the interpretation results of waterlogged beds. Compared with 11 Wells with higher water content, 9 Wells were consistent with the original water flooding interpretation results, and the coincidence rate was 82

Coal-type source rocks include both coal and terrigenous marine source rocks. By studying the distribution of secondary depressions, uplifts, as well as the characteristics of peat formation and accumulation in the northern marginal sea basin of the South China Sea, and combining them with coal formation characteristics observed in other basins, five genetic theories on the relationship between peat accumulation and dispersed organic matter accumulation are proposed. The northern marginal sea basin of the South China Sea is characterized by “disadvantageous coals formation and favorable terrigenous marine source rocks formation.” This paper provides a distribution map of coal seams and terrigenous marine source rocks in the Qiongdongnan Basin and determines their distribution patterns. Research shows that the migration of sedimentary facies in the basins and inner depressions led to the formation and migration of the peat accumulation centers. In addition, the vertical migration of the peat accumulation centers led to planar migration, which is actually a type of coupling relationship.Previous research results have revealed that the formation of coal-type source rock is multi-phased. The marginal sea basin is composed of several fault-depression basins, with each basin developing a second order of depression and uplift. There is no unified basin center or depositional center to be found. As a result, the concentration centers of coal-forming materials also vary greatly. Based on the distribution characteristics of coal-type source rocks in different basins within the marginal sea basins of the South China Sea, the research results have practical significance and provide guidance for exploring coal-type oil and gas reservoirs in this area.

Based on the data of drilling core,logging,coal rock and coal quality in Dananhu mining area,the sedimentary system and coal-forming environment of Xishanyao Formation of Middle Jurassic in Dananhu mining area were analyzed by using the theories and methods of coal geology,sedimentology,lithofacies paleogeography and sequence stratigraphy.The study shows that three sedimentary systems and six sedimentary facies are identified in the Xishanyao Formation of the Middle Jurassic in the Dananhu mining area,and three third-order sequences are divided,which are Sq1,Sq2 and Sq3.We mainly studied Sq1 and Sq2.The high water level system tract of Sq1 mainly develops braided river sedimentary system and delta system;The Sq2 low water level system tract develops incomplete delta deposits,mainly coarse-grained deposits;The meandering river-delta sedimentary system with good development of Sq2 lake transgressive system tract and high water level system tract.Coal-forming climatic conditions in the Dananhu mining area are warm and humid,and the main coal-forming environment is the meandering river-delta sedimentary system.

基于钻井岩心、测井资料,以及煤岩煤质等实验测试资料,采用沉积学、煤地质学、层序地层学及岩相古地理学等理论方法,研究了东胜煤田西北缘延安组的沉积特征、成煤沉积环境及聚煤规律.研究区共识别出15种岩相,两种岩相组合类型.根据岩相组合所代表的沉积环境,识别出了曲流河、辫状河两种主要沉积体系,煤层主要形成于河漫的泥炭沼泽环境.通过分析研究区主采煤层显微煤岩组分特征,发现各煤层显微组分中主要为镜质组,其次是惰质组,壳质组及无机物含量最少,显微煤岩类型为微镜惰煤.通过分析煤的灰分、硫分,研究区的煤质类型以低灰煤、低硫煤为主.由镜惰比分析可以看出,研究区延安组成煤环境为潮湿—弱覆水环境和极潮湿—覆水环境.通过TPI-GI坐标图,识别出研究区存在两种煤相类型,即干燥森林沼泽相以及潮湿森林沼泽相.

随着高校人才培养模式的不断发展,地质类专业课课时呈现逐年压缩的趋势,这对传统教学模式提出了新挑战;同时,工程教育专业认证也为传统教学模式提出了新要求.以"古生物地史学"课程教学改革为例,从教学思路、教学资源、教学形式、教学评价等方面提出改进和优化方案,旨在提升学生自主学习能动性,提高学生对专业知识思考、消化和归纳总结的能力,帮助学生系统掌握专业课重点知识,进而为地质类专业课教学改革提供借鉴.

Strata situated within the South China Craton host several key Cambrian macroalgal assemblages, including those of the Chengjiang, Kaili, and Tsinghsutung Lagerstätte. In this report, Cambrian macroalgae are described for the first time from the North China Craton, an area that, during the early Paleozoic, was not contiguous with the South China Craton. The material collected from the Mantou Formation and overlying Zhangxia Formation (Miaolingian Series) in Shandong Province is preserved as carbonaceous compressions and includes abundant simple tubular forms. These fall into two groupings on the basis of size and have characteristics broadly comparable to Fuxianospira gyrata and Sinocylindra yunnanensis, both of which are well-known from the Chengjiang biota and may represent simple siphonous green algae. Additional material includes irregular circular to oval films referable to Morania fragmenta and a tuft-like form superficially similar to Marpolia spissa, taxa with possible cyanophyte affinities described initially on the basis of material from the Burgess Shale but also known from the Cambrian of South China. The material is typical of the “Cambrian Flora” and provides further support for the cosmopolitan distribution of this noncalcified macroalgal flora at low latitude settings during the Cambrian.

本文对产于云南曲靖龙王庙剖面和贵州丹寨南皋三湾及曾经报道过的湄潭等地剖面中含有早期原附栉虫类三叶虫的一些模式标本和属种原产地的地模标本进行了重新采集和厘定研究,并首次研究报道了来自华北地台区河北唐山馒头组中的早期原附栉虫类三叶虫.通过对个体发育中异速发育特征进行的简要分析,提出了用鞍前区与头鞍长度的相对比例大小和肋沟和间肋沟向尾边缘延伸的情况来区分Kuetsingocephalus和Danzhaiaspis两属,总结了二者的系统分类与鉴别特征,确认这两个属的可靠分类地位和生物地理古分布,并再次证实了 Kuetsingocephalus kuetsingensis这个以往被认为只产在扬子浅水地台区的分子也能扩散到深水斜坡相区.根据华北的新材料建立了原附栉虫类1新属和3新种:Qizuoshania tangshanensis gen.et sp.nov.,Danzhaiaspis intermedius sp.nov.,Kuetsingocephalus fengrunensis sp.nov.,显示以往仅在扬子地台区的 Danzhaiaspis,Kuetsingocephalus也见于华北地台区.说明在没有掘头虫类三叶虫的情况下,由于早期原附栉虫类分布广、演化快,其在华北地台区和扬子地台区的寒武纪第二统和苗岭统界线划分问题上的重要性.

本文描述了山东省临朐县龙岗村寒武系苗岭统乌溜阶馒头组上页岩段的宏观藻类化石,计2属2种:环圈螺旋抚仙藻 Fuxianospira gyrata Chen et Zhou,1997和碎片玛拉利亚藻 Morania fragmenta Walcott,1919.这两种藻类在大小和形态上可与布尔吉斯页岩和澄江生物群中的宏观藻类相比较.本研究通过探讨藻体的长宽比,认为M fragmenta 的碎片状形态可能是藻体本身生长而成的形态,而不是其命名者所认为的碎裂而成的形态.这两个属种首次在馒头组的发现,拓展了其时空分布,为华北地区寒武纪宏观藻类研究提供了较有价值的资料.

国家"双万计划"启动以来,一流本科课程建设成为高校本科教学改革的重点.本文以线下国家一流本科课程"煤地质学"为例,针对其存在的传统知识与前沿知识不衔接、社会发展目标与学生成长需求有偏差、教学方法与实践方式相脱节等问题,结合课程建设的高阶性、创新性和挑战度要求,从教学理念、教学目标、教学内容、教学方法、教学手段、教学团队、考核方式和教材编写八个方面提出课程建设的基本准则,形成线下课程建设的新理念和新思路,以此促进"煤地质学"课程教学改革和建设.

提出岩相古地理研究的优势相思路与方法,优势相划分由等时性界面限定的沉积持续时间和沉积厚度这条主线串联起来.优势相分析具有定性与定量兼有的特征,即以各种定性与定量的、反映某个时期或阶段沉积环境特点的关键因素或指标资料为基础,由点到线、由线到面,点、线、面结合,由二维到三维空间,确定该阶段或该时期占优势的主导沉积相或岩相.主导沉积相或岩相既要满足沉积持续时间的主导、又要满足沉积物质表现优势,还需满足盆地或区块总体背景和环境格局上的合理性与综合性.指出优势因素(或称优势参数)是优势相确定的基础和前提.提出了"广义岩相古地理"和"狭义岩相古地理"2 个概念,在其研究内容、精度、理论深度、研究区域范围和应用等方面进行区别,但并不能由一两个指标就简单区分,需要综合对比和分析才可以界定.论文还论述了岩相古地理研究出现的 7 个新方向,这些新的研究方向可根据研究目的和解决的实际勘探目标,进行广义和狭义岩相古地理分析.运用优势相分析思路和方法,在柴达木盆地新生代等时性地层划分及建立了盆地等时地层格架基础上,进行了柴达木盆地关键时期岩相古地理恢复.

In the present study, the coal-rock organic facies of Oligocene Yacheng Formation of the marginal basin in the South China Sea were classified and divided. In addition, through the correlations of the large-scale coal-bearing basins between the epicontinental sea and the South China Sea, it was concluded that the coal forming activities in the South China Sea presented particularity and complexity. Furthermore, the coal forming mechanisms also presented distinctiveness. The marginal basins in the South China Sea consist of several large and complex rift or depression basins, which are distributed at different tectonic positions in the South China Sea. Therefore, the marginal basins in the South China Sea are not simple traditional units with onshore continental slopes extending toward the deep sea. The marginal basins are known to consist of multi-level structures and distinctive types of basins which differ from the continental regions to the sea. During the Oligocene, the existing luxuriant plants and beneficial conditions assisted in the development of peat. Therefore, the Oligocene was the significant period for the formation and aggregation of the peat. However, the peat did not form in unified sedimentary dynamic fields, but instead displayed multi-level geographical units, multiple provenance areas, instability, and nonevent characteristics. As a result, the marginal basins in the South China Sea are characterized by non-uniform peat aggregation stages. In another words, the majority of the peat had entered the marine system in a dispersive manner and acted as part of the marine deposits, rather than during one or several suitable coal-forming stages. These peat deposits then became the main material source for hydrocarbon generation in all of the marginal basins of the South China Sea. The study will be of much significance for the hydrocarbon exploration in the marginal basins of the South China Sea.

基于能源地质学类研究生学习内容多、更新快以及涉及广泛等特点,提出了发散式教学模式,即是指在授课过程中,结合已有的研究生教学内容,深入探索其相关的其他课程知识,经过一定的系统化的归纳和总结,融合一体形成新的教学内容和或体系的教学模式.发散式教学模式具有3个特点:课程内容涵盖范围增加、发散的知识要紧紧围绕已有的知识来开展和增加与时俱进的知识点.并将发散式教学模式应用于中国煤田地质教育,重新设置了中国煤田地质教育的课程体系.

Galeaspids are an endemic clade of jawless stem-gnathostomes known as ostracoderms. Their existence illuminates how specific characteristics developed in jawed vertebrates. Sinogaleaspids are of particular interest among the galeaspids but their monophyly is controversial because little is known about Sinogaleaspis xikengensis . Newly discovered sinogaleaspids from the Lower Silurian of Jiangxi, China provide a wealth of data and diagnostic features used to establish the new genus, Rumporostralis gen. nov., for Sinogaleaspis xikengensis . A morphological study showed that the sensory canal system of sinogaleaspids had mosaic features similar to those of three known galeaspids. There are 3–8 pairs of transverse canals in the Sinogaleaspidae, which suggests that the sensory canal system of galeaspid probably had a grid distribution with transverse canals arranged throughout the cephalic division. Phylogenetic analysis of Galeaspida supports the monophyly of the Sinogaleaspidae, consisting of Sinogaleaspis , Rumporostralis, and Anjiaspis . However, Shuyu and Meishanaspis form another monophyletic group, Shuyuidae fam. nov., which is outside all other eugaleaspidiforms. We propose a cladistically-based classification of Galeaspida based on our analysis.

孤北地区煤系气产量丰富,储层类型多样,是济阳坳陷深层天然气较为富集的地区之一.基于碎屑岩粒度分析、岩心常规分析、连井剖面分析等方法,通过对孤北地区储层岩性特征与分布、孔隙度与渗透率、埋深、粒度中值以及煤系气聚集的地质基础等研究,利用济阳坳陷孤北地区孤北古1、孤北古2、孤北古3井等相关资料,阐述孤北地区储层物性特征.结果表明:孤北地区石炭-二叠系平均孔隙度为8.6％,平均渗透率为0.7×10-3μm2,为特低孔低渗型储层;主要储集层为二叠系上石盒子组奎山段、万山段、下石盒子组,山西组砂岩,其中奎山段储层最优.

本文描述了河北省唐山市丰润区寒武系芙蓉统江山阶长山组的锥石化石,鉴定为有柄琴状锥石(Barbitositheca ansatus Qian et Jiang,1980).化石保存为印模,轮廓及横肋特征清晰.其中一块标本保存有触手,是对该种特征的补充.目前的化石资料表明,寒武纪早期琴状锥石属主要分布在华南,寒武纪晚期分布范围扩大到华北,形态随时空发生一些变化,主要表现为华北标本角脊数量多于华南标本,并且前者每个角脊上都有一条触手.另外,研究发现寒武纪之后的锥石保存状态与寒武纪有所区别,可能反映了这类生物在不同时期内面临不同的生存压力.本文研究的寒武纪锥石为华北地区的首次发现,扩大了此类生物的时空分布.

文章对采自华北板块山东潍坊、河北唐山和辽宁大连的寒武系开腔骨类化石的新材料进行了研究,这些化石鉴定为Chancelloria属.辽宁大连地区的Chancelloria产自寒武系第二统第四阶馒头组下部的黄绿色页岩;山东潍坊地区的Chancelloria产自苗岭统乌溜阶馒头组上部的黄绿色页岩和鼓山阶张夏组的深灰色中厚层灰岩;河北唐山地区的Chancelloria产于芙蓉统江山阶长山组的薄层灰岩,该层位是目前Chancelloria属在中国产出的最高层位,也是全球的最高层位之一.这些来自华北寒武系第二统—芙蓉统的Chancelloria骨片与早期的骨片相比,展现出骨片形态趋于规则、基面从浑圆趋于平整、骨片整合度提升的特点,进一步印证了之前关于此类问题的研究结论.

华北地台东部寒武系张夏组地层岩性变化较大,盘车沟段是其中部一套碎屑岩发育的岩石地层单位.本文通过对鲁西东部地区13处盘车沟段发育的13条剖面进行研究,确定了其起始的精确生物地层位置,揭示了盘车沟段地层南厚北薄、顶底界面从南到北逐渐变新的变化规律,判断其发育受华北地台南升北降的构造运动的控制.同时,结合盘车沟段的古生物特征,判断盘车沟段代表了华北这一时期少见的台地边缘-陆棚环境,较准确地恢复了华北地台这一时期的古地理面貌.

Paleogene Huangxian Basin which lies in Eastern China contains deposits of many types of coal and shale associations. The sedimentary models of coal and shale associations are very important to explore the coal and shales. However, whether the transgression affected the lithofacies and geochemical characteristics of coal and shale in the Paleogene Huangxian Basin in eastern China has not been reported in detail, which is important to construct the sedimentary models. In this study, petrological and geochemical methods are used to comprehensively analyze the mineral composition, contents of major and trace elements, and distribution characteristics of geochemical parameters of coal and shale in Huangxian Basin. The results show that coal and shale have different macerals. The study of typical geochemical parameters (Mn/Ti, K2O/Na2O, Sr/Ba, and Th/U) shows that the no. 1 coal seam (CB1) and no. 4 coal seam (CB4) are least affected by seawater, while the no. 1-3 coal seam (CB1-3) is affected by seawater to some extent. Shale 1-3 (S1-3), shale 2 (S2), and shale 4 (S4) are affected by seawater, while shale 1 (S1) is little affected by seawater. In order to discuss the sedimentary model of coal and shale, the tectonic background, provenance, paleoclimate, and fault movement of Huangxian basin are analyzed. The results show that the basin is located at the continental island arc and the active continental margin. Transgression and tectonic movement affect the input of terrigenous debris. The paleoclimate during coal formation was warmer and wetter, while shale was cooler and drier. During basin subsidence, CB4-S4 and CB1-S2-S1 combinations were basically formed under the influence of transgression driven by paleoclimate change. The combination of S1-3 and CB1-3 was formed in a stable freshwater lacustrine environment, followed by transgression.