SnO2-based anodes offer a higher theoretical capacity than conventional graphite, positioning them as a promising alternative for lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, poor conductivity and substantial volume changes during cycling restrict their widespread implementation. We hypothesize that combining vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays (VACNTs), which serve as a conductive scaffold, with a citric-acid-derived carbon coating creates a dual‑carbon architecture that improves the cycling stability and charge transport of SnO2, thereby enhancing lithium storage performance. To verify this hypothesis, we employ a single-step interfacial functionalization strategy. This approach involves the in situ growth of SnO2 from a SnCl4·5H2O precursor on VACNTs, followed by in situ carbon coating using citric acid as the carbon source, ultimately constructing a dual‑carbon-structured SnO2/VACNTs@C composite. Within this structure, SnO2 nanoparticles are uniformly embedded in the VACNTs scaffold. This confined geometry effectively accommodates volume changes during lithiation/ delithiation, and the strong SnO2/VACNTs interfacial bonding enhances mechanical integrity and electrical conductivity. As a result, the SnO2/VACNTs@C anode demonstrates superior reversible capacity and rate performance compared to both pure SnO2 and uncoated SnO2/VACNTs electrodes. Compared with pristine SnO2, the material achieves a substantial improvement in lithium-ion diffusion coefficient. Paired with a LiFePO4 cathode in a full-cell configuration, it further delivers robust cycling stability, notable capacity retention, and competitive energy and power densities. This synthesis route offers a scalable method for the mass production of this high-performance composite.

Dynamic fluid-fluid and fluid-rock interactions commonly take place during subsurface reservoir exploitation, such as low-salinity water-flooding (LSWF) and carbon dioxide (CO2) enhanced oil recovery (EOR). A fundamental understanding of the two-phase flow behavior under conditions of dynamic interfacial interactions is essential to address these engineering issues. However, the multiphase flow with dynamic interfacial properties in different 3D realistic porous media remains insufficiently understood. For this study, we used a pore-scale LSWF model that integrates wettability alteration kinetics and dynamic interfacial tension (IFT) change to perform direct numerical simulations (DNSs) through the reconstructed digital rock model of sandstones. The sole impact of wettability alteration, IFT reduction, and their coupled influence on interfacial dynamics and displacement efficiency during tertiary LSWF is investigated, while pore structure measurements are incorporated to analyze their correlations with residual fluid saturation. Simulation results demonstrate that pore structure heterogeneity significantly influences trapped fluid redistribution and saturation. A lower wettability alteration degree is adequate for low-salinity water (LSW) to invade the vast majority of pores in samples with high porosity and large pore throat size. Increasing the wettability alteration degree promotes rich pore-filling dynamics, enabling LSW to penetrate more oil-saturated small pores. Concurrently, oil backflow and corner film flow become dominant, while pore systems with narrow throats and poor connectivity experience frequent fluid reentrapment events, resulting in a lower oil recovery factor. The residual oil saturation exhibits a positive correlation with tortuosity but only a weak linear correlation with aspect ratio. The high coordination number, reflecting global connectivity, effectively suppresses the negative effects of high aspect ratio under strong wettability alteration, reducing the residual trapping of nonwetting fluid. The IFT reduction enlarges the LSW swept region by decreasing the capillary resistance of narrow pores, which has a synergistic effect with low wettability alteration degree. However, this synergy progressively diminishes as the degree of alteration increases, due to weakened corner flow in swept pores. There exists an optimal combination between the IFT reduction and the wettability alteration degree that can optimize the benefits of LSWF.

In enhanced oil recovery and carbon sequestration processes, interfacial mass transfer involved in CO2 displacement plays a critical role. However, accurately characterizing and simulating such interfacial phenomena remains challenging due to the complex coupling between two-phase flow dynamics and phase behavior caused by gas component transport. This study introduces an improved single-field pore scale approach within the VOF-CST framework to model species dissolution and diffusion in CO2-oil two-phase flow. The presented method couples interfacial mass transfer through a source term in the governing equations and introduces an additional symmetric term to control the effective interface movement. The approach is validated by comparing the results to the analytical solution for pure gas dissolution in an immiscible gas-solvent system in a onedimensional tube. The first application case explores oil swelling during static diffusion in a micro PVT tube, demonstrating great agreement with the experimental results. Secondly, the formation and remobilization of dead-end oil clusters are considered, providing insights into CO2-EOR mechanisms during cyclic CO2 injection. Finally, we simulate CO2 injection in a complex 2D porous model. The fluid distribution evolution and effective mass exchange coefficients were examined and calculated. Results show that oil mobilization is primarily driven by drainage mechanisms, with significant flow diversion effect observed after breakthrough. This work presents a robust computational framework for investigating interface-dominated multiphase transport phenomena, with direct applications to enhanced oil recovery and geological carbon storage.

Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) has been a promising option for large-scale hydrogen storage. Gas-water interfacial tension (IFT) and gas solubility are important parameters affecting the flow and distribution of hydrogen in underground porous media. The IFT and solubility of hydrogen-water systems at temperatures ranging from 298.15 K to 373.15 K, pressures ranging from 2.76 MPa to 46.88 MPa, and salinities up to 4.95 mol/kg were investigated using molecular simulation methods. The IFT of hydrogen-water systems exhibits a negative correlation with temperature and pressure but a positive correlation with salinity. Hydrogen solubility exhibits a positive correlation with pressure while showing a negative correlation with temperature and salinity. Hence, the high salinity caprock has a higher hydrogen-water IFT and lower hydrogen solubility, which is favorable for UHS projects. Cushion gas is used to maintain formation pressure and meanwhile mixed with hydrogen gas and diffused with each other. The effects of three different cushion gas types, including N2, CO2 and CH4, and various cushion gas contents on the IFT and solubility of hydrogen-cushion gas-water systems were also investigated. Contrasting these three cushion gases, N2 and CH4 affect the IFT and solubility of hydrogen-cushion gas-water systems to a similar extent. In particular, CO2 exhibits a propensity for interfacial accumulation, and can greatly reduce the gas-water IFT and has a high solubility. CO2 is an excellent cushion gas, which is not only conducive to the solubility trapping of CO2, but also forms a barrier at the gas-water interface and reduces the hydrogen loss by dissolution. This study focuses on revealing the influence of cushion gas on the two-phase system of UHS and clarifying the underlying mechanisms. Thus, it contributes to the selection of target formations and cushion gas types for UHS.

Multi-component gas-liquid transport in porous media is essential for numerous engineering applications, yet the intricate interplay between fluid property evolution and pore-scale dynamics requires further investigation. To investigate these interactions, an improved Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) approach featuring a capillary force filter and a concentration-dependent viscosity model was employed. Multi-component gas mixtures were injected into homogeneous and heterogeneous models to quantify how dissolution-induced viscosity reduction and pore structure govern displacement efficiency. The results reveal that pure COQ injection achieves the highest sweep efficiency because dissolved COQ reduces oil viscosity by up to 35%, which effectively stabilizes the displacement front and improves the oil mobility. The sweeping range is further enhanced under supercritical conditions, where increased gas density and reduced interfacial tension significantly lower the capillary entry resistance. Moreover, the frequency of pore-scale snap-off events is found to be governed by a modified local capillary number that couples the dynamic viscosity ratio. A positive correlation is established between the local capillary number and the volume ratio of disconnected bubbles, providing a basic understanding for gas trapping across different fluid states and compositions. In heterogeneous porous model, however, the flow path development is primarily controlled by the capillary entry thresholds. The effect of fluid properties is limited while dissolution-induced viscosity reduction is the direct contributor that fundamentally changes the displacement process in complex structures. This investigation provides an integrated perspective on how multi-component fluid properties and structural heterogeneity synergistically dictate gas-driven oil recovery and transport behavior.

Developing sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) as alternatives to lithium-ion battery systems presents significant challenges, particularly in creating efficient anode materials due to the larger ionic radius of sodium. A novel synthesis strategy utilizing pre-oxidation and high-temperature carbonization is developed to obtain pre-oxidized pitch-based hard carbon (OPHC), further enhancing SIB anode performance. This method increases the layer spacing and integrates oxygen-containing functional groups, significantly modifying the carbon structure of the pitch. These modifications enhance reversible Na+ adsorption and increase active site availability for Na+ storage, which is crucial for battery performance. OPHC derived from pre-oxidation at 300 degrees C and carbonization at 1200 degrees C (OPHC-300-1200) exhibits a reversible Na+ storage capacity of 333.7 mAh/g at 50 mA g- 1 and maintains 121.3 mAh/g after 500 cycles at 1 A g-1, demonstrating superior rate capability and cycling stability. The assembled OPHC-300-1200//Na3V2(PO4)3 full cell also achieves high energy and power densities (159.6 Wh kg- 1 at 994 W kg-1). CASTEP simulations further confirm enhanced material conductivity due to a reduced band gap. These findings improve understanding of structural effects on SIB performance and suggest a practical method for developing robust anode materials, marking a significant advance towards sustainable energy storage.

Heteroatom-doped porous carbon exhibit promising potential as supercapacitor electrodes, but the tradeoff between specific surface area (SSA) and heteroatom-doped level limits its excellent performance. In this work, the activation coupled with doping strategy to synthesize the pitch-based porous carbon (PPC). Different from single activation method to prepare microporous carbon, the PPC prepared by the coupling method has a hierarchical porous structure and high SSA (2020 m2/g). Melamine acts as a self-sacrificing template, simultaneously realizing N and O dopings and cooperating with KOH to form hierarchical micro-mesopores, which enhance outstanding hydrophilicity. Attributed to the synergistic effect of activation mechanism and doping, PPC shows compatibility of different electrolyte systems and excellent high loading characteristics (220 F/g at 10 mg cm- 2). In addition, the capacitance fluctuation is very small in extreme cases (0 to-40 degrees C), reflecting the excellent low-temperature performance. Therefore, the porous carbon prepared by the coupling method has a good micro-mesoporous structure and excellent electrochemical properties, which provides a new perspective for the high value-added utilization of low-cost pitch in supercapacitors.

SiOx is a high-potential candidate material for silicon (Si) derived anodes, owing to its high specific capacity and commendable cycling performance. However, the irreversible formation of phases during lithiation results in low Initial Coulombic Efficiency (ICE). In this work, the Si/C composite (Si@FC) with a fluorine (F) -doped bilayer structure is synthesized via "Vapor-Phase Fluorination" using Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a source of fluorine and carbon. The hydrogen fluoride gas generated from the high-temperature pyrolysis of PTFE effectively etches away the oxygen-containing coating on the surface of the Si particles. By optimizing the oxygen content in Si oxide, the issue of low ICE associated with Si oxide can be effectively addressed. Consequently, the Si@FC anode achieves an ICE of 46.70 %, representing a 20 % improvement over that of raw Si. Furthermore, a composite material designated as Si@FC@G, which comprises 10 wt% Si@FC and 90 wt% graphite matrix is prepared through ball milling. After 200 cycles at 0.2 A g(-1), Si@FC@G maintains a reversible capacity of 409 mAh g(-1), demonstrating a high capacity retention of 91.32 %. The exceptional performance of these composite materials arises from the precise regulation of oxygen content, the distinctive double-layer structure, and the incorporation of F atoms. Additionally, interactions between Li+ on the surface of SiOx and F groups facilitate the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase enriched with LiF. This innovative design effectively addresses the fundamental issue related to low ICE in SiOx while providing a viable strategy for the large-scale development of high-stability Si-based anodes.

Petroleum asphalt, featuring abundant resources, good structural stability and low cost, presents great potential as a precursor for high-value added materials. However, the ordered carbon layer structure and few surface defects in direct carbonized asphalt leads to poor Na+ storage capacity and rate performance. Herein, we develop a novel dual chemical modification strategy combining HNO3 oxidation and MgSO4 template liquid phase oxidized-formwork asphalt hard carbon (LOAHC@MgSO4) with excellent Na+ storage property. The C=O groups and MgSO4 template effectively inhibit the growth of carbon layer, promote the transformation of asphalt hard carbon material into disordered low-graphitized structure and open-closed pores. The LOAHC@MgSO4 capacity is 318.5 mAh g-1 at 10 mA g-1, and maintains 192 mAh g-1 after 250 cycles at 100 mA g-1 (85.4 % capacity retention), demonstrating excellent rate and cycle performance. Furthermore, the assembled full cell exhibits a capacity retention rate of 94.5 % and 75 % at 150 and 600 mA g-1 after 100 and 400 cycles, respectively. The full cell constructed with NVP (Na3V2(PO4)3) cathode and LOAHC@MgSO4 anode, delivers an energy density of 172.8 Wh kg-1 at 2130 W kg-1 based on total mass of both electrodes. This work converts petroleum asphalt into a potential low-cost and efficient anode material for sodium-ion batteries, achieving high value-added utilization of petroleum asphalt.

Brain disorders pose a significant global health burden, underscoring the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies. Conventional treatments are often hindered by poor drug penetration, systemic side effects, and the complex biological barriers of the central nervous system. In recent years, micro/nanorobots (MNRs) have emerged as promising platforms to overcome these limitations. Operating at the micro- to nanoscale, MNRs can accomplish targeted biomedical tasks through self-propulsion (chemical or biohybrid) or external actuation (acoustic, optical, electric, or magnetic), thus enabling unprecedented precision in therapeutic delivery. This review systematically outlines the challenges in treating brain disorders, including major disease categories and barriers affecting therapeutic efficacy, and highlights emerging strategies addressing these obstacles. The principles of MNR propulsion and spotlight recent advances in applying MNRs is further summarized for brain disorder therapies, with special emphasis on the crucial roles of image guidance and real-time tracking in facilitating clinical translation. Finally, it discusses challenges and provides perspectives on future directions. Overall, the rapid development of MNRs holds transformative potential to reshape therapeutic paradigms and accelerate clinical translation for advanced brain disorder treatments.

Fabricating suitable porous carbon materials that are simultaneously applied in various electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems including supercapacitors (SCs) and lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) has an important significance in meeting the increasing demands in high energy density, high power density along with ultra-long life. Herein, cubic hierarchical porous carbon (CHPC) with abundant micro-mesoporous structures and moderate S, N co-doped atoms has been rationally designed by using MgO cubes as the templates and waste tire pyrolysis oil (WTPO) as carbon source and dopant. Attributed to the unique microstructures, the CHPC materials have been successfully utilized in different EES systems. In the aqueous electrolyte system, the assembled CHPC2//CHPC-2 with 2 mg cm-- 2 delivered high specific capacitance of 199.0 at 1 A/g, along with 98.5 % capacity retention rate for 20,000 cycles at 6 A/g. Even at high mass loading of 12 mg cm-- 2 , CHPC-12//CHPC-12 still can deliver high gravimetric and areal capacitances of 187.0 F g- 1 and 2.24 F cm-- 2 at 10 A/g, showing an excellent high-loading performance. Even under extreme conditions of-40 and 60 degrees C, the assembled SCs still can deliver an ultrahigh capacity retention rate of 97.9 % and 100 % at 10 A/g for 2000 and 8000 cycles, respectively. In addition, the symmetric CHPC//CHPC LICs also have been assembled and displayed a maximal energy density of 133.5 Wh Kg-1 at 1178.2 W Kg-1 . This work provides new insight into the high-value utilization of WTPO for prepared porous carbon with excellent electrochemical performance in various EES systems.

Constructing high-loading (>10 mg/cm(2)) carbon-based electrode materials is an effective way to simultaneously boost the gravimetric/volumetric energy density and power density of capacitors. However, porous carbon materials usually have high defect structures, low compaction density, and low graphitization degree, which severely hinder their electron/ion transport rates at high mass loading, thereby deteriorating the electrochemical performance. Thus, we first propose to construct short-range ordered porous carbon materials with high compaction density to enhance the detailed electrochemical performance without affecting the electron/ion transport rates. Herein, S, N codoped porous carbon (3SN-NAC-800) with a large specific surface area, high compaction density, and abundant short-range ordered structures was prepared by the confined-region activation method, in which needle coke was used as precursor, thiourea as the dopant, and KOH as the activator under 10 MPa pressure. The 3SN-NAC-800 electrode with 4 mg/cm(2) exhibits high capacities of 267.2 and 229.7 F/g under 2 and 50 A/g, respectively, and 92.9% capacitance retention for 20,000 cycles. When the mass loading was increased to 8, 12, and 14 mg/cm(2), it still exhibited high capacities of 260.4, 257.5, and 250.4 F/g at 2 A/g, respectively. Besides, the electrode with 12 mg/cm(2) shows high gravimetric and areal capacitance values of 197.3 F/g and 2367.12 mF/cm(2) at 40 A/g, respectively, as well as 90.98% capacity retention for 20,000 cycles, showing excellent rate capability and cycling stability. Furthermore, it exhibits a maximum energy density of 0.11 mWh/cm(2) at 2.97 mW/cm(2), and a maximum power density of 87.6 mW/cm(2) at 0.044 mWh/cm(2). This work demonstrates an efficient strategy to prepare short-range ordered porous carbon materials for high-mass-loading capacitors.

Low-salinity waterflooding (LSW) is an environmentally friendly and economically feasible technology that enhances oil recovery by controlling ionic composition or brine salinity. The recovery efficiency of this technique is strongly affected by the rock pore structure. that governs the flow behavior of the injected brine. However, existing experimental studies elaborating on the relationship between pore structure and LSW performance in carbonates remain scarce. To address this gap, three carbonate plugs with different pore structures were displaced sequentially with synthetic high and low-salinity brine under the capillary-dominated flow regime. High-resolution micro-computed tomography (CT) was used to obtain 3D images of different displacement stages, visualizing the fluid distribution. After image processing and contact angle calculation, it was found that the primary mechanism for enhanced recovery was wettability alter- ation, transitioning from oil-wet to weakly oil-wet. Significant differences were observed among the three samples. Sample 1 showed the highest additional recovery (22.2%), followed by Sample 2 (11.2%), and the lowest was Sample 3 (4.5%). Despite Sample 1 and Sample 3 having similar and narrow pore size distributions, they exhibited different fluid behaviors during LSW: In Sample 1, oil was mainly dis- placed from medium-sized pores, whereas in Sample 3, small pores were the main target for brine. The large coordination number likely enhanced the relative permeability of the high-salinity brine. The low-salinity brine followed the pathway formed by the high-salinity brine, affecting the LSW performance. This work provides novel insights into how pore structure affects oil recovery by comparing the response of multiple carbonate samples to LSW.

It is challenging to realize excellent overall properties of relaxor ferroelectrics to overcome the demands of capacitors. In this research, an effective strategy of entropy engineering addresses the above problem. The (1-x) Na 0.35 Bi 0.35 Sr 0.3 TiO 3- x Ca 0.85 Sm 0.1 (Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 (NBST-xCSMN) ceramics were prepared via a solid-phase reaction method. The linear dielectric CSMN was adopted as additive to adjust the configuration entropy ( Delta S config ) of samples. The outcomes indicate that the enhancement of Delta S config is beneficial to reduce grain size and interfacial polarization, improve activation energy and optimize dielectric features. The superior energy storage capability ( W rec = 5.2 J/cm3, = 88 %) as well as dielectric temperature reliability (Delta C/C25 degrees C <= +/- 15 %,- 57-323 degrees C) in accordance with X9R was gained in NBST-0.15CSMN with Delta S config = 1.91R. This study indicates that entropy engineering is a shortcut to design next-generation capacitors with high comprehensive performance.

Integrating silicon (Si) nanoparticles with carbonous materials has been regarded as an effective strategy to suppress the serious volume expansion and poor electrical conductivity of the Si anode in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, the Si/C composite coated with a S,N-codoped graphene layer (Si@SNG) has been prepared via a facile and easily scale-up strategy that combines the vertical fluidized-bed-derived chemical vapor deposition in which the lightweight waste tire pyrolysis oil with high S content and pyridine is utilized as carbon source and dopants. The introduction of S,N-codoped graphene layer and graphite matrix can effectively increase Li+ storage room and conductivity, while buffering the volume expansion of pure Si. As result, the Si@SNG anode delivers a high initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 86.91%, large specific capacity of 2446 mAh g(-1) at 0.3 A g(-1) and 90.3% capacity retention rate for 600 cycles within 0.01-1 V. In addition, the Si@SNG@G-P composite containing Si@SNG (10 wt %) and graphite matrix (90 wt %) has been prepared by ball milling and liquid-phase coating. As the anode, Si@SNG@G-P exhibits a high specific capacity of 695 mAh g(-1) at 0.05 A g(-1) coupled with 94.6% capacity retention rate for 500 cycles within 0.01-2 V. Moreover, the full cell assembled by Si@SNG@G-P anode and LiFePO4 cathode shows a high specific capacity of 157.7 and 128 mAh g(-1) at 0.2 and 4 C, 93.1% capacity retention for 200 cycles along with a high energy density of 257.3 Wh kg(-1). Therefore, this work offers a low-cost and high-efficiency preparation strategy for obtaining Si-based materials with outstanding electrochemical performance in LIBs.

Protic ionic liquids (PILs) are emerging as a new class of sustainable and efficient solvents for CO2 capture, requiring a fundamental understanding of their properties for their optimal design. To obtain a molecular-level understanding of the mechanism behind CO2 absorption in this class of absorbents, we selected four novel and high-efficient PILs prepared from superbase 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) and 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]-5-nonene (DBN) as cations, with imidazole (Im) and pyrazole (Pyr) as anions. Density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to quantify their interactions and reaction mechanisms as well as the dynamics of the CO2 absorption process. Results indicate that CO2 primarily interacts with the anions of PILs through van der Waals forces, while the cations and anions of PILs mainly engage in strong hydrogen-bonding interactions. Additionally, the anions primarily serve as the absorption reaction sites for CO2, with their molecule centers of mass being the closest. Meanwhile, reaction with CO2 requires overcoming a relatively low energy barrier (i.e., similar to 35-40 kJmol(-1)), making them more favorable for regeneration than benchmark solvents. Notably, MD simulations have also shown that CO2 molecules are preferentially accumulating at the gas/PILs interfaces and that chemisorption is leading the CO2 capture at low pressures in these PILs. Among the studied systems [DBUH][Pyr] is the most reacting system with CO2, while [DBUH][Pyr] shows the lower regeneration energy. The findings would shed more light on understanding and designing PILs for CO2 capture.

Hard carbon (HC) materials with rich closed pore structures and nano-scaled soft carbon coating layer have emerged as promising anode in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, it still remains a tremendous challenge to precisely regulate closed pore structures and soft carbon coating thicknesses for achieving excellent electrochemical performance in SIBs at low-voltage platforms. Herein, PCHC-10 with abundant and suitable-sized closed pore size (0.45 nm) and nano-scaled soft carbon coating layer has been accurately designed by chemical crosslink reaction between the pre-oxidized phenolic resin and a small addition of pitch to form ester-based bond. As anode, PCHC-10 delivered large reversible capacity of 359.8 mAh g-1 within 0.001-2.5 V, and high capacity of 242.8 mAh g-1 in low voltage platforms (<= 0.15 V). Besides, PCHC-10 anode exhibits 91.4% capacity retention for 100 cycles, and Na3V2(PO4)3//PCHC-10 full cell has superior rate performance and high energy density of 231.2 Wh kg-1. Furthermore, the detailed electrochemical storage behaviors and theoretical calculations revealed that the HC owning closed pore-size of 0.45 nm has the strongest Na+ storage abilities in low-voltage platforms. This work presents a novel insight for constructing HC with suitable-sized closed pore structures and soft coating layer to boost Na+ storage capability in low-voltage platforms. Hard carbon with abundant ester-based bond, suitable-sized closed pore size (0.45 nm), and nano-scaled soft carbon coating layer is precisely prepared by chemical crosslink reaction between pre-oxidized phenolic resin and small addition of pitch. As sodium-ion battery anode, it delivered large capacity of 242.8 mAh g-1 at low-voltage plateau region below 0.15 V, significantly higher than that of pure hard carbon. image

Carbon coating is an effective strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of Si-based anode, where the atomic structure and the electrical conductivity of carbon layers play a critical role. Herein, the preparation of Si nanoparticles encapsulated by heteroatom-doped spinous graphene is derived from the nanoparticle-fluidization technology. The stable fluidization investigated by the computational fluid dynamics simulations delivers the high efficiency of heat and mass transfers for the reaction system, beneficial to the robust growth of spinous graphene and the homogeneous doping modification. The conductive network provided by the interconnected spinous graphene greatly improves the electrical conductivity of electrode. The facilitated Li+ diffusion and the reduced band gap based on the density functional theory calculation illuminate the mechanism of the improvement in electrochemical performance contributed by the incorporation of heteroatom into graphene. Excellent battery performances with respect to capacity retention, rate capability, and energy density are afforded by LFP//Si@NG and LFP//Si@SG full cells, respectively. This work not only develops a facile method to synthesize the spinous graphene-encapsulated Si composite but also demonstrates the positive contribution of doping modification to improve the electrochemical performance of Si anode.