In this study, a novel approach for measuring the velocity of a wheel is proposed. The paper specifically focuses on determining wheel dimensions such as radius, diameter, or circumference in order to calculate speed. The proposed algorithm can be used where the exact dimension of the wheel is unknown or difficult to measure. This article presents the use of the proposed solution for measuring the speed of rollers that move the belt on a training treadmill. The originality of approach presented in this paper is confirmed by patent number WO2022089764A1.

The transition to low-carbon energy and energy independence of a country play an important role in the sustainable development of its energy sector. Another important issue of sustainable energy development is the cost competitiveness in the generation process; with new renewable energy technologies, a sustainable energy transition to carbon-neutral society is possible. In this article, we present a view of sustainable energy transformation based on a case study of Malta. We have created a simulation of a Maltese electricity system with projected growth and dominance of photovoltaic energy in the electricity market. The study results suggest that a system with a high penetration of photovoltaics has significant advantage over a conventional system using fossil fuels. In particular, in the simulated Maltese system, the total annual cost of energy was reduced threefold, the CO2 emissions were reduced by 40%, and the energy independence of Malta increased by 60%. In the end, the article gives a recommendation for further research into the Maltese energy system.

The world is facing problems that are related to climate change and pollution, which are partially caused by the emission of toxic compounds and CO2, from the combustion of fossil fuels.The natural resource of fossil fuels, have been exploited for many years, such resources have also been depleted dramatically.The above-mentioned facts determine the need to conduct research that will demonstrate the technological and socio-economical possibilities of transforming energy systems and parts of transport systems from fossil fuels to renewable energy.This paper presents the idea of supplying a selected region, 100% with RES, accounting for costs and environmental efficiencies, for the entire energy system.Further, the analysis of the subject indicated a need to conduct research on correlations derived from integrating collective heating, transport systems with high V2G energy storage capacity and power systems, in order to optimize the functioning of the entire energy market.Furthermore, the above considerations suggest that there is a need to propose a new model for electrical systems, different than the one based on the classical concept of producerrecipient.This research was carried out through a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods.The quantitative analysis applied agent-based modelling; A method supported by extensive qualitative research.The conducted research indicates that renewable energy systems demonstrate greater cost and environmental competitiveness, than conventional energy systems.Furthermore, it has been shown that the integration of collective heating and transport systems, with the energy system has a positive impact on the efficiency of the entire system, by reducing primary energy demand and decreasing carbon dioxide emissions.Finally, the conducted research revealed that the reduction of energy demand, has a positive effect on the transformation of a conventional energy system, into a RES system

The article is devoted to the study of the relationship between a country's macroeconomic stability and the level of transparency and public trust in the financial sector and public authorities. Canonical analysis and structural modeling served as methodological tools of the research. The study examined the data from eight EU countries (Austria, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Czech Republic, and Italy) over the 2011-2021period. Eight indicators of public sector transparency and one indicator of the degree of public trust (Consumer Sentiment Index) were chosen to establish the relationship between the components. The results of structural modeling proved that public trust has a much greater impact on macroeconomic stability than indicators of public sector transparency. A 1-point increase in public trust leads the GDP to increase by 0.018% and the stability of the currency exchange rate – by 0.352%. Meanwhile the same effect from a 1-point increase in the level of public sector transparency amounts to 0.061% and 0.021% increases, respectively.

This article examines the contribution of information and communications technologies (ICT) to labor productivity using panel data approach. The study covers the period of 2000–2015 for a complete dataset of 98 countries as well for three selected groups: low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries. The findings imply that telephone subscription and broadband subscription have a significant impact on overall labor productivity as well as labor productivity of service sector. The ICT affects the labor productivity, so investing in Information Communication Technology is necessary to increase the labor productivity.

The study examines the long-run relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth within the framework of the traditional production function in 29 European countries from 1995 to 2016. The study was based on the panel unit root tests, panel cointegration test-the Kao (1999), Pedroni (1999, 2004), Westerlund (2005) and fully modified ordinary least squares estimator and dynamic ordinary least squares estimator. The study found that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between economic growth and renewable energy consumption and that renewable energy consumption has a positive impact on economic growth. The results suggest that the use of renewable energy as a global commodity in the process of economic growth is highly significant. Therefore, policies to promote renewables can provide for economic growth, an increase in renewables and the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and ensure important sustainable development goals.

The study is dedicated to analysis of sustainable regional energy planning challenge's in order to reach carbon-free economy in 2050. The case study of hydropower development in selected region of Poland provides good example how to deal practically with identified sustainable regional energy planning problems to address restrictions of environmental requirements and natural conditions on the least costs hydropower generation planning in a given region. The aim of the article is to develop a model for optimizing hydropower production and to apply this model for selected region. The West Pomeranian region was selected for this case study, and the time range for planning is from 2019 to 2030. The selected region is particularly predestined for the production of renewable energy sources. Constructed model and obtained results for optimization of hydropower development in selected region is useful for fostering usage of renewable energy sources in Poland and moving forward towards carbon-free economy target set by European Union for 2050.

The paper is devoted to the problem of counting repetitions and automatic weight stack detection in a weightlifting machine used for weight training. Some weightlifting machines include a weight stack that can be adjusted by a user. For example, the user can choose to increase or reduce the weight load using the weight stack, thus changing the difficulty level of a particular exercise. Users may want to perform a desired number of repetitions of an exercise or to perform an exercise with a desired range of motion when using such weightlifting machines. From a medical point of view, it is often required that an exact number of repetitions of a given load are performed in order to aid in a prompt recovery. This paper describes a complete design of the system and the algorithm that allows one to collect data from such a machine. Data can then be used for various purposes: in overviews and statistical analysis of a number of workouts. The approach presented in this paper is part of an application for European patent number 18461537.5-1126.

Many regions, not only in the Europe, introduce plans for the modernization of energy systems so that in a few or several years most of the demand for electricity was being able to cover using renewable energy sources. The aim of this paper is to present the possibility of estimation of appropriate power supply based on the renewable energy sources in the context of the whole energy system in the annual balance, taking into account the technical and the economic optimization strategies. The article presents also the simplified structure of the 100% renewable energy system supported by energy storage systems and the production of synthetic fuels.

The main goal of this paper is to present new indices and a new structure of the electricity market monitoring system.The proposed structure, along with the analytical methods and indices applied to this structure, could be used from the viewpoint of both market operator and market participants.This paper also describes, in a rather simplified manner, the algorithms of market monitoring on the case study of Spanish electricity market.

This paper examines the long-run relationship between energy consumption and real GDP, including fixed capital and total employment, for 18 EU countries from 1995 to 2012. The analysis was based on the panel unit root tests, panel cointegration test and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) estimator and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) estimator. Data were analyzed in three groups – all sample, Visegrad countries (V4) and old 14 EU countries. Indeed, the results demonstrate that economic growth and the variables – energy consumption, gross fixed capital – are cointegrated for the whole panel of countries as well as for the two selected groups of countries. Furthermore, the panel FMOLS and DOLS estimators reveal that the relationship between energy consumption, gross fixed capital and economic growth is positive.

The main goal of this paper is to present various aspects of electricity market monitoring and to focus on the monitoring of economic parameters, placing a special emphasis on market power, market performance and behavioral monitoring. This paper provides a view of the monitoring and its components. It presents available monitoring techniques and further it indicates the need to modify the existing structure or to develop a new structure of the monitoring system based on new indices which could be used by both operator and market participants.

Our paper uses the panel data approach to investigate the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for V4 countries and for the 14 EU "old" Member States from 1995 to 2012.We defi ne the diff erences between the estimated results for these t wo groups of countries.We assume that there is a positive relationship between energy use and economic growth.Our results reveal that in the countries in question energy consumption is not neutral to economic growth.Th e estimation of GDP equation indicates that that energy consumption is positively related to economic growth.Energy consumption is a pro-growth variable which means that the increase in energy consumption causes the increase of economic growth.Moreover, the energy consumption in relation to GDP growth in the V4 countries seems to be more effi cient than in the "old" EU countries.Furthermore, our results point at the individual growth rate eff ect of GDP for every country that was not captured by the estimated model.

e paper investigates the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in Poland for the period 2000 to 2012.Understanding the behavior of electricity consumption in relation to the economy is very important for improve a stable economic growth and development.e obtained results indicate that there is the causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in Poland and the relationship is bi-directional.We also discovered the bi-directional causality between capital and economic growth.On the basis of the causality results we estimated a one-sector aggregate production function, where the electricity consumption was one of the input variables.e evaluated growth model showed that electricity consumption is a pro-growth variable, so the results indicate that economic growth of Poland is electricity-dependent.at's allows to state that electricity is a limiting factor to economic growth of Poland.

e paper investigates the relationships between energy consumption and economic growth for 12 European countries over 13 years using data for the sample period of 2000 to 2012.Understanding the relationships of energy consumption in relation to the economy is very important task to ensure a stable economic development.e hypothesis of the study says that there is a positive relationship between energy use and economic growth.e estimation of GDP equation indicated that that the energy consumption is positive related to the economic growth.e evaluated regression model includes growth rates of Energy Consumption and growth rates of Gross Fixed Capital in real prices.e analysis let to state that in the analyzed countries energy consumption is not neutral to economic growth.Furthermore, the applied modeling pointed the individual growth rate e ect of GDP for every country, that was not captured by the estimated model.

The primary aim of this paper is to identify business cycles in Polish industry and in its particular sectors. Another aim is to re-examine the co-variability between the calculated fluctuations. hi order to estimate the cyclical fluctuations, the timeseries was purified of incidental and seasonal fluctuations using the Arima-X12 adjustment procedure. This way Henderson's curves which reflect trends and seasonal fluctuations at the same time were obtained. The next step was to establish the values of trends by using the Hodrick-Prescott filter. Dividing empirical values of Henderson's curves by the implementation arising from the use of HP resulted in cyclical fluctuations. The paper consists of: the introduction, section 1 - the definition of a business cycle, section 2 - econometric methodology, data and estimation of the fluctuations, section 3 - empirical co-variability analysis, and the conclusions.