Rabies is a fatal viral zoonotic disease caused by a neurotropic Rabies virus (Lyssavirus rabies) of the genus Lyssavirus of the family Rhabdoviridae. Lyssavirus rabies primarily affects the central nervous system, while, Chlamydia spp. are intracellular bacterial pathogens and occasionally infect nervous system in livestock. In this reported sporadic outbreak, seven cows in an organised dairy farm manifested acute nervous symptoms, hypersalivation, muscle tremors and death along with encephalomyelitis as the predominant post-mortem lesion. Considering the nervous signs in the absence of visible bite marks, diseased animals were initially screened for rabies, bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5), listeriosis, chlamydiosis and plant toxicities. Brain samples of all cows were found positive for rabies virus using N gene RT-PCR. The brain samples of morbid animals also showed typical necropsy and histopathological changes indicative of rabies. The virus was further confirmed by nucleotide sequencing of the partial N gene. The phylogenetic analysis indicated involvement of the Lyssavirus rabies strain belonging to genotype I of phylogroup 1, like other Indian rabies viruses, and closely related to the strains detected from the dogs from north India. Interestingly, Chlamydia abortus was also detected by PCR in the brain tissue and pericardial fluid of two animals. However, no specific histopathological lesions attributable to chlamydial infection were observed in brains tissues. The pathological significance of this co-detection remains uncertain. This study is the first report of the co-occurrence of rabies and chlamydiosis in cattle, with unknown clinical significance, and highlights the importance of rabies surveillance in livestock and canine population.

The dairy industry in India is emerging as one of the key agribusiness sectors, significantly contributing to the national economy. However, despite its high significance, the dairy business is vulnerable to various diseases. The bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is the most common viral infection affecting the respiratory system, especially in calves. The association of BRSV with the development of pneumonia is well-established globally; however, only limited research has been conducted on its prevalence and associated pathology in India. This study aims to investigate the pathology and prevalence of BRSV among bovine calves under one year of age. Thirty calves necropsied from June 1st, 2021, to June 30th, 2022, were included in the research to investigate BRSV pathology using cytological, gross, histopathological, and immunohistochemical examinations. A total of 228 samples were collected for BRSV detection, comprising 30 tissue samples from necropsy, 130 samples from clinically ill calves (121 nasal and 9 ocular swabs), and 68 nasal swabs from apparently healthy calves. In cases where BRSV was detected, the main gross findings during necropsy were cranioventral consolidation, rubbery and non-collapsing lungs having rib impressions. Histopathologically, necrotising bronchiolitis and bronchitis, thickening of the interalveolar septa, and multiple numbers of syncytial cells in the alveolar lumen, along with the infiltration of inflammatory cells, mainly lymphocytes, were evident. The cytological examination revealed multi-nucleated cells along with the infiltration of inflammatory cells, mainly lymphocytes. Immunohistochemical examination revealed the presence of viral antigen in syncytial cells along with cells from the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium, including inflammatory cells, predominantly macrophages. The prevalence of BRSV was found to be 50

When firm implantation has occurred, pregnancy losses during the late embryonic or early fetal period are less common and typically occur before 60 days of gestation. A rare case of early fetal death due to Geotrichum candidum infection in a pluriparous Jersey crossbred cow was sporadically recorded during routine screening at the university cattle farm. The early fetal death was diagnosed using sequential sonographic examinations, and the aetiology was confirmed through microbiological examination and histopathological evaluation of an endometrial biopsy sample. It is concluded that, although mycotic abortions and fetal deaths are uncommon and sporadic, routine screening of cows for late embryonic and early fetal death remains essential.

Genital tumours are rare among cattle, largely due to their relatively short lifespans. Leio-myoma, a smooth muscle tumour being more prevalent in dogs, appears only at a rate of 1.00-2.00% in cattle, affecting reproductive efficiency in cases of complete uterine obstruction. This case report involves an 8-year-old cow with repeated insemination attempts unveiled 5.00 cm intra-luminal uterine mass, obstructing the right uterine horn. Transrectal sonography (TRUS) revealed a highly vascularized mass with normal ovarian function. Confirmation of clinical condition, i.e., uterine leiomyoma, viauterine biopsy concluded the presence of neoplastic smooth muscle cells arranged in interlacing bundles showing mild pleomorphism, and special staining using Masson's trichrome revealed an unappreciable amount of connective tissue; subsequently right flank celiotomy was performed to remove the benign tumour. Forty-five days after celiotomy, TRUS examination confirmed an unobstructed uterine horn, and bilateral oviduct patency was adjudged with 2.50% methylene blue. Following treatment for chronic endometritis, artificial insemination led to conception nearly 90 days post-procedure. The TRUS aids preliminary diagnosis, while definitive identification demands necropsy and surgical methods. This case underscores the diagnostic significance of TRUS, histopathology and celiotomy for identifying and managing uterine leiomyoma in cattle. (c) 2024Urmia University. All rights reserved.

Respiratory diseases causing pneumonia are the 2nd leading cause of mortality in bovine calves and are primarily caused by viral pathogens. The present study was undertaken in cattle calves under twelve months of age for detecting four respiratory viruses, viz. bovine herpes virus-1 (BoHV-1), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPI3), using a commercially available multiscreen antigen ELISA kit. A total of 30 cattle calves necropsied at the Department of Veterinary Pathology, DGCN COVAS, CSKHPKV, Palampur, from June 2021 to June 2022 were screened. The samples of lung tissues and nasal turbinates were collected and stored at –20°C until further processing. The collected tissue samples were homogenised and processed as per the standard protocol. Among the 30 necropsied samples, BoHV-1 and BRSV were detected in 17/30 (56.67%) samples, BPI3 was detected in 14/30 (46.67%) samples, and BVDV was detected in 8/30 (26.67%) samples. 5/30 (16.67%) samples were found positive for all four viruses. Moreover, three viruses were concurrently detected in 4/30 samples (13.33%), and two viruses were present in 10/30 samples (33.33%). Additionally, a single virus was detected in 4/30 samples (13.33%). In conclusion, the present investigation reveals the substantial presence of respiratory viruses in the respiratory tract of cattle calves. The result indicates a complex pattern of co-infections of different viruses, emphasising the need for effective surveillance and management strategies to address the diverse viral dynamics affecting bovine respiratory health.

Artemisia nilagirica is an important medicinal plant found to exhibit several medicinal properties but the use of its leaves for combating E. coli infection has not been scientifically validated in poultry. The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of methanol leaf extract of A. nilagirica (ANE) on E. coli challenged broiler chickens. Three hundred and thirty, day-old broiler chickens, were divided into 6 groups of 55 each, with group EX infected intraperitoneally (I/P) with LD50 dose of 1 × 107 cfu/ml of E. coli; group(s) EA1, EA2 and EA3 infected I/P with 1 × 107 cfu/ml of E. coli and supplemented with ANE @ 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/L of drinking water, respectively; group AX were only given ANE @ 2.0 g/L in the drinking water. ANE treatment was started from day 4 and was continuously given in the drinking water up to day 21. E. coli infection was given to the birds on day 7 of their age. The effect of the plant extract was evaluated on the basis of gross, microscopic and ultrastructural alterations in E. coli challenged broiler chickens. The extract of A. nilagirica was found to show antibacterial, cardioprotective and hepatoprotective properties in a dose-dependent manner on the basis of gross and microscopic examination. The methanol extract of A. nilagirica leaves revealed no toxic effect on the hepatocytes on ultrastructural evaluation. This study demonstrates the antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective activities of ANE in broiler chickens infected with E. coli organism.

A pathological investigation was undertaken on a 7-year-old male American bully dog, brought to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Dr G.C. Negi COVAS, Palampur to elucidate the possible causes of death, with the history of vomiting, polyuria, and anorexia.Serum biochemical estimation has revealed elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and glucose.On necropsy, the visceral organs were found pale, along with enlarged and deformed kidneys.Microscopically, the kidneys showed cellular swelling of the tubular epithelium, dilatation of the tubules, desquamation of the tubular epithelium, and presence of eosinophilic material along with mild fi brosis around the degenerated tubules.

The present study was conducted to determine the ability of multicomponent mycotoxin detoxifying agent (MMDA) in feed to prevent the gastrointestinal absorption of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and T2-toxin supplemented via spiked maize. For comparisons, hens were fed with uncontaminated basal diet without or with addition of MMDA at 2 g/kg feed. The trial consisted of 105 laying hens (Lohmann Brown) without obvious signs of disease allocated to 7 treatment groups in 35 pens. Responses were demonstrated on laying performance and health status throughout the 42 d experimental period. The results of laying performance indicated significantly decreased egg mass with increasing mycotoxin (AFB1 and T2-toxin) levels up to the maximum tolerated dosage, however simultaneous presence of MMDA laying performance was slightly modified linearly to increasing application. Dose-dependent pathological changes in liver and kidneys and their relative weights, changes in blood parameters and reduced eggshell weights were observed in the hens fed AFB1 and T2-toxin. The pathological changes in the hens fed with diets containing AFB1 and T2-toxin without MMDA were significantly higher as compared with the control group, but eggshell stability was not affected. The contents of AFB1, T2-toxin and their metabolites in liver and kidney tissues were significantly decreased in the hens supplemented with MMDA at 2 and 3 g/kg in feed. MMDA supplementation significantly reduced the deposition of AFB1, T2-toxin and their metabolites in liver and kidneys at the maximum tolerated dosage (2 and 3 g/kg) indicating specific binding to AFB1 and T2-toxin in the digestive tract as compared to the corresponding diets without MMDA. Exposure of AFB1 and T2-toxin indicated significantly decreased egg mass with increasing mycotoxin levels up to the maximum tolerated dosage because of the significantly reduced egg production. Therefore, in this study, MMDA could reduce negative effects of feeding AFB1 and T-2 to laying hens.

A 22-year-old female Common Leopard Panthera pardus at Dhauladhar Nature Park, Gopalpur Zoo was reported to show abnormal behavior in its feeding cubicle during the evening hours and was later found dead. The carcass was presented for necropsy examination at the Department of Pathology, DGCN COVAS, Palampur. Necropsy examination showed enlarged kidneys with completely adhered renal capsule. Lungs and intestine exhibited oedema and hemorrhages, respectively. The histopathological examination found severe necrotic changes with degenerations and fibrosis. Inter-tubular and glomerular collagenous fibrous tissue was confirmed by Masson’s trichrome staining. The animal is speculated to have died primarily due to chronic renal failure with associated pathologies in lungs and intestine.

A hill prinia (Prinia superciliaris) bird was presented for necropsy examination to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, DGCN, COVAS Palampur in order to access the cause of death.A thorough and detailed examination of the carcass revealed parasitic ingluvitis along with roundworms leading to the rupture of crop.The roundworms were also recorded over the lungs and peritoneum accompanied with crop rupture due to heavy parasitism.The lungs exhibited profound pulmonary congestion and oedema.The round worms recovered during necropsy evaluation were collected in were identified as Acuaria subula.The histological investigation of lung section has uncovered the presence of intra-alveolar accumulation of eosinophilic edematous fluid along with fibrinous exudate.

A 12 year old female buffalo with the history of fever, anorexia and hemoglobinuria was presented to Multispecialty Veterinary Hospital at DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSKHPKV, Palampur. The necropsy examination of the animal showed severe hepatomegaly with dirty fibrin threads attached with the liver, yellowish discoloration, necrohemorrhagic tracts, presence of leaf like flukes in the liver and hydro peritoneum. The petechial hemorrhages were evident in the peritoneal surface and intestinal mucosa. The epicardial and endocardial hemorrhages were quite evident in the heart. Severe hydrothorax and pulmonary oedema were also recorded during the necropsy. Histopathological evaluation of liver showed coagulative necrosis, hemorrhages, extrahepatic jaundice, mild bile duct hyperplasia, hydropic degeneration and hemosiderosis. The parasite was later on identified as F. gigantica leading to cholangio-hepatitis creating anaerobic conditions and fastidious growth of clostridial organisms. The hypoproteinaemia and toxemia all together led to the death of animal.

The present study was done from January 2017 to December, 2021 to investigate the commonly occurring parasitological conditions in meat animals reported during routine necropsy examination. The animals targeted in this study included buffaloes, sheep and goats, poultry birds and rabbits. The cases of buffaloes during necropsy were found to depict fasciolosis, sarcocystis, hydatidosis and cysticercosis. The sheep and goats revealed the evidence of hydatidosis, hemonchosis, tapeworms, cysticercosis and hepatic distomiasis. Majorly the reports of intestinal coccidiosis and ascariasis were commonly encountered among poultry birds. Rabbits were found to show conditions like hepatic coccidiosis, encephalitozoon and ear canker. The parasitic conditions recorded in these animals were further confirmed by histopathological and parasitological investigations. The parasites in meat animals directly or indirectly influence the growth of animals and often pose a significant threat in terms of economic loss to marginal farmers or meat industries. Many of these parasitic conditions including hydatidosis and cysticercosis can act as para-sitological conditions of zoonotic significance to the mankind via spill over infections or through meat consumption. The present study document the parasitic conditions recorded during routine necropsy examination, which are although sub-clinical normally.

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global public health problem. The SARS-CoV-2 triggers hyper-activation of inflammatory and immune responses resulting in cytokine storm and increased inflammatory responses on several organs like lungs, kidneys, intestine, and placenta. Although SARS-CoV-2 affects individuals of all age groups and physiological statuses, immune-compromised individuals such as pregnant women are considered as a highly vulnerable group. This review aims to raise the concerns of high risk of infection, morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 in pregnant women and provides critical reviews of pathophysiology and pathobiology of how SARS-CoV-2 infection potentially increases the severity and fatality during pregnancy. This article also provides a discussion of current evidence on vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Lastly, guidelines on management, treatment, preventive, and mitigation strategies of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and pregnancy-related conditions such as delivery and breastfeeding are discussed.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic wreaked havoc worldwide, with more than 20 million confirmed cases and nearly 0. 75 million deaths as of 10th August 2020. Various factors determine the severity and symptoms of this infection. Older age and underlying diseases are the challenges being faced in controlling and treating COVID-19. In 2019, 703 million of the global population was older than 65 years of age. The estimated mortality due to COVID-19 in people older than 76 years of age is reportedly 18%. Frequent infections in older people, higher disease severity, and increased mortality are major challenges in the implementation of appropriate preventive measures and future strategies to protect against this disease in geriatric population. Poor health status, weak immune function, lowered organ function, increased probability of multiple underlying diseases, and poor attention to personal health can increase the susceptibility to various diseases in the geriatric population. Concerning inadequate immunity, the decrease expression of receptors and exaggerated pathophysiologic responses can be debilitating. However, future studies will reveal the hidden facets in these aspects in this COVID-19 catastrophe. In this article, we reviewed the main concerns of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the geriatric population, including the risk of acquiring severe COVID-19 resulting in mortality, variation in clinical manifestations, and other pandemic-related concerns. We also discussed the need for increasing attention toward the elderly, taking appropriate prevention and control measures, and considering geriatric-related adjustments in vaccine design and development.

Two deceased adult Common Myna Acridotherestristispresented for post-mortem investigations revealed weak carcasses with pale mucus membranes. The small intestine was completely blocked by balled-up tapeworms, which wereconfirmed as Hymenolepiscantaniana. Grossly, the intestine showed severe, diffuse congestion and catarrhal enteritis. Histopathological examination of the intestine exhibited severe congestion, denuded epithelium with necrotic cells along with homogenous catarrhal exudates admixed with a few polymorphonuclear cells. This report puts into record a rare case ofHymenolepisspeciesincidence in Common Myna.

The diversity of Indian culture reflects the follow-up of different traditions in almost every part of the country. The production of fermented beverages reflects one such traditional act followed up by the rural folk residing in the Indian hills. The various fermented drinks which are produced are Haria, Chhang, Sura, Kacchi, Yu, and much more. Medicinal plants provide an asset in the production of some beverages because of their medicinal properties and safety concerns. Apart from these, the other substrates that are employed for the production include fruits, vegetables, grains, and herbs. The engineering of alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages are widespread to Northern Himalayas (different parts of Himachal), Kashmir, Uttarakhand, and the North-eastern regions mainly Meghalaya, Nagaland, and Mizoram. Several production conditions and equipment are taken care of for attaining the better efficiency. Microbial cultures are also widely used but the strains of the microorganism varies in different productions and the most commonly used are Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus lactis in the production of fermented milk and probiotics while Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis, leuconostoc sp., Zygosaccharomyces bisporus, Candida sp. are commonly involved in the production of alcoholic beverages. This chapter focuses on the different types of beverages produced by the rural folks from the ancient time, their production methods, isolation, and screening of natural substrates (fruits, grains, herbs, and medicinal plants) for the production. Further microbial cultures employed for the fermentation processes along with the health, safety, and economic perspectives associated with the manufacturing and consumption of such beverages are covered.