Background: Estrus detection by observing behavioral signs are time consuming and ineffective method that causes approximately 21 days loss with a significant financial consequence. This study highlights the value of electrical resistance of vaginal mucus (ERVM) during estrus and its association with genital changes, follicle diameter and first service conception rate (FSCR) in crossbred cows. Methods: A total of 400 cows were selected from different states of North-East, India, out of which 200 numbers of cows were examined to determine the ERVM value prior to artificial insemination (AI) by using Draminski estrus detector.The remaining 200 number of animals were examined for studying the association of ERVM with genital changes, follicle diameter and FSCR.The ERVM value obtained prior to AI was divided into three groups such as 150-200 (Group I), 201-250(Group II) and 251-290 (Group III) ohm, comprising 50 animals in each group. A control groups comprising 50 animals were kept in the study.The genital changes were recorded by transrectal palpation and follicle diameters were recorded by using transrectal ultrasonographic (USG) probe. Result: The mean ERVM value prior to AI was 196.26±1.25 ohm.The lowest ERVM value (150-200 and 201-250 ohm) was closely associated with free flowing vaginal discharge, open cervix, moderate tone of uterus and mature graffian follicle.The follicles diameters were differed significantly between groups. The FSCR was found to be higher when the cows were inseminated at ERVM value from 201-250 ohm. The result suggested that, ERVM value can be consider as a suitable tool for detection of proper time of AI in cows.

Background: Reproductive performance is one of the major determinants for the economic improvement of a dairy farm. Endometritis and other uterine complications cause decrease the pregnancy rate. In this study, the genital changes and haemato-biochemical profile of crossbred dairy cows affected with endometritis was studied to evolve a suitable treatment protocol in order to improve reproductive efficiency. Methods: Crossbred cow affected with endometritis were selected based on mucopurulent vaginal discharge at estrus and tested positive for white side test. Animals were divided randomly into 8 groups with 24 animals in each group. Different therapeutic regimens fortified with supportive treatment were opted. The therapeutic regimens were supportive therapy having bypass fat, vitamins and minerals, Lugol’s iodine, Lugol’s iodine with supportive therapy, intrauterine (IU) antibiotic, IU antibiotic with supportive therapy, E. coli. LPS, E. coli. LPS with supportive therapy and control group respectively. Efficacy of each treatment regimen was based on first service conception rate (FSCR). Result: Of all the therapeutic regimens, fortification of Lugol’s iodine with supportive therapy resulted in higher FSCR (83.33%) indicating better applicability as a treatment tool for endometritis in crossbred cows.

Background: Study on the reproductive health of dogs is a matter of concern since it affects the existence of future generation. There are various reproductive ailments that may affect a dog in its lifetime. The present study was aimed to find out the incidence of different reproductive disorders in canine populations reported at the Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC), College of Veterinary Science, Guwahati, India in respect of breed, age, sex and season. Methods: The study was conducted on canine populations reported at the VCC, College of Veterinary Science, Guwahati, India during the period from 1/03/2016 to 28/02/2021. Clinical cases were grouped based on their breed, age, sex and the season and the type of various reproductive ailments and their incidence was worked out. Result: The overall incidence of reproductive disorders in dogs was 2.45%. Labradors had the maximum incidence of reproductive ailments (24.79%) followed by local breeds (17.52%) and the least was in Dachshund (2.56%). The animals under the age group 1.1 to 4.0 years appeared to have the highest incidence (47.86%) of reproductive ailments and the lowest (12.39%) was in 10.1 to 13.0 years of age group. The highest incidence of reproductive ailments was recorded in female dogs (96.15%). In canine population, summer resulted in higher (35.86%) incidence of reproductive disorders.

Background: The interaction between nutrition and reproduction has long been known to have important implications for the reproductive performance in animal.The present study highlights the effect of by-pass fat supplementation on genital changes and blood biochemical profile in pubertal swamp buffalo heifers and puerperal swamp buffalo cows. Methods: 24 heifers of 2-2.5 years of age and 24 puerperal cows on the day of parturition, irrespective of parity were used as experimental animal. The analytical method was based on the treatment protocols of 3 groups in both heifers and cows (n=8 in each group) viz., treated with oral bypass fat alone (I), oral bypass fat, mineral mixtures and injectable phosphorus (II) and control (III) respectively. Genital status, metabolic hormone (leptin, Ghrelin and IGF-1), reproductive hormone (estrogen and progesterone) and mineral constituents (calcium, phosphorus, zinc and copper) were analyzed on day 0, day 15 and day 30 in heifers and day 15, day 30 and day 45 in cows respectively. Result: Feeding of bypass fat alone or bypass fat fortified with minerals and injectable phosphorus was not found to induce significant genital changes in heifers and cows. The serum leptin and IGF-1 levels were increased significantly (p less than 0.05) in heifers at day 30 in Group I and II. However, a significant rise (p less than 0.05) of leptin was recorded at day 45 in group I and II cows. IG1-1 level was recorded increased significantly only in cows treated with fortified bypass fat (Group II). With the progression of treatment the serum phosphorus level was increased significantly (p less than 0.05) in Group I and II cows. Serum estrogen levels were increased in both heifers and cows with progression of treatment in both Group I and II. However, serum progesterone levels were increased significantly only in heifers of Group I and II with progression of treatment.

Background: Interaction between nutrition and reproduction has been established to play an important role in reproductive performance of animals. Zinc is considered to be an essential element required for reproduction. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of nano zinc (NZn) as feed supplementation on reproductive performance of Assam Hill goats. Methods: A total of twenty-four numbers of 7 days post kidding doe maintained at Goat Research Station, Assam Agricultural University, Burnihat were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups comprising 6 animals in each group. The control group animals were fed with basal diet without zinc supplementation however, all the animals of the treatment groups received 25 mg NZn, 35 mg NZn and 50 mg NZn/kg concentrate mixture with basal diet for a period of three months. Does were bred naturally at 24 hours from the onset of oestrus and confirmed for pregnancy after two months. Parturition behaviour was observed closely from two days before the expected date of kidding upto the period of placental expulsion. Result: Supplementation of 50 mg NZn to the basal diet of postpartum Assam Hill Goat significantly improved the reproductive performance by decreasing postpartum oestrus interval and increasing conception rate (83.33%).

Background: Postpartum anoestrus is the most devastating cause of the dairy farming which causes more economic losses to the farmers. The present study was conducted to record the incidence of postpartum anoestrus and to evolve a suitable therapeutic regime for addressing postpartum anoestrus in Lakhimi cows. Methods: A total of 1000 Lakhimi cows maintained in different villages of Assam were selected and the incidence rate was recorded on the basis of breeding records provided by the farmers, per-rectal examination and ultrasonography screening of genital organ. To study the effect of hormonal and nutritional interventions in post partum anoestrus cows, the cows were divided randomly into seven groups comprising twelve animals in each group. The different treatment regimes were Hydroxyprogesterone caproate + eCG, Clomiphene citrate alone, Clomiphene citrate + Mineral mixture, GnRH analogue alone, GnRH analogue + Mineral mixture, Mineral mixture alone and control. The response to different treatment regimes was based on oestrus response, mean interval from the end of treatment to onset of oestrus and conception rate. Result: The incidence of postpartum anoestrus was found to be 20.60%. Clomiphene citrate + Mineral mixture administration regime brought about the highest oestrus induction response (100.00%) and conception rate (66.67%).

A total of 150 ejaculates, 10 from each of 15 swamp buffalo bulls comprising each group 5 animals were used in the study to observe the seasonal effect in sperm biochemical and semen quality. Methods: Clinical and andrological examinations, and monitoring of semen production and quality were carried out on fifteen mature, healthy swamp buffalo bulls in North East India. Seminal characteristics were compared between three seasons of the year (Summer, March-June; Monsoon, i.e. July-September; Autumn, i.e. October-November and winter, i.e. November-February) with distinct ambient temperature and humidity. Results: All bulls were diagnosed as clinically healthy and with good libido throughout the period of study. Ejaculate volume, mass activity, HOST and acrosomal integrity differ significantly (P < 0.05-0.001) between all seasons, whereas initial sperm motility, sperm concentration and abnormalities did not differ significantly. The total protein, total cholesterol and total lipid of seminal plasma of swamp buffalo semen differ significantly between all the seasons. In conclusion, climatic changes did not seem to largely affect semen sperm output or viability, although the proportions of some semen characteristics and biochemical constituents altered season wise. Conclusion: Seasonal changes moderately appear to cause deleterious changes in sperm quality in swamp buffalo.

Large ruminants suffering from Cervicovaginal prolapse is often comes across by veterinarians. Ruminants like Cattle and Buffalo may suffer from cervico vaginal prolapsed. Extensive elaboration of incidence and symptoms in cows has been documented (Roberts, 1971 and Arthur et al., 1989). Suturing the vulvar lips using various suture patterns although present initial eversion of vagina into the vestibule is difficult to achieve. The present study was carried out to evaluate the clinical management of Cervico-vaginal prolapse in a pregnant cow by application of retention sutures.

A four years old Crossbred cow was presented in Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC) showing the signs of continuous straining. An attempt to deliver the fetus by manual handling was performed in field but only the fore limbs of the fetus could be retracted from the birth canal. Upon failing to deliver the fetus, the case was referred to TVCC, Khanapara. A thorough examination revealed the condition was also associated with feto-pelvic disproportion leading to inability to deliver the fetus. The case was subjected for immediate Cesarean Section. The animal showed progressive signs of recovery on 7th day onwards with normal body temperature, appetite, stool and urine.

The present investigation was designed to study the performance of crossbred cows as well as to identify polymorphism in genomic sequences of PRL gene and its association with various reproductive and productive traits of crossbred cows maintained at the Bull Mother Farm, Barapeta, Assam. A total of 40 cows were utilized to study the polymorphism of the PRL gene, the results of which showed polymorphic banding pattern in most of the samples of crossbred cows with respect to the gene under study. Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism studies on PRL gene in crossbred cows, using Rsa I restriction enzyme revealed three types of fragment pattern, arbitrarily designated as AA (156 bp), AB (74, 82 and 156 bp), BB (74 and 82 bp) genotype. The frequencies of A and B alleles were calculated as 0.534 and 0.466 and those of AA, AB and BB genotypes as 0.334, 0.400 and 0.266 respectively. The prolactin genotypes were found to be significantly related to age at sexual maturity, age at first calving, first lactation milk yield. The crossbred cattle with AB genotype showed better performance than those with AA and BB genotype in the population studied.

The present study was conducted on a total of 909 crossbred cows maintained in various private farms from Kamrup, Darrang and Lakhimpur districts of Assam. Breeding records provided by the farmers and characteristic genital changes detected on per rectum examination of 133 reported infertile cows were analyzed. The study revealed that the incidence of infertility due to different types of reproductive disorders was 14.63 per cent in cross bred cow under field conditions. Common clinically detectable reproductive disorders were repeat breeding with uterine infection, repeat breeding without uterine infection, true anoestrus and silent oestrus with the percentage frequencies of 36.09, 23.30, 20.30 and 17.29 respectively when estimated out of total number of infertile cows. Less frequent reproductive disorders were pyometra, ovarian cyst, infantile genitalia and ovario-bursal adhesion occurring in the frequencies of 36.09, 23.30, 20.30 and 17.29 per cent respectively. Irrespective of type the incidence of anoestrus and repeat breeding was 37.59 and 59.39 per cent respectively. Palpable corpus luteum was present in the ovary of silent oestrous cows but totally absent in cows affected with true anoestrus. Mucopurulent vaginal discharge was a distinct clinically detectable genital characteristic observed in 62.50 per cent repeat breeder cows with uterine infection. Of the infertile cows 53.38 per cent had body condition score between 2.5 and 3.5 and 46.61 per cent had the score less than 2.5. Out of repeat breeder cows with uterine infection 43.66 per cent had good body condition and 27.41 per cent poor body condition. Level of serum calcium, zinc, leptin, ghrelin and IGF-1 did not vary significantly between types of infertility. Level of phosphorus and iron was lower in cows affected with repeat breeding due to infection. Serum oestrogen level remained low in cows affected with silent oestrus and true anoestrus while level of progesterone was higher in cows affected with silent oestrus.

A study was conducted to compare efficacy of PGF2α and PGF2α fortified with bypass fat, minerals and vitamins for treatment of silent oestrus in crossbred cows based on oestrus induction response and post treatment conception rate. The study revealed that double intramuscular injection of PGF2αat 11 days apart resulted in 100.00 per cent oestrus response rate and 66.66 per cent post treatment conception rate in silent oestrous crossbred cows. Fortification of PGF2α with supportive treatment comprising oral bypass fat, mineral mixture and injectable phosphorus and vitamins also resulted in 100.00 per cent oestrus response and 66.66 per cent conception rate. With supportive treatment alone only 33.33 per cent oestrus response and 33.33 per cent conception rate could be obtained. It could be concluded that fortification of PGF2α with supportive drugs did not improve its efficacy in the management of silent oestrus in crossbred cattle.

A study was conducted on 60 Swamp buffalo cows and heifers maintained at Network Project on Buffalo improvement (Swamp), College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam to accumulate data on reproductive performance and incidence of reproductive disorders. Reproductive performance was studied from the records maintained in the farm and incidence of reproductive disorders was studied by clinico-gynaecological examination of the animals and analyzing their breeding records. Average age at first calving, post-partum oestrus interval, service period, gestation period and intercalving period was 1841.75 ± 95.18, 262.90 ± 30.27, 331.63 ± 65.51, 304.18 ± 2.05 and 795.39 ± 104.53 days respectively. Anoestrus was the most common reproductive disorder in Swamp buffalo occurring in 45.83 percent cows and 87.50 percent heifers.

In this work, we have considered the formation of warm plasma sheath in the vicinity of a wall in a plasma with considerable presence of dust particles. As an example, we have used the parameters relevant in case of lunar plasma sheath, though the results obtained in this work could be applied to any other physical situation such as laboratory plasma. In the ion-acoustic time scale, we neglect the dust dynamics. The dust particles affect the sheath dynamics by affecting the Poisson equation which determines the plasma potential in the sheath region. We have assumed the current to a dust particle to be balanced throughout the analysis. This makes the grain potential dependent on plasma potential, which is then incorporated into the Poisson equation. The resultant numerical model becomes an initial value problem, which is described by a 1-D integro-differential equation, which is then solved self-consistently by incorporating the change in plasma potential caused by inclusion of the dust potential in the Poisson equation.