Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are a class of nanoparticles that have attracted significant interest due to their unique optical, electronic, and chemical properties. AuNPs can be synthesized in a variety of shapes and sizes, and their properties can be tuned by varying the synthesis conditions. This versatility has led to a wide range of applications for AuNPs, including bioimaging, drug delivery, catalysis, and sensing. In bioimaging, AuNPs can be used to label cells or tissues, providing contrast for optical imaging techniques such as fluorescence microscopy. AuNPs can also be used to deliver drugs to specific targets in the body, making them a promising new approach for cancer therapy. In catalysis, AuNPs can be used to accelerate chemical reactions, and they have potential applications in the areas of fuel cells, water purification, and environmental remediation. AuNPs can also be used to create sensors that can detect specific molecules or ions. The unique properties of AuNPs make them a promising new material for a variety of applications. However, there are still some challenges that need to be addressed before AuNPs can be widely used. For example, the toxicity of AuNPs needs to be better understood, and methods for scaling up the production of AuNPs need to be developed. Despite these challenges, the potential applications of AuNPs are vast. As research in this area continues, AuNPs are likely to find even more widespread use in the years to come[1].

Based on ancestral knowledge towards health beneficial effect, the current study led to investigate the content of bioactive phytochemical(s) in the scented rice (variety “joha”) grain indigenous to the NER-India and their effects on the enzyme involved in metabolic disorders and cellular glucose uptake efficacy. Results of both α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and the glucose uptake assay-guided fractionation based on column purification followed by spectral data analysis confirmed the presence of two major bioactive compounds as linoleic (ω-6-fatty-acid) and linolenic (ω-3-fatty-acid) acid. Quantitative analysis showed that linolenic acid content in scented rice verities was 2.1±0.3 mg/g, which is ~1.6 fold higher than its content in non-scented rice variety from the same region. The relative ratio (ω-6/ω-3) of these two essential unsaturated fatty acids content in the scented rice variety seeds was calculated as 23.5±0.6 while, in non-scented rice variety seeds, it was 31.6. Chemical fingerprinting by GCMS and HPLC of methanolic extract of selected rice samples revealed the presence of various fatty-acid along with other volatile and polar compounds. In conclusion, the scented rice seeds contain a better ratio of two essential unsaturated fatty acid compare to non-scented rice seed, which may be an effective choice as diet towards controlling metabolic disorder.

The main objective of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of 34 genotypes comprising of 25 advanced derivatives of interspecific cross between V. mungo x V. umbellata, five intervarietal crosses along with four checks (including blackgram parents) using 11 morphological traits and molecular markers (RAPD and ISSR) and for their resistance towards Cercospora, anthracnose and MYMV. The lines Palampur-93 x BRS-1 (236-A-L-1-4), HPBU-35 and HPBU-111 were found statistically at par to the best check Him Mash-1 for seed yield. Correlation studies revealed that the selection should be based on large seeds, more number of pods per plant and more number of seeds per pod indicating the importance of these traits in yield determination. The cluster analysis on molecular basis grouped the blackgram parents and advance lines differently than at morphological level which revealed genetic variation among genotypes and also confirmed that rigorous selection had been made for blackgram types in segregating generations rather than ricebean types as most of the advance derivatives of V. mungo x V. umbellata were found to be concentrated near blackgram parents. The lines PDU-1 x PRR-1 (62-3-L-10-1) and Palampur-93 x PRR-1 (258-1L-2-5) were found resistant to both Cercospora and anthracnose while, Palampur-93 x BRS-1 (236-A-L-3-2) for MYMV. The information generated from this study would be helpful in characterizing the advanced derived lines and parents in the selection and utilization of diverse genotypes to enhance variability and productivity along with resistance breeding of V. mungo.

The present investigation was undertaken to determine the stability of oat genotypes for green fodder yield under varied environmental conditions prevalent in northwestern Himalayas. A total of 121 genotypes including five checks were evaluated during three cropping seasons (Rabi 2014-15 to 2016-17). The stability was estimated using Eberhart and Russell model for six traits viz., plant height, leaves per plant, tillers per plant, flag leaf area, leaf: stem ratio and green fodder yield per plant. The pooled analysis of variance showed differential behavior of genotypes over the environments. The most stable genotypes identified for plant height, leaves per plant, tillers per plant, flag leaf area and leaf: stem ratio were JPO-35, IG-03-254, JPO-31, JPO-44 and IG-03-250, respectively. However, the promising and stable genotypes for green fodder yield identified were SKO-28, JHO-822, Oats-902 and IG-03-214. Thus, the genotypes found stable and well adapted to all the types of environments could be exploited as elite gene pool in future breeding programme, where aim is to develop high yielding and stable genotypes over environments or could be further tested in multilocation trials to be released as a cultivar.

Objective: In the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the in vitro antidiabetic and cytotoxic potentials of the rhizome extract of Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Smith. Methods: In vitro antidiabetic activity was determined by two different assays such as alpha-amylase inhibition assay and glucose uptake assay. The plant extract with three different concentrations was used for this assay. L6 rat myogenic cells were selected and subjected to glucose uptake assay. The cytotoxic activity of the different concentrations of the plant extract on HepG2 cell line was also investigated in vitro through 3-(4,5, dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: The findings of the study provide evidence that the rhizome extract of D. quercifolia possesses significant anti-diabetic activity. In MTT assay, the significant cytotoxic effect of plant extract was observed by measuring the percentage of cell viability on the HepG2 cell line. Conclusion: The findings indicated that rhizome extracts of D. quercifolia have potential as a medicinal drug against diabetes mellitus (DM) and liver cancer. Further, studies with in vivo and clinical trials need to be conducted to establish rhizome extract as a safe agent for DM and liver cancer therapy.

Antiandrogens are a novel class of anticancer agents that inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in various cell lines. To find the lead compound from the oxobenzimidazole derivatives, receptor-ligand docking studies were initially performed using Schrödinger software. The best fit molecules were synthesized and characterized through IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and HRMS analyses. The structure of compound (9b) was further confirmed by single-crystal XRD analysis. The cell viability of the compounds was determined by MTT assay to find IC50 values against prostate cancer and breast cancer cell lines (PC-3, LNCaP, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). The ADME/T property studies were performed to rationalize the inhibitory properties of these compounds. It can be concluded from the study that 9b is the most active compound from the series against PC-3 and LNCaP cell lines.

A line x tester analysis using 4 lines and 3 testers was carried out to study the combining ability, heterosis and gene action for seed yield and related traits in linseed. Analysis of variance for combining ability revealed that significant difference among the mean squares was observed for lines, testers and lines x testers for all the characters except for mean squares due to tester for seeds per capsule which indicated that experimental material possessed considerable variability. The ratio of GCA and SCA variance indicated the predominance of non-additive gene action for all the characters under study. Among the lines, Chambal and HimAlsi-2 and the testers HimAlsi-1 and Nagarkot displayed high gca effect and considered as good general combiners for most of characters. Significant positive SCA effect for seed yield per plant was displayed by the cross HimAlsi-2 x EC-541194, T-397 x HimAlsi-1, Chambal x Nagarkot, Kangra Local x EC-541194, HimAlsi-2 x HimAlsi-1 and T-397 x Nagarkot. These crosses have been identified as best hybrids for improving seed yield per plant. Heterosis was worked out over mid parent and better parent, for seed yield per plant crosses T-397 x Nagarkot, T-397 x HimAlsi-1, Chambal x Nagarkot, Chambal x HimAlsi-1, Chambal x EC-541194 Kangra Local x EC-541194, HimAlsi-2 x HimAlsi-1 and HimAlsi-2 x EC-541194 exhibited significant positive heterosis for both mid and better parent. Hence, these crosses would be exploited for isolating transgressive segregants for seed yield and its related traits for genetic improvement in linseed.

The main focus of this review is to discuss the discoveries and developments of various therapies for prostate cancer.

The antioxidant properties of Citrus grandis (CG) juice were evaluated both in in vitro and in vivo condition. In vitro studies of CG juice were conducted for determining the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical–scavenging activity, H2O2- scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation. Determination of bioactive compounds showed high content of total polyphenol, flavonoids and ascorbic acid. In vivo study revealed the significant stress reducing effect of CG juice by reducing the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level and enhancing the endogenous antioxidants both in serum and tissues. Less fatty degeneration in hepatocytes of CG-treated groups with normal mitochondria and nucleus was found in ultrastructural studies. Therefore, the intake of CG juice might be a good source of natural antioxidant.

The antioxidant properties of Citrus grandis (CG) juice were evaluated both in in vitro and in vivo condition. In vitro studies of CG juice were conducted for determining the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical–scavenging activity, H2O2- scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation. Determination of bioactive compounds showed high content of total polyphenol, flavonoids and ascorbic acid. In vivo study revealed the significant stress reducing effect of CG juice by reducing the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level and enhancing the endogenous antioxidants both in serum and tissues. Less fatty degeneration in hepatocytes of CG-treated groups with normal mitochondria and nucleus was found in ultrastructural studies. Therefore, the intake of CG juice might be a good source of natural antioxidant.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have pathogenic effects on ischemic-reperfusion injury of heart. Hence, it is important to identify natural antioxidative agents to mitigate such effects. Recently, it has been reported that Clerodendron colebrookianum (CC) leaf extract has antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects in experimental animals. The aim of this study was to examine whether acute treatment with CC extract offers protection against ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI) and IRI-induced changes in endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities of rat heart. Isolated rat hearts were perfused using the Langendorff's technique, and 20 min of global ischemia was followed by 40 min of reperfusion. Lipid peroxidation after the ischemic-reperfusion episode was significantly reduced in the CC extract-treated heart compared to the control group and suppressed the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) during reperfusion. Moreover, CC extract diminished the depletion of myocardial antioxidant enzymes (SOD, Catalase, GSH and GPx) after ischemia-reperfusion. Furthermore, IRI-induced cellular damage was significantly less in CC extract treated myocytes. These results indicate that CC leaf extract protects against oxidative stress and cellular injury associated with ischemic-reperfusion injury of rat heart and suggests that the protective effects of CC extract depend on its antioxidant properties.

Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp (family, Verbenaceae) has been used as a home remedy by the Mizo people of north eastern (NE) region of India in their folklore medicine as a cardioprotective (mainly against high blood pressure) agent. The scientific basis for their use has yet to be established. Therefore, in this investigation an attempt has been made to study the effect of different extracts of the leaves of Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp (CC) on serum lipid profile which is closely associated with many cardiovascular diseases. It was found that after administration of both crude and organic extracts the serum lipid profile, i.e. total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) lowered significantly (P<0.001) from their respective control except TG in methanol extract (ME)-treated rats. The decreased percentage of TC, TG and LDL after administration of crude extract (CE) and ethylacetate extract (EE) with normal diet were found to be 35, 39 and 48%, and 33, 18 and 91%, respectively, after 7 days of treatment. In case of ME the lowering of TC and LDL were noted to be 41 and 85%, respectively. Both TC and TG were lowered significantly (P<0.001) even after the administration of crude extract against high-fat diet. Significant increase of cardioprotective lipid, i.e high density lipoprotein (HDL) after administration of EE (46%) and ME (38%) was another interesting finding of this experiment. Total cholesterol:HDL and LDL:HDL ratios were significantly lower in the experimental group. Therefore, it was concluded that the leaves of CC have definite cardioprotective potentiality, and there is a valid scientific basis for consuming it for better health in NE region of India.

The aim of the present study is to find out the antiperoxidative and lipid lowering activity of the crude extract (CE) of Clerodendron colebrookianum (CC) leaf. The study was conducted in two experimental animal models i.e.TritonWR-1339 (200mg kgb.wt.) as an intrinsic inducer and by feeding cholesterol (25mg kg b.wt.) as an extrinsic inducer. In both the experiment the animals were divided into 5 groups comprising of 6 animals in each group. Control group (group A), Hyperlipidemic group (group B), Hyperlipidemic plus CE of CC (0.5g kg,Group C), Hyperlipidemic plus CE of CC (1g kg,Group D), Hyperlipidemic plus CE of CC (2g kg,Group E). Intraperitonial (ip) administration of Triton WR-1339 significantly (P<0.001) enhances serum lipid profile i.e. serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) and decrease the high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). Similarly oral administration of cholesterol (1%) for 28days in cholesterol fed group significantly increases the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS, marker of oxidative stress) both in plasma and tissues. Administration of CE of CC in three different doses to the hyperlipidemic rats induced by Triton WR-1339 caused a significant (P<0.001) decrease of the plasma lipid levels (quantified using enzymatic kits, Randox). TBARS level reduced significantly both in plasma and tissue in cholesterol fed rats. The plant extract also significantly reduced the atherogenic index, a sensitive indicator of cardiovascular diseases. The results observed in the present study suggest that CC leaf which is used traditionally as an antihypertensive agent could be used to treat hypercholesterolemia also.