Twenty-two eco-friendly, novel Schiff bases were synthesized from 2,4,5-trichloro aniline and characterized by using FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR techniques. Fungicidal activity against pathogenic fungi Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia bataticola and insecticidal activity against the stored grain insect pest Callosobruchus maculatus of the test compounds were evaluated under control condition. All of the investigated compounds, according to the study, exhibited moderate to good antifungal and insecticidal activities. The best antifungal activity against both pathogenic fungi was demonstrated by C15 and C16 whose ED50 values were recorded 11.4 and 10.4 μg/mL against R. bataticola and 10.6 and 11.9 μg/mL against S. rolfsii, respectively. They were further screened in for disease suppression against both pathogenic fungi under pot condition through different methods of applications in green gram (Vigna radiata L.) crop. The compounds C10 and C18 had the highest insecticidal activity, with LD50 values of 0.024 and 0.042 percentages, respectively. Stepwise regression analysis using root mean square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R) method used to validate the quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) of synthesized compounds in addition to their fungicidal and insecticidal actions. To the best of our knowledge, this investigation on the 22 new Schiff bases as possible agrochemicals is the first one that has been fully reported.

The environmental, economic, and operational limits associated with the physical, chemical, and microbiological techniques for the production of nanoparticles (NPs) are the principal obstructions to their rapid commercial applications in various fields including food packaging and sensing to ensure food quality and safety. Over the years, many reports revealed that the nanotechnological (metal-based NPs) application facilitates an alternate, interactive, reliable, as well as simple technology in the food industries and packaging sector. In this review, we summarized the usage of plant extract for the biosynthesis of bimetallic (Au–Ag) and monometallic counterpart NPs. Further, the impact of reaction conditions and identification of reactive phytochemicals with the reaction mechanism of these nanoparticles was reviewed. The recent progress on the applications of Ag, Au, or Au–Ag NPs in food quality analysis and food packaging was comprehensively discussed. The safety aspect of the nanoparticles for food sector use was also briefly stated.

Butachlor herbicide belongs to the family of chloroacetanilide group, widely used for control of grass and broadleaf weeds in paddy fields however, its repeated application may result in aquatic pollution. Butachlor residue has been detected in aquatic environments, which may produce toxic effects on non-target organisms including fish. Keeping this in mind, the present study was designed to estimate the LC50 of butachlor (Shaktiman®), and to evaluate the sub-lethal toxicity at two concentrations (12.42 μg L-1 and 62.10 μg L-1) in Labeo rohita for a period of 24, 48, and 72 h. Fish exposed to butachlor reduced the counts of red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), and white blood cells (WBC). A significant (p < 0.05) increase in the antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase-SOD, glutathione-s-transferase-GST), and hepatic enzyme (glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase-GOT, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase-GPT) were noticed in butachlor exposed fish. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and HSP90 in gill; cortisol, protein, albumin, globulin, and triglyceride in serum were increased upon exposure of butachlor. On the contrary, complement 3 (C3) and immunoglobulin (IgM) in serum was found to be decreased compared to control fish. The findings thus suggest that the fish upon exposure to butachlor disrupts the biomarkers which ultimately leads to growth retardation in fish.

Recently, the design and biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have drawn immense interest, but their very specific function and secondary toxic effects are major concern towards commercial application of NPs. That's why environment-friendly (nontoxic) NPs having multiple functions are extremely important. Herein, we report the mechanism of biosynthesis of mono and bimetallic (Au-Ag) alloy NPs and study their multifunctional (antioxidant, antifungal and catalytic) activity and ecotoxicological property. AgNPs exhibit phytotoxicity (at 100 mu g/ml) on morphological characteristics of Lentil (during germination), while alloy and AuNPs are non-toxic (up to 100 mu g/ml). In-vitro antioxidant response using DPPH methods reveals that alloy NPs (IC50 = 55.8 mu g/ml) possesses better antioxidant activity compared to the monometallic NPs (IC50 = 73.6-82.6 mu g/ml). In addition, alloy NPs displayed appreciable antifungal efficacy against a plant pathogenic fungus Gloeosporium musarum by structural damage to hyphae and conidia of the fungus. The catalytic performance of NPs for degradation of chlorpyriphos (CP) pesticide reveals that alloy NPs is more efficient in terms of rate constant (k = 0.405 d-1) and half-life (T50 = 1.71 d) compared to the monometallic counterparts (k = 0.115-0.178 d-1; T50 = 3.89-6.04 d). Degradation products of CP (3,5,6-trichloropyridinol and diethyl thiophosphate) are confirmed using mass spectrometry and based on that a degradation pathway has been suggested. Thus, these sustainable and ecological safe biogenic (Au-Ag) alloy NPs promise multiple applications as an antioxidant in the pharmaceutical sector, as a fungicide for disease control in agriculture, as a catalyst for remediation of toxic pollutants and in other pertinent areas.

Existing pesticide formulation solvents generate volatile organic compounds (VOCs), are combustible, and are classed as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), meaning they are detrimental to users and phytotoxic to crops. Green solvents are required in formulations due to regulations, health, and environmental concerns. In emulsifiable concentration (EC) formulations, the "green chemistry" movement has led to the use of less harmful solvents. After a detailed and comparative fungal growth inhibition assessment, the least harmful carrier solvent among four regularly used organic solvents [dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), aromatic hydrocarbon (C9), and methyl oleate] was chosen in this study. We employed methyl oleate (cis-9-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester) as a bio-based green reserver (60%) to create effective bioinspired EC formulations (30%) of Pongamia pinnata L extract utilising emulsifier blends (10 percent) based on the known toxicity order (DMF > DMSO > C9 > methyl oleate). EC1 outperformed the other thirteen formulations (EC1-EC13) in terms of emulsion stability, cold test, accelerated storage stability, flash point, and other metrics, proving its suitability for commercial production. Using four therapeutically appropriate concentrations of agricultural usage, in-vitro fungicidal effects against Alternaria solani and Phytophthora spp. were examined.A. solani (EC50 = 0.08 percent) showed the greatest growth suppression (87.4 percent) at the maximum dosage (1 percent), followed by Phytophthora sp. (71.1 percent) (EC50 = 0.49 percent). The study proved its utility in the production of environmentally acceptable green solvent-based herbal formulations as a long-term crop protection alternative to harmful chemical pesticides.

Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is a potent neurotoxin agent, widely used for ectoparasites control in aquaculture, but their detailed toxicological implications in Labeo rohita are unknown. Thus, this study was conceptualized to determine the LC50 and to investigate the effects of two sub-lethal concentrations 1/50th of 96 h LC50 (1.82 μgL-1) and 1/10thof 96 h LC50 (9.1 μgL-1) on hemato-immunological and biochemical responses in L. rohita (mean weight 25.54 ± 2.3 g and length 10.35 ± 2.4 cm) for a period of 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. LC50 of EMB were 163 μgL-1, 112 μgL-1, 99 μgL-1 and 91 μgL-1 at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h respectively. The safe limit at 96 h LC50 of EMB was 2.30 μgL-1. In EMB treated fish, red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit counts were reduced (p < 0.05) significantly. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the liver and kidney declined (p < 0.05) at 72 h while in gill and muscle the activity increased significantly. Glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activity in the liver, gill, and kidney increased (p < 0.05) while muscle decreased significantly. Catalase (CAT) activity in liver, gill, and muscle decreased while in kidney increases. Glutamic-oxaloacetic acid transaminase (GOT) activity and Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activity were increased in liver, kidney, and muscle tissue. The change in serum triglycerides, serum protein level was noticed. The level of cortisol, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and HSP90 increased (p < 0.05) while the immunological responses like immunoglobulin M (IgM) and complement 3(C3) activity decreased (p < 0.05) in EMB exposed fish. Thus, EMB exposure at two sub-lethal concentrations in L. rohita induces several hemato-immuno, and biochemical alterations in blood, serum, and different organs. The overall result of the present study indicated that EMB is toxic to fish even for a short-term exposure and low doses, and therefore utmost caution should be taken to prevent their drainage into water bodies.

Water quality of the river Ganga in West Bengal was assessed at 4 locations viz. Berhampore, Palta, Dakshineswar and Uluberia. Most of the physico-chemical parameters including metals were within BIS permissible limits for drinking. But the residues of some pesticides exceeded the EU permissible level for drinking. Significant spatial and temporal variation in the water quality was noted indicating higher pollution load during the monsoon and also along the downstream of the river. The low ionic concentration in water was well within the standard values with their dominance in the order: Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ and SO4 2-> Cl- > NO3 - > F- . The river water appeared to be of medium salinity class for irrigation and was suitable for fisheries and aquaculture. However, pesticide residues like DDT may require special attention. Key words: Ganga, physico-chemical properties, metal, pesticide, permissible limit.

Pongamia pinnata (L.) seed oil is effective for its insecticidal and larvicidal activities. However, its low aqueous solubility, high photosensitivity, and high volatility restrict its application for the control of agricultural pests. Encapsulation can be an effective technique to overcome such hindrances. Therefore, P. pinnata oil (PO) was extracted from its seeds and analyzed for karanjin content (3.18%) by GC-MS/MS as the marker compound. Micro-encapsulation (MC) of PO was prepared by interfacial polymerization between isocyanates and polyamine and tested for insecticidal and larvicidal activities. Bioassay of the developed formulations was tested in-vitro against 2nd instar larvae of Bombyx mori (Bivoltine hybrid) and in-vivo insecticidal bio-efficacy was tested against aubergine aphid (Aphis gossypii G.) and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci G.). Various properties of micro-capsules viz., stability, size, oil content and release kinetics were examined. Average diameter of capsules (1 μm) with Zeta potential (-16 mV) was indicated by the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) instrument. Existence of PO in the microcapsules was confirmed by an optical microscopic study. Spectroscopic analysis revealed 87.4% of PO was encapsulated in polyurea shell. The shelf-life (T10), half-life (T50), and expiry-life (T90) of polyurea coated capsules were 11.4, 75.3 and 250.0 h, respectively. Polyurea coated PO capsule formulation showed evidence of in-vitro toxicity against 2nd instar larvae of B. mori (LC50 = 1.1%; LC90 = 5.9%). The PO formulation also exhibited 67.0–71.8% and 62.4–74.8% control of aphid and whitefly population in aubergine at 4.0% dose following 7–14 days after application. The study unveiled its significance in developing controlled release herbal formulations of P. pinnata as an alternative to harmful conventional synthetic insecticides for crop protection.

Fipronil -a broad spectrum phenylpyrazole insecticide has high level of toxicity towards environment. Therefore, an easy and reliable analytical method was developed for residue estimation of fipronil to ensure food and environmental safety. A modified QuEChERS technique was followed for estimation of fipronil (5% SC) in paddy ecosystem using GC-ECD and confirmation by GC-MS/MS. The initial residues (0.168–0.794 μg g−1) of total fipronil i.e., sum of fipronil and its metabolites (viz., desulfinyl and sulfone) in leaf and soil were dissipated following first order kinetics. About 92–96% of fipronil residues were degraded after 15 days with half-life of 3.4–4.1 days and pre-harvest interval of 19.4–25.7 days in plant. Residues were below level of quantification (<0.005 μg g−1) in plant and soil at harvest. The fipronil residues in rice grain present low dietary risk (RQd < 1) to human health. However, high risk (RQd > 1) was predicted for cattle health due to fipronil residues in paddy leaf up to 10 days. The residual level in soil was also at highrisk (RQs > 1) for soil ecological health.

Pesticides are primarily used for crop protection in agriculture with global consumption of about two million tons per annum. Herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides are the major three classes of pesticides covering about 95% of the total pesticides use. Besides controlling the target pests, a large number of these pesticides adversely affect humans and other non-target organisms with acute and chronic toxic effects. Therefore, people who are professionally engaged in the process from pesticide production to application are most susceptible to various adverse health effects due to acute and chronic exposure. In addition, pesticides following application are circulated in various biotic and abiotic components of the environment including water. Moreover, a number of pesticides are persistent in the applied crops leading to residual toxicity in food. Consequently, the general population is also exposed to trace levels of pesticide residues through food and water. Therefore, regular monitoring of pesticide residues is indispensable for assessment of food and environmental safety.This chapter reviewed: (1) The processes facilitating distribution of pesticides from agro-ecosystem to hydro-system; (2) Analytical methods for monitoring of pesticide residue in water; (3) Status of pesticide residues occurring in aquatic system; (4) Reasons for frequent occurrence of organochlorine pesticides in water bodies; and (5) Methods for assessment of aquatic ecological risk due to pesticides. Following application in field, pesticides are transported to hydro-system through runoff, leaching and preferential water flow in dissolved and particulate phase. The multi residue methods based on chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry have been developed and validated for trace analysis of organic pollutants such as pesticides of diverse chemical classes in aquatic system. Over the past few decades, the residual level of various pesticides up to 5.7 μg/g level have been detected in aquatic system of different countries across the world. Most of the organochlorine pesticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, hexachlorocyclohexane, and endosulfan failed to meet the guideline values, have been banned. The reasons for occurrence of banned organochlorine pesticides are attributed to: (i) the old sources and their transformation into stable isomeric products, (ii) sedimentation succeeded by re-suspension to release organochlorine pesticides; and also due to (iii) the continued use of the banned organochlorine pesticides to combat vector borne diseases. Potential risks to aquatic life are also evaluated by computing risk quotient, toxic unit, and various risk models for hazard analyses. Leaching potentiality of pesticides to pollute groundwater may also be evaluated using groundwater ubiquity score index. Social awareness, safe and judicious use of toxic pesticides, use of bio-pesticides, designing strict policies and effective remediation technologies are recommended to minimize the pesticide pollution in aquatic system.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

The study evaluated removal efficiency of 43 pesticides from water by thin-film composite polyamide membrane indigenously prepared by interfacial polymerization of 1,3-phenylenediamine and 1,3,5 trimesoyl chloride coated on asymmetric polysulfone support. Membrane performance was evaluated by gas and liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy determination of multiple pesticides remaining in feed and permeated water following the application of pesticides each @ 0.02, 0.05, and 0.10 mg/L in de-ionized water. The membrane was most efficient in the rejection of persistent organochlorine insecticides, viz. endosulfans (100%), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (95%), and hexachlorocyclohexane (92%). Out of 43 selected pesticides, 33 were removed by > 80%. Size exclusion mass transfer played a significant role for molecules to pass through the membrane as observed for endosulfan isomers, endosulfan sulphate, and difenoconazole with molecular weight > 400. Pesticide rejection was also related to hydrophobicity (Log P) . Hydrophobic pesticides with log P > 4.5 were rejected by > 80%, while monocrotophos with less hydrophobicity (log P = − 0.22) exhibited poor rejection (38%). Water flux decreased with an increase in pesticide concentration. The process of pesticide filtration was optimized at 200 psi. The results indicated the potential of the membrane to remove pesticides from water.

Oil-in-water nanoemulsion (NE) formulations of mustard oil known for prominent antimicrobial activities have been prepared, characterized and tested against anthracnose pathogens Colletotrichum musae and Colletotrichum capsici. Physico-chemical properties viz., appearance, stability, pH, centrifugation, storage-stability, thermodynamic stress, persistent foam, droplets size and zeta potential were tested for the NE formulations. The NE formulations were prepared using low energy emulsification process with the optimized composition (w/w) of mustard oil (5%), Tween 20 and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate emulsifiers blend (20–30%), co-surfactants (4%), and de-ionized water. The required hydrophile-lipophile balance value for emulsifier blends was determined as 11.39–11.74. Only 3 (viz., NF2, NF3 and NF6) out of 15 NE formulations with transparent faint yellow color (pH 6.3) passed all the physico-chemical parameters tested. Among these, NF2 (foam height < 1 mL) was selected for further study. The average diameter (23 nm), polydispersity index (0.38) and zeta potential (− 12 mV) of mustard oil droplets in NF2 indicated the formation of a stable and homogeneous NE formulation. Application of NF2 exhibited low level of sensitivity to C. capsici and C. musae with maximum growth inhibition (6.2–7.3%) at 1.0% dose. Out of 18 phytochemicals detected in mustard oil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 11 have been reported with antifungal properties including trans-13-octadecenoic acid with the highest relative abundance. The observed antifungal activity may be attributed to the presence of at least some or all the identified phtytochemicals in mustard oil. Further bio-assay on sensitive plant pathogenic fungi is underway to explore the application of the developed NE formulation.

The aim of this study was to develop Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) formulations from seed oils of Pongamia pinnata L. Pachyrhizus erosus L. and Annona squamosa L. Insecticidal efficacy of developed formulations was tested in-vitro against cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) and in-vivo against aubergine aphid (Aphis gossypii G.) and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci G.). EC formulations comprising of seeds extract (40%) were prepared using biodegradable solvents (50%) and emulsifier blends (10%) with hydrophilic-lypophilic balance (HLB) value (12.54) suitable for the seed oils formulation. Among nine EC formulations prepared from seed oils of each plant, EC-1 type performed well in terms of emulsion stability, cold test, accelerated storage and flash point test indicating feasibility for their commercial production. In-vitro study of A. squamosa 40 EC at 1% dose caused the maximum mortality of 80.7% (LC50 = 0.08%) against B. brassicae at 72 h after the treatment. The bio-efficacy was comparable with the synthetic insecticide dimethoate 30 EC at 0.1% dose. Besides A. squamosa, the 40 EC formulation of P. pinnata at 1% dose having 70.6% mortality at 72 h after treatment (LC50 = 0.19%) was also found promising. In-vivo studies in brinjal also indicated the maximum reduction of aphids (67.3-72.3%) and whiteflies (67.5-75.6%) within 5-14 days after application of A. squamosa 40 EC formulation at 1.0% dose followed by P. pinnata 40 EC. The total flavonoids and phenolic content in all the crude seed extracts varied from 20.9 to 53.9 mg QE/g and 5.8-9.5 mg GAE/g, respectively. Further analysis of the extracts by GC-MS revealed some bioactive constituents belonging to fatty acids, esters, aldehyde, phenols, etc. The study unveiled its significance in developing herbal insecticidal formulations as an alternative to harmful synthetic chemical insecticides and a step forward towards development of a promising eco-friendly technology in crop protection.

Water decontamination through adsorption is regarded as an effective technique for pesticide remediation. Mesoporous alumina synthesized by autoclaving technique was evaluated for adsorption of 43 pesticides from water. The pesticide removal by adsorption was optimised by addition of each pesticide @ 500 µg/L of water and treatment with mesoporous alumina @ 4 g/L for 30 min. Quantitative analysis of pesticides in water was done by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. Maximum adsorption for individual pesticide was 95.7%, 68.3% and 52.1% in de-ionised, ground and waste water, respectively. Pesticides belonging to synthetic pyrethroids (SP), neonicotinoids, organophosphates (OP) and triazole groups were removed preferentially, but the organochlorine (OC) insecticides were less or not adsorbed at all. Average removal of pesticides was lowest in waste water (25.2%) compared to ground (37.4%) and de-ionised (66.1%) water. The study indicated the prospect of using mesoporous alumina for removal of pesticides to produce potable water.

A sensitive gas chromatographic method using a modified QuEChERS technique is reported for simultaneous determination, dissipation and risk assessment of fipronil and its metabolites in sugarcane and soil. Recoveries were 80.7-98.5% with precision within 1.4-16.5% estimated at the limits of detection (LOD) 0.0015-0.002 mu g g(-1) and limits of quantification (LOQ) 0.005 mu g g(-1). Fipronil dissipated with half-life (T-1/2) of 2.8-4.3 days while for total fipronil it was 3.7-6.0 days following application of fipronil (5% SC) in sugarcane fields at recommended (100 g a.i. ha(-1)) and double the recommended (200 g a.i. ha(-1)) doses. Estimated pre-harvest intervals (PHI) for fipronil were 20.3-27.0 days in sugarcane plants, and for total fipronil the corresponding values were 28.2-37.8 days. No dietary risk was observed due to fipronil (RQ(d) < 1) 5 days after application. Potential risk exists towards algae and soil macro-organism (RQs > 1), but for earthworms it was safe (RQs < 1).

A liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) for water and modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method for sediment combined with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) detection in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was standardized for determination of 31 pesticides. Performance characteristics for the selected pesticides were acceptable according to European Commission's (EC) guidelines for method validation (recovery 70-120%, RSD <20% and R2 value ≥ 0.99). River, pond and tubewell water and river sediment samples (64 nos.) were collected from Hooghly River basin in West Bengal, India during 2014-2016. About 42% of the samples showed the presence of 19 pesticides with the highest loading of total pesticides (T-pesticides) in river water (3.01 ng mL-1) followed by sediment (1.25 ng g-1), pond (0.40 ng mL-1) and tubewell (0.02 ng mL-1) water. The non-agricultural OC (organochlorine) insecticides were detected in all river water and sediment samples mainly due to HCHs (hexachlorocyclohexane) from old source and fresh use of DDTs (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) in local areas. No OC insecticides were detected in pond and tubewell water. Maximum residues of some recommended pesticides in agriculture were obtained in pond water. Most of the river water samples (93.7%) were in excess of EC limit (0.50 ng mL-1) of T-pesticides for drinking followed by pond water samples (56.2%). Tubewell water samples were free from T-pesticide threat but exceeded the EC limit (0.10 ng mL-1) for single pesticide in case of chlorpyrifos only. Ecological risk on aquatic animals was observed for OCs in river and chlorpyrifos in pond aquatic ecosystem.

The study on wheat growers within Front line demonstration was conducted in Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh state during 2014-15. The number of respondents selected for the study was 100. The data was collected by personal interview method. It is found that major constraints were lack of capital, high infestation of insects, lack of power supply. Most of the wheat growers under FLD suggested loan facilities should be provided in time, seed, fertilizers and other inputs should be given in proper time, timely availability of plant protection chemicals

Chloroform extract of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) rhizome, Clerodendrum (Clerodendrum infortunatum L.) mature leaf and methanol extract of Polyalthia (Polyalthia longifolia) mature leaf were tested against C. capsici radial growth, biomass production and spore germination on following poisoned food technique at 20, 100, 200 and 400 μg/ml and carbendazim at 1, 5, 10, 20μg/ml was taken as standard fungicide control. The effective concentration of plant extracts and fungicide carbendazim were also tested in vivo and field condition following artificial inoculation by pin-prick method of fully matured fruits about to ripe harvested chilli fruits. The extracts formulated with solvent and surfactant (20EC) were sprayed on harvested fruits both before inoulation and after inoculation and incubated in moist chanmer at 28±1 °C. Under field condition the botanical formulations were sprayed on chilli plnts bearing mature fruits both naturally and artificial inoculated conditions at 400μg/ml.All the plant extract formulations showed inhibition of radial growth, biomass production and spore germination with increased dose relationship. However, the fungicide carbendazim showed highest activity than the botanical formulations at lower doses. Under In vitro highest radial growth inhibition (57.78%) and spore germination inhibition (62.70%) at 400μg/ml was observed in polyalthia-methanol and highest inhibition of biomass production was observed in ginger-chloroform (32.78%). Under in vivo condition, all the treatments showed reduced lesion diameter but Clerodendrum-chloroform showed less lesion diameter compared to other treatments while in field condition both in natural infection and artificial infection, clerodendrum-chloroform showed less percent infected fruits in clerodendrum-chloroform followed by ginger-chloroform and polyalthia-methanol. Based on the results, the plant extract of Clerodendrum infortunatum could be developed and used as an effective alternative to synthetyic chemicals for postharvest anthracnose of chilli both under field and post-harvest condition.