Skin is the largest organ in the human body and requires proper dressing to facilitate healing after an injury. Wounds on movable parts, such as the elbow, knee, wrist, and neck, usually undergo delayed and inefficient healing due to frequent movements. To better accommodate movable wounds, a variety of functional hydrogels have been successfully developed and used as flexible wound dressings. On the one hand, the mechanical properties, such as adhesion, stretchability, and self-healing, make these hydrogels suitable for mobile wounds and promote the healing process; on the other hand, the bioactivities, such as antibacterial and antioxidant performance, could further accelerate the wound healing process. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in hydrogel-based movable wound dressings and propose the challenges and perspectives of such dressings.

Equipped with surface -enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect and magnetic manipulation capacity, a new paradigm of recyclable SERS substrates based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) @SiO2@PEI-DTC adhesive layer @Au-Ag alloy quantum dots (QDs) were successfully prepared via engineering hydrothermal and seed deposition techniques. The SERS performance and uniformity of those substrates with different gold -silver (Au-Ag) weight ratios were evaluated by 4-aminothiophenol (4 -ATP) molecules, revealing that the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of all substrates were less than 12 %, with the optimal SERS substrate achieving an enhancement factor (EF) of up to 1.39 x 105. This phenomenon can be attributed to the magnetic core and plasmonic resonance properties of Au-Ag alloy QDs, which result in abundant interparticle hotspots in the Fe3O4@SiO2@PEI- DTC@Au-Ag (FSPAA) nanocomposites. Furthermore, the optimal FSPAA nanocomposite was employed as a SERS substrate for rapid non-destructive detection of thiram on fruit surfaces. The SERS signal intensity exhibited a robust manifesting a linear association with thiram concentration within the span of 1 x 10-4 to 1 x 10-9 M, and the minimal detectable concentration was 1.04 x 10-10 M. The FSPAA core-shell nanocomposites exhibit high reusability and reliability and hold great promise for the practical applications in on -site assessment of food/ environmental safety, as well as in spectroscopic identification of molecules adsorbed onto fruit surfaces.

Chemical doping is a critical factor in the development of new superconductors or optimizing the superconducting transition temperature (Tc) of the parent superconducting materials. Herein, a new simple urea approach is developed to synthesize the N-doped alfa-Mo2C. Benefiting from the simple urea method, a broad superconducting dome is found in the Mo2C1-xNx compositions. XRD results show that the structure of alfa-Mo2C remains unchanged and that there is a variation of lattice parameters with nitrogen doping. Resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, and heat capacity measurement results confirm that the superconducting transition temperature (Tc) was strongly increased from 2.68 K (x = 0) to 7.05 K (x = 0.49). First-principles calculations and our analysis indicate that increasing nitrogen doping leads to a rise in the density of states at the Fermi level and doping-induced phonon softening, which enhances electron-phonon coupling. This results in an increase in Tc and a sharp rise in the upper critical field. Our findings provide a promising strategy for fabricating transition metal carbonitrides and provide a material platform for further study of the superconductivity of transition metal carbides.

A novel naphthalimide-appended salamo-type fluorescence sensor (E)-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde O-(2((((E)-1-(3-(1,3-dioxo-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2(3H)-yl)-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethylidene)amino)oxy)ethyl) oxime (H2L) for continuous identification of copper(II) and cyanide ions was constructed. The sensor H2L exhibited relatively high selectivity for Cu2+ in a 1:1 stoichiometric manner, and the increase of Cu2+ led to quenching of blue fluorescence, with a minimum detection limit of 9.37 x 10-9 M. In addition, the complex generated by the sensor H2L with Cu2+ could in situ recognize CN-, the L-Cu2+ complex coordinates with CN- in a 1:1 stoichiometric manner and exhibits high selectivity, and the addition of CN- results in enhanced blue fluorescence. The time response and pH effect tests demonstrated the advantages of H2L such as fast response for the continuum recognition of Cu2+ with CN- and wide pH test range. Based on the above results, an attempt was made to determine Cu2+ with CN- in spiked environmental water samples with good recoveries.

Hyperglycemia provides a favorable breeding ground for bacteria, resulting in repeated and persistent inflammation of wounds and prolonged healing processes. In this study, platinum (Pt) nanoparticles (NPs) and glucose oxidase (GOx) were decorated on the surface of camelina lipid droplets (OB) linked with hFGF2, forming PGOB through in situ reduction of Pt ions and electrostatic adsorption, respectively. PGOB exhibits cascade enzyme catalytic activity, which can be activated by glucose in diabetic wound tissues. Specifically, GOx on PGOB catalyzes glucose into hydrogen peroxide, which can further decompose into hydroxyl radicals that have higher toxicity for bacterial inactivation. Additionally, glucose decomposition creates a low pH microenvironment, facilitating the cascade catalytic activity that ensures better bacterial suppression within the wound tissues. Furthermore, hFGF2 promotes the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments confirm that PGOB effectively accelerates wound healing processes through bacteria inactivation and tissue regeneration. This study has developed an alternative strategy for glucose-triggered synergistic cascade therapy for diabetic wounds.

Combination therapy has emerged as a promising approach for effective tumor treatment. However, the combination of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and hypoxia‐activated prodrugs (HAPs) has not been explored due to the contradictory requirement of oxygen (O 2 ) for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and the necessity to avoid O 2 for the activation of HAPs. In this study, this challenge is addressed by developing BiOCl‐Au‐Ag 2 S Z‐scheme heterostructure nanoparticles loaded with tirapazamine (TPZ) to achieve O 2 ‐independent therapy. These nanoparticles demonstrate efficient electron–hole separation under ultrasound irradiation while maintaining a high redox potential. The generated holes react with water to efficiently produce hydroxyl radicals, while the electrons autonomously activate TPZ, negating the need for O 2 . In vitro and in vivo assessments validate the effective tumor elimination by these Z‐scheme nanoparticles without disrupting the hypoxic environment. This innovative design overcomes the limitations associated with O 2 requirement in SDT and introduces a novel strategy for HAP activation and synergistic therapy between ROS and HAPs‐based therapy.

Bacterial infection wounds are common in life. At present, although various wound materials have shown antibacterial activity, there is a lack of overall strategy to promote wound healing. Therefore, it is necessary to develop multifunctional wound materials. In this study, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) modified camelina oil bodies (OB) which surface covalently bonded human fibroblast growth factor 2 (Ag NPs-hFGF2-OB) were designed for the treatment of bacterial infection wounds. The prepared Ag NPs-hFGF2-OB not only act as an antibacterial agent to realize sterilization, but also act as a tissue repair agent that effectively promotes wound healing. Ag+ was reduced in situ to Ag NPs by ascorbic acid, and the activity of hFGF2 protein was not affected after hFGF2-OB was modified by Ag NPs, which displaying broad apectrum antibacterial ability for both S. aureus and E. coli, with an antibacterial rate of more than 70 % (the concentration of Ag NPs was 20 μg/mL, the hFGF2 protein concentration was 20 µg/mL). Ag NPs-hFGF2-OB can effectively promote the migration of NIH/3T3 cells, showing good biocompatibility. The mouse bacterial infection wound model experiments proved that the wound healing rate of Ag NPs-hFGF2-OB group (the concentration of Ag NPs was 20 μg/mL, the hFGF2 protein concentration was 20 µg/mL) was much higher than other treatment groups, especially on the 7th day after treatment, the wound healing rate reached 71.71 ± 2.38 %, while the healing rate of other treatment groups were only 34.54 ± 1.10 %, 37.08 ± 2.85 % and 47.99 ± 2.01 %. Therefore, Ag NPs-hFGF2-OB, which can inhibit bacterial growth, promotes collagen deposition, granulation tissue regeneration and angiogenesis without any significant toxicity, shows good potential for application in the repair of bacterial infection wounds.

Photoactivated immunotherapy has promising therapeutic efficacy for treating malignancies, especially metastatic tumors. In this study, an erythrocyte membrane-encapsulated copper indium selenium (RCIS) semiconductor nanomaterial was developed to eliminate primary and metastatic tumors, in which copper ions can induce chemodynamic performance, and the narrow band gap endows RCIS with the properties of near-infrared (NIR) light-activated photothermal and photodynamic amplified immunotherapy. Furthermore, RCIS can be used as a nanocarrier to form RNCIS nanoparticles (NPs) by loading NLG919, which blocks the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1. Under NIR light irradiation, RNCIS NPs release NLG919 at tumor sites via photothermal properties, thereby promoting the recruitment of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and M1 polarization of macrophages, targeting the activation and amplification of immune responses. Herein, in vitro and in vivo studies showed that RNCIS NPs effectively kill cancer cells and eliminate primary and metastatic tumors. Therefore, this study suggests that semiconductor nanomaterials with narrow bandgaps have great potential as photoimmunotherapy agents and NIR light-responsive nanocarriers for controlled release, providing a great paradigm for synergetic tumor photoimmunotherapy.

An H2O2-activated, endoplasmic reticulum-targeted theranostic probe was developed. This designed probe could be activated by H2O2, resulting in increased NIR fluorescence and photothermal signals, thus achieving specific recognition of H2O2 and further photothermal therapy in the endoplasmic reticulum of H2O2-overexpressing cancer cells.

Solar-driven interfacial water evaporation can be exploited for freshwater generation with clean and pollution -free characteristics. The transport of water molecules from bulk water to the surface of the absorber is a key factor for efficient water evaporation. Herein, an oil body (OB), a spherical organelle extracted from safflower seeds, was used as supporting materials due to its low density and hydrophilic surface. After in situ polymeri-zation of polypyrrole (PPy) in the interior of OB, an OB-PPy absorber with excellent photothermal performance and water transporting ability was obtained. When adding OB-PPy into sewage or seawater, it shows higher water evaporation rate and freshwater collection capabilities than PPy alone. The highest evaporation rate (2.11 kg m-2 h-1) and evaporation efficiency (92.02 %) can be obtained in OB-PPy containing rainwater. The fresh-water collection rate can reach 1.38 kg m-2 h-1 when using a homemade freshwater collection device. Moreover, OB-PPy exhibits long term stability and reusability. Interestingly, we have found that OB-PPy lyophilized powder could absorb atmospheric water and produce freshwater from humid air. Therefore, OB-PPy holds great potential for solving the problem of freshwater resource shortage.

Bacterial infection can lead to chronic non-healing wounds and serious tissue damage. The wound healing process could be accelerated through bacterial inactivation using some semiconductor nanomaterials with the irradiation of light. Herein, we develop sunlight triggered bismuth telluride-bismuth oxychloride heterostructure nanosheets as antibacterial agents for promoting wound healing, in which bismuth telluride can effectively narrow the bandgap of bismuth oxychloride, resulting in more sunlight absorption and higher antibacterial activity. In fact, the bandgap of bismuth oxychloride has been narrowed from 3.25 eV to 2.37 eV as proved by ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. With simulated sunlight irradiation, bismuth telluride-bismuth oxychloride nanosheets could effectively produce reactive oxygen species and inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In vivo experiments further confirmed the excellent wound healing capability of bismuth telluride-bismuth oxychloride nanosheets. This work may provide a facile strategy for designing sunlight triggered bacterial inactivation agents.

Rapid wound closure and bacterial inactivation are effective strategies to promote wound healing. Herein, a versatile nanoglue, bismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6)-silver sulfide (Ag2S) direct Z-scheme heterostructure nanoparticles (BWOA NPs), was designed to accelerate wound healing. BWOA NPs' hollow structure and rough surface could effectively close wound tissues acting as a barrier between external bacteria and the wound. More importantly, the unique Z-scheme heterostructure endows BWOA NPs with an effective electron and hole separating ability with potent redox potential, where electrons and holes could effectively react with water and oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species, leading to a higher antibacterial activity against both endogenous and external bacteria at the wound site. A series of in vitro and in vivo biological assessments demonstrated that BWOA NPs could rapidly close wounds and promote wound healing. With sunlight irradiation, the inhibiting rates of BWOA NPs against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are 61.62 ± 2.85 and 73.40 ± 3.28%, respectively. Also, the wound healing rate in BWOA NP-treated mice is 25.90 ± 5.85% higher than PBS. This design provides a new effective strategy to promote bacterial inactivation and accelerate wound healing.

Herein, we developed a paper-based smart sensing chip for the real-time, visual, and non-destructive monitoring of food freshness using a ratiometric aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogen (i.e., H+MQ, protonated 4-(triphenylamine)styryl)quinoxalin-2(1H)-one) as pH sensitive indicators. Upon exposure to amine vapors, the deprotonation of H+MQ occurs and triggers its color change from blue to yellow, with the fluorescence redshift from blue to amaranth. Consequently, we successfully achieved the sensitive detection of ammonia vapors by recording the bimodal color and fluorescence changes. Given the high sensitivity of H+MQ to ammonia vapor, a paper-based smart sensor chip was prepared by depositing H+MQ on the commercial qualitative filter paper through a physical deposition strategy. After being placed inside the sealed containers, the developed H+MQ-loaded paper chip was applied to the real-time monitoring of biogenic amine contents according to its color difference and ratio fluorescence change. The detection results were further compared with those obtained by the high-performance liquid chromatography method, which verified the feasibility of the designed paper chip for the food spoilage degree evaluation. Briefly, this work indicates that the designed H+MQ-loaded paper chip could be a promising approach for improving food freshness monitoring.

Environmental pollution and various diseases seriously affect the health of human beings. Photocatalytic nanomaterials (NMs) have been used for degrading pollution for a long time. However, the biomedical applications of photocatalytic NMs have only recently been investigated. As a typical photocatalytic NM, bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) exhibits excellent photocatalytic performance due to its unique layered structure, electronic properties, optical properties, good photocatalytic activity, and stability. Some environmental pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds, antibiotics and their derivatives, heavy metal ions, pesticides, and microorganisms, could not only be detected but also be degraded by BiOCl-based NMs due to their excellent photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical properties. In particular, BiOCl-based NMs have been used as theranostic platforms because of their CT and photoacoustic imaging abilities, as well as photodynamic and photothermal performances. However, some reviews have only profiled the applications of dye degradation, hydrogen or oxygen production, carbon dioxide reduction, or nitrogen fixation of BiOCl NMs. There is a notable knowledge gap regarding the systematic study of the relationship between BiOCl NMs and human health, especially the biomedical applications of BiOCl-based NMs. As a result, in this review, the recent progress of BiOCl-based photocatalytic degradation and biomedical applications are summarized, and the improvement of BiOCl-based NMs in environmental and healthcare fields are also discussed. Finally, a few insights into the current status and future perspectives of BiOCl-based NMs are given.

Abstract Nanocrystalline BiFeO3 thin films were synthesized on single crystal SrTiO3(100) substrate by the magnetron sputtering method at a mixture of Ar/O2 gas discharge, structure and morphology were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The miscut angle of 4° and 8° for substrate and the effect of deposition temperature of 650 °C, 700 °C, 750 °C and 800 °C were discussed, respectively. The other two different crystal orientations substrates of SrTiO3(110) and SrTiO3(111), different miscut angles substrate SrTiO3(100) were selected to characterize orientation growth of BiFeO3 thin films. The results showed single phase nanocrystalline BiFeO3 thin films were synthesized at 700 °C–800 °C. The best crystallinity of BiFeO3 thin films was obtained at 750 °C with the grain size of 50 nm approximately. Via optimizing controllable orientation growth through varing the miscut angle, the orientation of the film sample can be regulated by the crystal orientation of different substrates, further proved that possessed different electric domain directions with change of miscut angle for substrate.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy has been dramatically limited by the insufficient oxygen (O2 ) level in hypoxic tumors. Although various PDT nanosystems have been designed to deliver or produce O2 in support of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, the feature of asynchronous O2 generation and ROS formation still results in the low PDT efficacy. Herein, thylakoid membranes (TM) of chloroplasts is decorated on upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) to form UCTM NPs, aiming at realizing spatiotemporally synchronous O2 self-supply and ROS production. Upon 980 nm laser irradiation, UC NPs can emit the red light to activate both photosystem-I and photosystem-II of TM, the Z-scheme electronic structure of which facilitates water to produce O2 and further to singlet oxygen (1 O2 ). UCTM NPs showed excellent biocompatibility, and can effectively remove the hypoxic tumor of mice upon 980 nm laser irradiation. This study develops a new PDT strategy for hypoxic tumor therapy based on photosynthesis.

Due to the unique layered structures and narrow bandgap, bismuth oxyiodide has become a new photocatalyst with high efficacy. Herein, a series of bismuth oxyiodide with different atomic ratio of Bi:I have been successfully synthesized via hydrothermal methods through simply changing the ratio of Bi and I raw materials, and the composition, optical property, and photocatalytic performance behaviors were investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns, scanning electron microscope images, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra, and ultraviolet-visible spectra analysis confirmed the as-prepared bismuth oxyiodides were Bi7O9I3, Bi3O5I2, and BiOI microspheres with different sizes and bandgaps, which decreased with increased ratios of Bi:I. Due to the larger specific surface areas and the narrower bandgap, Bi(7)O(9)I(3)can produce more superoxide under simulated sunlight irradiation than Bi(3)O(5)I(2)and BiOI microspheres. Photocatalytic dye degradation test showed that Bi(7)O(9)I(3)presented the best photocatalytic performance, followed by Bi(3)O(5)I(2)and BiOI.

Iron oxide (Fe₂O₃)-titanium dioxide (TiO₂) heterostructure nanocomposite has been used for contaminant decomposition and antibacterial application. However, both the photogenerated electrons and holes of TiO₂ may transfer to Fe₂O₃ due to straddling band alignment in type-I heterostructure, which is not helpful to more efficiently inhibit the electron-hole recombination. In this paper graphene-Fe₂O₃-TiO₂ (GFT) heterostructure nanocomposites (NCs) were fabricated to facilitate the separation of photo-induced electrons and holes according to their staggered energy level, further improve dye degradation efficiency and antibacterial activity. GFT NCs were fabricated through a simple hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction patterns and transmission electron microscopy images indicated that Fe₂O₃ and TiO₂ were successfully loaded on graphene. UV-Vis spectra showed that GFT NCs had higher absorption against sunlight. Under simulated sunlight irradiation, GFT NCs could effectively degraded dyes and inhibit bacterial growth.

Graphene-based film is a promising candidate for many applications including biomedical and environmental fields. In this work, a novel type of composite film based on graphene oxide (GO) sheets, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and carbon fiber (CF) has been prepared by a facile method using cast coating process followed a thermal reduction treatment. GO provided a substrate to spread AgNPs uniformly, which endowed the composite film with well antibacterial abilities against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Meanwhile, failure stress of the films showed an enhancement of over 80% due to the introduction of CF.

Photothermal therapy (PTT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) are promising therapeutic modalities with high specificity, however, a single therapeutic modality cannot maximize therapeutic efficacy. In the present study, glucose oxidase (GOx) was decorated on N-doped carbon (NC) nanoparticles (NPs) as a biomimetic nanoenzyme (NC@GOx NPs), which could promote starvation therapy enhanced PTT and CDT against tumors. GOx could decompose to cut off the supply of energy and nutrients, inducing starvation therapy, which further lowered adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, inducing downregulated heat shock proteins and creating a more suitable microenvironment for improving PTT efficacy. Meanwhile, the generated endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) could be converted into hydroxyl radicals to attack cancer cells. In fact, in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that NC@GOx NPs could effectively kill cancer cells and eliminate tumors. This design provides a strategy for synergistic cancer therapy by using biomimetic nanoenzymes.