Water scarcity significantly threatens smallholder agriculture in Indonesia, Exacerbated by El Niño and climate change. Traditional irrigation practices often lead to water inefficiencies and yield losses, particularly in drought-prone regions. This study addresses these challenges by developing and evaluating a unique, low-cost, timer-based, semi-automatic drip irrigation system. This system, tailored for waxy corn farming in South Sulawesi, offers a practical and cost-effective solution for water scarcity. The objective was to enhance water-use efficiency, sustain crop productivity, and assess the economic feasibility of this system as a scalable solution for smallholders in the region. The field experiment, which adjusted irrigation scheduling based on plant growth stages and compared it to conventional practices, yielded promising results. The system achieved a water-use efficiency of 3.87 kg/m3, categorized as ‘good to outstanding,’ and delivered consistent yields while reducing manual labor and water wastage. The short payback period of 1.4 planting cycles makes it financially accessible for smallholder adoption, further highlighting the potential impact of the system. This system offers a practical alternative to high-tech sensor-based models, bridging the gap between advanced irrigation technologies and the needs of resource-constrained farmers in developing countries. This study recommends broader implementation supported by policy incentives, farmer training, and infrastructure investment. Future improvements could include the integration of real-time monitoring tools to optimize water delivery and expand adaptability across diverse agro-climatic conditions in the region. This adaptability ensures that smallholder farmers can confidently adopt the system in various regions of Indonesia.

This study examines how corporate resilience is developed through inclusive and sustainable cocoa partnerships within integrated value chain governance in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Using an interpretive qualitative multiple-case study design, the research compares PT Mars Symbioscience Indonesia in Luwu Timur and PT Papandayan Cocoa Industries (Barry Callebaut) in Polewali Mandar. Data were collected from January to May 2025 through semi-structured interviews with 21 actors representing corporate, intermediary, farmer, financial, and local government stakeholders, and were triangulated with company documents, policy texts, and the relevant literature. The data were analyzed thematically using NVivo, supported by process tracing and cross-case comparison. The findings show that both firms combine certification, traceability, procurement arrangements, monitoring, and knowledge transfer, but organize these instruments through different partnership architectures. Mars follows a vertically integrated capability-building model involving 4250 farmers and 17 trained collectors, whereas Barry Callebaut relies on an intermediary- and standards-centered model through PT Bumi Surya Selaras, involving 3125 farmers in 126 farmer groups. These findings suggest that inclusive and sustainable cocoa partnerships function not only as supply-chain coordination mechanisms but also as institutional arrangements for governing smallholder-based production resources and long-term supply sustainability. Across cases, these partnerships were reported and interpreted as supporting supply stability, cocoa bean quality improvement, and risk mitigation. This suggests that corporate resilience in smallholder-based cocoa value chains is co-produced through the integration of governance mechanisms, farmer capacity building, intermediary coordination, and sustainable resource management.

Toraja Arabica coffee is a globally renowned specialty product that is valued for its unique taste, cultural heritage, and ecological significance. Despite its premium reputation, the sector faces persistent challenges, such as low productivity, weak infrastructure, price volatility, and dependence on middlemen, which limit farmers’ bargaining power and income. Additionally, heritage branding risks reducing rich cultural traditions to mere marketing, while ecological pressures threaten the fragile highland ecosystems. This study explores the transition of Toraja coffee “from tradition to sustainability,” emphasizing its multifunctional role in highland communities. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through interviews, focus group discussions, expert questionnaires, field observations, and secondary sources involving farmers, cooperatives, traders, SMEs, coffee shop owners, extension officers, and government representatives. The findings reveal that Toraja coffee is more than a commodity; it represents cultural identity through rituals and kinship, promotes conservation via shade-grown agroforestry, and serves as a vital livelihood source. However, structural imbalances and ecological and cultural vulnerabilities hinder long-term resilience. Strengthening cooperatives, improving infrastructure, adopting climate-smart practices, and developing balanced branding strategies are essential steps toward achieving sustainability. Toraja coffee demonstrates how cultural and ecological values can be integrated with global markets while highlighting the risks of commodification and inequality.

Sensory experiences and digital communication increasingly shape how visitors perceive, evaluate, and revisit tourism and hospitality venues. In themed restaurants, visitor experiences are co-constructed through social media communication and multisensory in-store environments. This study examines the influence of social media marketing (SMM) and sensory marketing (SM) on revisit intention, with customer satisfaction as a mediating mechanism, using data from Korean restaurants in the United States. Drawing on the Uses and Gratifications Theory, Experience Economy Theory, and the Stimulus–organism–response (S-O-R) framework, this study proposes an integrated model that explains how communicative and sensory stimuli jointly shape cognitive–affective responses and behavioral outcomes. Data from 175 restaurant visitors were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (SEM-PLS). The findings show that both SMM and SM significantly influence revisit intention directly and indirectly through customer satisfaction, with sensory marketing having the strongest total effect. The results highlight the importance of aligning digital communication with embodied sensory experiences to enhance visitor satisfaction and loyalty, offering a transferable framework for understanding experience-mediated communication in the tourism and hospitality settings.

This study examines the persistent challenges of unequal value distribution, fragmented coordination mechanisms, and market disconnection in Indonesia's rice value chain, focusing on South Sulawesi. Despite improvements in production, smallholder farmers remain disadvantaged because of their limited bargaining power, dependence on intermediaries, and restricted access to market information and to post-harvest infrastructure. These issues are further compounded by a mismatch between production practices and evolving consumer preferences, reflecting deeper governance and institutional gaps in the system. This study aims to analyze how power relations, coordination mechanisms, and institutional arrangements shape value distribution and market responsiveness within the rice value chain. A qualitative case study approach was employed, integrating value chain mapping with semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, including farmers, traders, millers, retailers, and government representatives in the study areas. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, supported by triangulation from multiple sources to ensure the robustness of findings. The findings reveal that traders and millers dominate pricing, quality standards, and market access, whereas farmers remain structurally constrained within dependency-based relationships with traders and millers. Weak transmission of consumer preferences and fragmented institutional support further limit farmers' ability to participate in higher-value markets. In addition, inadequate post-harvest infrastructure contributes to quality loss and reduced competitiveness of the sector. These dynamics reinforce systemic inequalities and inefficiencies in the value chains. The study concludes that the rice value chain should be understood as a socio-institutional system shaped by power asymmetries and governance failures. Addressing these challenges requires integrated interventions that strengthen coordination, improve market information flows, and enhance institutional alignment. Policies that promote participatory approaches, market-oriented extension services, and investment in post-harvest infrastructure are essential to support a more inclusive, efficient, and demand-responsive rice value chain.

IntroductionRapid urbanization in secondary cities across the Global South has increased pressure on green infrastructure, climate resilience, and urban liveability. In Makassar, Indonesia, the decline of green open spaces and the expansion of built-up areas threaten the ecological stability and social well-being. This study reframes urban farming as multifunctional urban green infrastructure that can support sustainable city transitions by integrating ecological regulation, food production, and socio-cultural values within the urban landscape.MethodsThis study employed a mixed-methods design combining biophysical field measurements and Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) surveys. Biophysical measurements were used to quantify key ecological services, including carbon sequestration, oxygen production, and biomass accumulation. SBE surveys were conducted to assess the socio-cultural valuation of urban farming landscapes in comparison with hardscape-dominated urban areas.ResultsThe findings show that urban farming contributes approximately 87.6 ha, representing nearly one-third of Makassar’s existing green open space. These areas sequester approximately 117,000 tons of CO2 and produce approximately 83,400 tons of oxygen annually. Under baseline assumptions, the monetized value of these ecosystem services was estimated at approximately USD 10.7 million per year. In addition to these ecological benefits, urban farming landscapes received significantly higher scenic value ratings than hardscape-dominated areas, indicating strong social acceptance and legitimacy across demographic groups.DiscussionThe results demonstrate that urban farming should be institutionalized as strategic green infrastructure within spatial planning, climate adaptation frameworks, and green financing mechanisms. By combining ecological services, food production, and cultural landscape values, urban farming offers a scalable pathway for SDG-aligned sustainable urban transformation. This is particularly important for rapidly urbanizing secondary cities, where formal green infrastructure remains limited and urban resilience challenges are becoming increasingly urgent.

Indonesia is one of the world’s largest producers of cassia cinnamon; however, its export performance remains uneven despite its strong production capacity. This study examines how non-tariff measures—specifically, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and technical barriers to trade (TBT)—alongside key macroeconomic factors, shape Indonesia’s cinnamon exports. Using a political economy framework, the analysis integrates panel data regression with revealed comparative advantage (RCA), export product dynamics (EPD), and X-model assessments across nine major destination markets from 2010 to 2024. The results show that SPS measures exert a significant trade-suppressing effect, functioning as exclusionary regulatory filters, whereas TBT compliance has a modest but positive enabling role. Importing countries’ income levels and population are negatively associated with export volume, indicating consumer upgrading to premium alternatives such as Ceylon cinnamon. The exchange rates and distance show limited explanatory power. These findings demonstrate that Indonesia’s export performance is shaped less by price competitiveness and more by regulatory power, institutional capacity, and shifting consumer preferences. Therefore, sustaining competitiveness requires a strategic shift from volume-based to value-based exports through quality upgrading, certification, traceability, and branding.

Abstract. Ardiansyah MFP, Salam M, Jamil MH, Rukka RM, Darma R, Akzar R. 2026. Determinants of paddy farmers' market information-seeking behavior in Soppeng District, Indonesia as implications for adaptive decision making toward sustainable agriculture. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100152. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100152. Access to accurate and timely agricultural market information is essential for improving farmers' decision-making, market participation, adoption of sustainable agricultural practices, biodiversity conservation, and their ability to respond to economic and environmental uncertainty, ultimately promoting sustainable agriculture. However, many farmers remain reluctant to seek such information actively. This study aimed to analyze the determinants of paddy farmers' market information-seeking behavior, explicitly distinguishing it from general agricultural information access that dominates existing studies. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 190 paddy farmers in Soppeng District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, selected using Cochrans' sampling method. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression. Descriptive results show that farmer groups (30.43%) are the primary source of market information, followed by independent searching (20.11%), extension workers (19.02%), and fellow farmers (18.48%). Logistic regression results indicate that age (β = -0.080; p < 0.05) and farming experience (β = -0.045; p < 0.10) negatively influence information-seeking behavior, while education (β = 0.325; p < 0.01), crop diversification (β = 2.790; p < 0.01), extension contact (β = 0.148; p < 0.10), market distance (β = 0.515; p < 0.10), and credit access (β = 1.273; p < 0.05) have positive effects. The model demonstrates good fit (Hosmer-Lemeshow p = 0.881) and strong explanatory power (Nagelkerke R² = 0.665). These findings suggest that market information seeking is a behavioral response shaped by farmers' capacity, institutional exposure, and incentives to manage price and income uncertainty, rather than by information availability alone, with implications for how farmers adapt their sustainable production, resource use, and marketing strategies under changing economic and environmental conditions for sustainable agriculture goals. This study provides empirical evidence that strengthening behavior-sensitive extension systems, local information intermediaries, and integrated market information services is critical to enhancing farmers' decision-making and supporting sustainable agricultural systems.

Gender continues to influence participation in rural governance and economic development. This study examines how gender roles influence participation and leadership in local development organizations (LDOs) and local economic organizations (LEOs) in Ampekale Village, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Using a qualitative case study design that combined in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observation, this research draws on insights from 24 key informants (12 men and 10 women), including village officials, organizational leaders, women's groups, NGO facilitators, and community members. The data were thematically coded and analyzed to capture the dynamics of gendered participation. The results show that men dominate leadership and infrastructure planning within LDOs, whereas women's involvement is often symbolic and restricted to welfare and social concerns. In LEOs, women are increasingly active in small-scale enterprises such as crab and snack production. Although these roles are aligned with domestic responsibilities, they enhance household bargaining power and expand women's visibility in governance. Men continue to lead physically demanding production and procurement, but women contribute substantially to value addition, marketing, and household welfare. The findings indicate that entrenched cultural norms, unequal access to resources, and limited leadership opportunities constrain women's influence. To foster equitable rural development, gender-sensitive reforms, such as quotas, participatory budgeting, training, and leadership mentoring are essential.

The objective of this research was to examine the effects of farm and farmers' characteristics, and input allocation on potato production in Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, using binary logistic regression. Primary data were collected through structured interviews with 223 potato farmers. The results showed that variables such as potato seeds, manure, NPK fertilizer, urea fertilizer, insecticide, and watering frequency significantly increased potato production. On the other hand, the use of herbicides and the distance between the farmer's house and the farm negatively affected production. These findings provide essential guidance and valuable insights for anyone seeking practical farm management solutions to boost potato output sustainably. The findings underline the importance of seed, manure, NPK, and urea fertilizers, pesticide applications, and watering frequency in increasing potato production. Based on the research findings, policy recommendations for farmers to improve potato production include increasing the efficiency of input use to optimize yields. Furthermore, there is a need to revise land management policies and adopt new technologies. Further research is needed to investigate technologies that can mitigate the negative impacts of herbicide use, as well as technical solutions to promote the intensification of upland potato farming.

IntroductionNorth Toraja's Arabica coffee sector—recognized for its distinctive quality and protected by Geographical Indication (GI) status—continues to face sustainability challenges shaped by institutional dynamics, power asymmetries, and socio-cultural contexts. Despite strong international demand, smallholder farmers contend with aging plantations, climate variability, weak bargaining power, and fragmented governance that constrain access to resources and influence over decision-making.MethodsThis study adopts a systems thinking approach using interpretive structural modeling (ISM) to examine stakeholder interactions, map systemic constraints, and identify leverage points for inclusive transformation. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, expert questionnaires, and field observations involving farmers, cooperatives, traders, small and medium enterprises, and government agencies, and were supplemented with secondary sources.ResultsThe ISM results indicate that upstream institutional strategies—particularly minimum price guarantees and certified seed systems—exert the strongest driving power, shaping the feasibility of downstream initiatives across the value chain. Conversely, interventions such as youth engagement, post-harvest innovation, and digital marketing show high dependence on enabling governance, coordinated action, and sustained institutional support. Key barriers include intermediary dominance and the absence of sustained cross-actor collaboration.DiscussionThese findings suggest that sustainable transformation requires linking top-down governance reforms with bottom-up empowerment to rebalance bargaining power and strengthen local agency. Multi-stakeholder platforms, inclusive decision-making processes, and context-sensitive institutional arrangements can improve coordination and unlock dependent initiatives. As a novel contribution, the study moves beyond descriptive stakeholder mapping by structurally ranking sustainability interventions and barriers according to their driving-dependence relationships, thereby identifying actionable institutional leverage points for GI-protected, smallholder coffee value chains. By integrating institutional, social, and economic perspectives, this study advances a sociologically grounded framework for agribusiness transformation, offering transferable insights for other smallholder-dominated commodity systems in the Global South.

The sustainability of the Arabica coffee agribusiness is increasingly urgent as global demand grows while environmental and socioeconomic challenges intensify. North Toraja, renowned for its high-quality Arabica coffee, faces significant barriers to sustainability, including poor infrastructure, limited adoption of modern agricultural technologies, and socioeconomic disparities among coffee farmers. These issues threaten the long-term viability of the sector, which is a critical contributor to local livelihoods and the regional economy. This study evaluates the sustainability of the Arabica coffee agribusiness in North Toraja using a Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) approach, assessing five key dimensions: ecological, economic, social, infrastructure and technology, and institutional. Data were collected through Focus Group Discussions with stakeholders across the coffee value chain and secondary sources. The results reveal a moderately sustainable overall index of 73.78, with the economic and institutional dimensions performing strongly at 87.53 and 84.91, respectively. However, the infrastructure and technology dimension scored the lowest at 55.77, highlighting significant deficiencies in road conditions, postharvest handling, and access to advanced farming technologies. To enhance sustainability, this study recommends strategic investments in rural infrastructure, training programs to promote technology adoption, and strengthening institutional frameworks such as cooperatives and government programs. Inclusive social policies that address equity and community engagement are also crucial. By addressing these gaps through a comprehensive, multidimensional approach, North Toraja’s Arabica coffee sector can achieve greater sustainability, improving farmer welfare and ensuring competitiveness in the global market. These findings serve as a model for sustainable coffee production in similar regions.

The COVID-19 pandemic revealed significant vulnerabilities in Indonesia's food security system, highlighting the urgent need for an effective institutional framework to ensure food availability, accessibility, and stability. This study, a collaborative effort involving key institutions such as the Ministry of Finance, BAPPENAS (Ministry of National Development Planning Agency), and DPR (House of Representatives), examines strategic roles in addressing these challenges. The research uses an Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) approach to identify key institutional drivers, constraints, and policy mechanisms crucial for enhancing food security. The data, gathered through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with institutional stakeholders from Indonesia's agricultural sector, underscore the critical role of institutional coordination in strengthening resilience, fostering cross-sectoral collaboration, and improving crisis response mechanisms. The findings highlight the pivotal roles of key institutions in strategic budget allocation, policy formulation, and legislative oversight, enhancing stakeholder commitment and program credibility. However, financial constraints, supply chain disruptions, and inadequate investment in agricultural innovation remain significant challenges. The research offers policy recommendations to address the barriers, including prioritizing budget allocations for agricultural development, improving stakeholder collaboration, and promoting research and innovation. By strengthening institutional synergy and fostering public-private partnerships, we can mitigate future food security risks, reduce vulnerabilities, and create a more adaptive, inclusive, and sustainable food security system in Indonesia.

The study explores the integration of gender roles within local economic organizations (LEOs) to support sustainable rural development, using Ampekale Village in Indonesia as a case study. While existing studies acknowledge women’s significant contributions to post-harvest fisheries and rural entrepreneurship, there remains limited understanding of the shared roles of men and women in business settings. This study addresses this gap by examining gender-specific contributions and task allocation in business operations, focusing on the Ujung Parappa company, a leading LEO in crab capture and processing. Employing a case study methodology, which included purposive sampling, in-depth interviews with business participants and development facilitators, and descriptive analysis, the research provides critical insights. The findings reveal that women, more than men, possess a comprehensive understanding of LEO functions and actively engage in economic activities, particularly in processing and marketing. LEOs play a vital role in providing training and financial support, which boosts productivity and strengthens the resilience of their members. Furthermore, the study underscores how integrating crab fishing enterprises managed by men with crab processing enterprises operated by women fosters gender-inclusive business practices. This integration promotes community empowerment, generates employment, and enhances income, thereby contributing to sustainable economic growth. These results underscore the importance of balanced gender involvement in advancing rural socio-economic development and inform policies that aim to strengthen gender equality and sustainable practices. This research contributes to the broader discourse on strategies for rural development that leverage inclusive business practices to achieve resilient and thriving communities.

This study examines the Toraja Arabica coffee value chain as an integrated rural system in which economic, cultural, and environmental sustainability are closely intertwined. Using a qualitative case study approach, we conducted 21 semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations with diverse actors including farmers, farmer groups, cooperatives, traders, processors, coffee shop owners, extension agents, government officials, and input suppliers. The data were thematically coded and interpreted through institutional, economic, and cultural lenses, with triangulation across methods, sources, and theories applied to strengthen credibility. The findings reveal that farmers face weak bargaining power in markets dominated by middlemen, whereas cooperative leaders struggle with governance and limited resources. Inconsistent postharvest practices and inadequate infrastructure further compromise product quality, and many farmers have voiced concerns about the erosion of cultural traditions linked to coffee rituals. Addressing these challenges requires strengthening cooperatives to improve bargaining power, upgrading infrastructure to ensure quality consistency, and promoting certification schemes and storytelling to valorize ecological stewardship and cultural identity. This study highlights the need for sustainability-oriented interventions that strengthen cooperatives, improve infrastructure and market access, promote postharvest innovations, and expand certification frameworks, demonstrating how value chains can be harnessed as pathways for inclusive and sustainable rural development.

As a staple food and a key component of livestock feed, the growing demand for maize in Indonesia has spurred the expansion of hybrid maize cultivation. However, despite advancements in seed technology and government initiatives to boost maize production, farmers in rural areas continue to face obstacles in accessing high-quality seeds. This study explores the influence of the marketing mix—encompassing product, price, promotion, and distribution—alongside personal factors on farmers’ purchasing decisions for hybrid maize seeds in Soppeng District. Utilizing structural equation modeling (SEM) and survey data from 100 respondents, the findings indicate that product quality and price are the most critical determinants, with farmers prioritizing seed performance and affordability. Distribution also plays a vital role in rural areas, ensuring that farmers can readily access high-quality seeds. At the same time, personal factors such as farming experience and income significantly shape purchasing behavior. Notably, promotional efforts appear to have a limited impact, suggesting that traditional marketing approaches may not be the most effective in this context. Seed companies should focus on product development, refine pricing strategies, and strengthen distribution networks to enhance market penetration. In parallel, policymakers can facilitate access to agricultural credit, invest in rural infrastructure, and promote farmer education programs to improve purchasing power and awareness. Ultimately, adapting marketing strategies to align with local economic and cultural conditions can drive greater adoption of hybrid seeds, boost agricultural productivity, and contribute to the long-term sustainability of rural farming communities.

Climate change-induced floods and droughts pose significant threats to rice farm development in Indonesia, particularly in regions reliant on pump-based irrigation systems. The urgency of this study lies in the increasing vulnerability of rice production to extreme weather events, necessitating institutional adaptations to enhance irrigation sustainability and financial risk sharing. This study examines the role of irrigation institutions in supporting sustainable rice farming in Wajo District, Indonesia. Using a case study approach, qualitative data were collected from four irrigation service provider (ISP) units across three subdistricts through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The analysis focuses on institutional mechanisms, including irrigation payment structures, input credit systems, and cost-sharing arrangements. The findings reveal that institutional frameworks are crucial in mitigating financial risks by promoting adaptive payment schemes and equitable cost-sharing mechanisms. Farmers’ access to critical agricultural inputs, such as fertilizers and pesticides, is enhanced through collaborative financing models, ensuring resilience against climate-induced production risks. However, variations in institutional support led to disparities in irrigation fees, credit access, and financial sustainability across study sites. This study underscores the need for risk-based irrigation pricing models and public–private partnerships to invest in climate-resilient infrastructure, such as water storage facilities and sustainable irrigation systems. In conclusion, it is important to remember that each of us, including agricultural policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders, plays a crucial role in implementing these solutions. By strengthening institutional governance, promoting flexible financial mechanisms, and integrating climate-adaptive pricing models, we can all contribute to enhancing the long-term sustainability of rice farming in Indonesia.

Flooding in Tempe Lake, Indonesia, poses ongoing socioeconomic challenges, mainly affecting food security, agricultural output, and household livelihoods. The recurrent and unpredictable floods disrupt planting and harvesting periods, resulting in significant food production deficits and posing complex adaptive challenges for residents. This study examines the socioeconomic adaptation strategies employed by rice farmer households to mitigate the adverse effects of flooding. The study analyzed a random sample of 160 people, utilized descriptive–analytical methodologies, and displayed the findings through graphs and matrix tables. Research reveals that fishing and rice farming serve as the primary revenue sources for households in the region. Despite financial challenges, households maintain security due to dependable food sources and proximity to the lake. The study emphasises the importance of efficient rice cultivation management owing to its short growth cycles and vulnerability to flooding. Moreover, freshwater aquaculture presents a sustainable strategy for mitigating flood risks in climate change, mainly when supported by microcredit, training, and improved market access. The findings highlight the necessity of social and structural adjustments in reducing vulnerability and enhancing community resilience, offering substantial recommendations for improving long-term resilience and food security in flood-prone regions.

Recurrent flooding near Tempe Lake, Indonesia, exacerbated by climate change, presents significant challenges for rice-farming communities, threatening their livelihoods and food security. This study explores the adaptive strategies employed by farmers to mitigate flood-related risks and evaluates the role of institutional frameworks in risk-sharing mechanisms. Using a mixed-methods approach, we analysed primary survey data from 140 rice farmers and conducted interviews with irrigation pump operators. The study viewed 30 years of historical flood records to identify environmental patterns affecting agricultural practices. The findings indicate that farmers employ various adaptation strategies to enhance resilience, including irrigation technologies, risk-sharing agreements, and livelihood diversification. Informal co-operative structures play a crucial role, with landowners covering 50% of production costs and farmers receiving 60% of profits after deducting operational expenses. However, flood-related income disruptions and shifting environmental conditions threaten long-term sustainability. This study emphasizes the need to formalize risk-sharing agreements, promote flood-resistant crop adoption, and improve water management infrastructure to address these challenges. Additionally, policies should support the development of community-led co-operative models and flexible contract structures, as well as training and access credit to ensure fair compensation for climate-induced losses. Integrating institutional support, technological advancements, and community-driven adaptation strategies can enhance economic stability, strengthen food security, and ensure the long-term viability of rice farming in flood-prone regions.