The utilization of plant extracts is preferred for the preparation of metal nanoparticles (NPs) due to biologically active components. We have recently reported the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antileishmanial activities of silver nanoparticles synthesised from Phyllanthus emblica leaves. The main aim of this work was to examine a sustainable method for producing silver nanoparticles by utilising Carica papaya (papaya) leaf extract as a reducer. The fabricated AgNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). UV-Vis spectra of AgNPs have absorption maxima at 460 nm. FTIR bands identify the functional groups of the suspension that ensure the resilience of AgNPs. DLS measured the size of the formed AgNPs i.e. 68.40 nm. The zeta potential analyzer (ZP) of AgNPs exhibits values of -28.7 mV. The SEM results indicated the spherical as well as cuboidal shape of synthesized NPs with a mean size of 15 nm. Furthermore, the synthesized AgNPs showed putative antimicrobial activity towards various Gram-positive (+) and Gram-negative (-) pathogens and also anti-leishmanial activity. The IC50 content of AgNPs on L. donovani after 24, 48, and 72 h was calculated to be 45.88, 36.86, and 24.81 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, this study confirmed anti-leishmanial and antibacterial properties in the AgNPs to further investigate the biomedical applications. The findings of this research present novel opportunities for the utilisation of green synthesized NPs derived in several domains such as pharmaceuticals and nanomedicine.

Background Selaginella bryopteris (L.) also known as Sanjeevani, is a traditional medicinal herb used in treating liver diseases at its native place. It is scientifically unexplored herb for the treatment of various diseases including liver diseases. Purpose The present study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic extract of Selaginella bryopteris (SBEE) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in rat model. Materials and methods Hepatoprotective assessment of SBEE was evaluated at three doses i.e., 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 750mg/kg p.o. against CCl4 (1.5ml/kg i.p.) exposure once only in male wistar rats. After 24hours of the last treatment, All the experimental animals were euthanized to collect blood and liver tissue for the analysis of blood and tissue biochemistry parameters along with histopathological analysis. Results: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) intoxication in animals significantly elevated hepatospecific markers such as AST, ALT, LDH, and bilirubin in the bloodstream. Administration of Selaginella bryopteris ethanolic extract (SBEE) at doses of 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg, and 750mg/kg restored these markers in a dose-dependent manner. The increased tissue lipid peroxidation (LPO) and depleted reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in CCl4 treated rats was also significantly mitigated by SBEE therapy (p≤0.05). Histological analysis supported these biochemical findings, showing dose-dependent recovery of liver cellular architecture in SBEE-treated groups compared to the CCl₄-intoxicated group. The hepatoprotective effects of SBEE were comparable to those observed with the positive control group treated with Silymarin. Among the tested doses, 750mg/kg of SBEE showed the most pronounced recovery in serological liver markers, tissue biochemical parameters, and histological integrity, as confirmed by statistical analysis. Conclusions These results suggest that ethanolic extract of Selaginella bryopteris exhibits liver protection by ameliorating the blood and tissue biochemical markers with improved the cellular morphology against CCl4 induced damage. This protective effects of SBEE are likely due to the synergistic effect of its phytochemical constituents which contribute to its antioxidant effect. However, further research is necessary to confirm the potential of Selaginella bryopteris ethanolic extract (SBEE) as a hepatoprotective medicine in suchronic liver damage.

Grains, pulses and oil seeds are vital food crops, around the world and serve as essential sources of healthy nutrients for human well-being. However, their quality and production face significant challenges due to salinity stress posing a formidable threat to conventional agriculture by impeding its growth and development. The economic impact of saline soil on irrigated land is estimated to be 27.3 billion annually, underscoring the severity of the issue. Salinity stress induces profound changes in physiological, molecular, and biochemical processes. While adaptive mechanisms at various levels have been identified, a comprehensive understanding of salinity tolerance in food crops remains elusive. Human activities such as deforestation and poor irrigation management, are major contributors to soil salinity. The socio-economic repercussions include diminished crop yield reduced profit margins, unemployment and declining land value due to soil infertility. Remarkably, a review focusing on salinity tolerance responses and mechanisms in key food crops (barley, oats, rye, pulses and oilseeds) is not present. This review aims to fill this gap by offering a comprehensive overview of plants responses to salinity stress across different levels, unravelling the intricacies of tolerance mechanism. Furthermore, the review delves into biotechnological approaches and strategies employed thus far to enhance salinity tolerance in major food crops.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Kidney problems are becoming more common globally and are considered a major health issue in the modern world with high mortality rate. Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites is a tropical ethnomedicinal plant used to treat various diseases like diabetes, hypertension and urinary disorders and possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Aim of the study: This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition of 70% ethanolic leaf extract of Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites (PL) and evaluates its nephroprotective effects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Materials and methods: The leaves of PL were extracted with 70% ethanol and performed the phytochemical profiling using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). The nephroprotective effect of PL leaf extract was evaluated at three doses (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 days against cisplatin toxicity (16 mg/kg, i.p., once) in male Wistar rats. Body and kidney weight indices, kidney function markers and lipid profile markers in serum, and oxidative stress markers in kidney tissue were performed along with the histopathological analysis of kidney. Results: The LC-MS chromatograph confirmed the presence of various phytocompounds include N-Methylhernagine (aporphine alkaloid), 4-Acetamidobutanoic acid (gamma amino acid) and choline, etc. in the PL leaf extract. Exposure of cisplatin (16 mg/kg, i.p., once only) to the animals significantly elevated the levels of kidney functional markers (i.e. serum urea, uric acid, creatinine) and the lipid markers (triglyceride and total cholesterol) in blood circulation with depletion of serum albumin which were reversed by the therapy of PL leaf extract (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg) in dose-dependent manner. The altered level of body and kidney weight in cisplatin treated group was also restored by the therapy. PL leaf extract effectively improved the antioxidant defense system of kidney at all doses by restoring the levels of tissue glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase with the dose-dependent reduction of lipid peroxidation against cisplatin-induced renal oxidative stress. The histopathological observations also showed the significant recovery in cellular morphology after PL treatment when compared to the cisplatin toxicity group. The highest dose 600 mg/kg of PL leaf extract showed more pronounced renal recovery (p < 0.001) followed by other two doses, which was similar to the silymarin treatment group (a reference drug) against nephrotoxicity. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed the nephroprotective effects of PL leaves against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by reversing the level of biochemical markers and mitigating oxidative stress as well as improving the architecture of renal tissues. This renal protection by PL might be due to the synergistic effect of its phytoconstituents and antioxidant efficacy.

Objective(s): The objective of the study was to examine the antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory, and anti-leishmanial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from the extract of Phyllanthus emblica leaves.Methods: UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, FESEM, and Zeta potential were used to examine the green synthesized nanoparticles. A DPPH free radical scavenging assay was used to study the antioxidant activity. Anti-inflammatory activity was conducted to observe the inhibition of protein denaturation. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the anti-leishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani.Results: The UV–Vis spectroscopy study at the band of 440 nm confirmed the fabrication of nanoparticles. FTIR confirmed the ingredients in P. emblica leaf extract which is responsible for capping and reducing the AgNPs. FESEM reported the AgNPs synthesized in the size range of 40–50 nm. The results showed a simple and feasible approach for obtaining aqueous monodispersive AgNPs. Furthermore, the biological potential of the biosynthesized AgNPs was examined. Concerning this, the dose-dependent antioxidant potential of AgNPs was identified to be comparable to standard ascorbic acid. This also applies to the anti-inflammatory properties. The study findings indicate that all concentrations of AgNPs exhibit anti-leishmanial action. After being exposed for 72 hours, the concentration of 100 µg/mL of AgNPs exhibited the most potent anti-leishmanial activity, achieving 100% effectiveness. Further, the IC50 content of AgNPs on L. donovani after 24, 48, and 72 hours was calculated to be 45.88, 36.86, and 24.81 µg/mL, respectively.Conclusion: The results stated that the synthesized AgNPs using P. emblica leaves have the most potent in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-leishmanial activity. Further investigation into its potential biomedical applications is needed.

The Rutaceae family includes Aegle marmelos L., a moderately sized aromatic tree that is also known as Bael, Bengal quince, golden apple, Japanese bitter orange, stone apple, or wood apple. It is mostly found in tropical or subtropical regions. Fever, seminal weakness, nausea, vomiting, swellings, diarrhea, dyspepsia, and intermittent fever are the most common ailments that bael leaves are used to treat. Because of their high phenolic and flavonoid content, leaves have anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-thrombotic, cardioprotective, and vasodilatory properties. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the phytochemical components, antioxidant capacity, GC-MS analysis, total phenolic & flavonoid contents in the methanolic extracts of A. marmelos leaves. Various secondary metabolites were observed in the aqueous and methanolic A. marmelos leaf extracts. TLC analysis of methanolic extracts revealed five distinct spots having different Rf values. Total phenolic content was found to be 33 ± 7.62 mg GAE/g, flavonoid content was 307.8 ± 130.12 mg QE/g. The highest antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of A. marmelos leaves was obtained at 1000 µg/ml conc. and it was dose dependent. Many biologically active compounds were present as analysed by GC-MS. The highest peak area of Perylo[1,12-def]-1,3-dioxepin-5,11-dione, 6,12-dihydroxy-8,9-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)-7,10-dimethoxy-, stereoisomer (3.502%) was observed.

Breast cancer is the world's most frequent malignancy among women. Many dietary antioxidants have been shown to help prevent oxidative stress, which has been linked to a variety of diseases, including cancer. Many chronic diseases, such as cancer, can be avoided by eating fruits and vegetables on a regular and balanced basis. The current study's goal is to assess the antioxidant and cytotoxic capabilities of methanolic extracts of Beta vulgaris and Daucus carota against MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the phytochemical components, antioxidant capacity, total phenolic & flavonoid contents in the methanolic extracts of Beta vulgaris and Daucus carota. Further, MTT assay against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) was performed for the evaluation of cytotoxic activity. The majority of secondary metabolites were found in both the aqueous and methanolic extracts of Beta vulgaris and Daucus carota. Beta vulgaris and Daucus carota have different total phenolic and flavonoid contents. TLC results showed many spots having different Rf values. Moreover, we observe comparable cytotoxic activity in both the extracts against MCF-7 cell lines. Our results reveal that the methanolic extracts of Beta vulgaris and Daucus carota has effective phytochemical constituents, antioxidant and anticancer activity. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents vary between Beta vulgaris and Daucus carota. Further studies are needed to evaluate the chemopreventive potentials of the Beta vulgaris and Daucus carota extract when used alone or in combination with doxorubicin to mitigate the toxic side-effects of the latter.

Saraca indica (Ashoka) is an important medicinal plant and the compounds present in this plant are very helpful in preventing various diseases. Further, it is an important drug used in many Ayurvedic formulations. Asoka is used in Ayurveda to treat a variety of conditions, including excessive uterine bleeding, gynaecological issues, internal piles, diabetes, dyspepsia, indigestion, burning sensation, blood disorders, fractures, tumours, bites, ulcerations, etc. Therefore, keeping in view of above beneficial effects, the aim of the present study was to investigate phytochemical screening, antioxidant capacity and metabolic characterization of aqueous and ethanolic extraction of Saraca indica. Phytochemical evaluation was performed using standard protocol. The in vitro antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content was determined. UV visible spectroscopy was used to recognize quantitative determination. The active metabolites of the plant Saraca indica have been studied using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. IC50 values of DPPH radical scavenging assay for aqueous and ethanolic extracts were 380µg/ml and 350µg/ml, respectively. IC50 values of ABTS+ radical cation scavenging assay for aqueous and ethanolic extracts were 200µg/ml and 350µg/ml, respectively. Major functional groups and active metabolic compounds in the S. indica were identified by FT-IR and GCMS, respectively. Saraca indica is an excellent source of natural antioxidants and the antioxidant activity observed may be due to phenolic and flavonoid content in the aqueous and ethanolic extract.

Saraca indica is an important medicinal plant and the compounds present in this plant are very much helpful in preventing various diseases. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant activity and in vitro investigation of S. indica extract on lead-induced toxicity in HepG2 and HEK293 cell lines. The antioxidant assay was performed by two methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2 '-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation scavenging assay. MTT assay was used for in vitro cytotoxic activity of human hepatocellular liver cell (HepG2) and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell lines. IC50 values of the DPPH radical scavenging assay for aqueous and ethanolic extracts were 380 and 350 mu g/mL, respectively. IC50 values of ABTS+ radical cation scavenging assay for aqueous and ethanolic extracts were 200 and 350 mu g/mL, respectively. Cell viability for HepG2 and HEK293 cell lines was found to be 50% at 800 mu g/mL concentration for aqueous extract and 1000 mu g/mL for ethanolic extract. Data obtained from the MTT assay indicated that S. indica extract significantly increased the viability of the HepG2 and HEK293 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of S. indica are involved in the protection against lead-induced toxicity. Therefore, S. indica extract may be used as a salvage therapy for lead-induced toxicity. Further studies are required to isolate the bioactive compounds from plants for advanced investigation.

Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites is a traditional medicinal plant with diverse medicinal properties including kidney protection. The present investigation was aimed to assess the phytochemical content, antioxidant activity and evaluate nephroprotective activity of Polyalthia longifolia (PL) 70% ethanolic leaf extract against cisplatin and gentamicin-induced toxicity on HEK293 cell line. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids, reducing sugars, tannins, coumarin, saponins, alkaloids, and glycosides, as well as the abundant total phenolic and total flavonoid content in the PL leaf extract. The extract exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity (p<0.001) in ABTS (IC50 224 μg/mL), DPPH (IC50 150.1 μg/mL) and H2O2 (IC50 271.1 μg/mL) assays. In vitro MTT assay validated remarkable cytoprotective activity (p<0.001) of PL leaf extract at three concentrations (125 μg/mL, 250 μg/mL, 500 μg/mL) against cisplatin and gentamicin treated HEK293 cell line in dose dependent manner with 70% cell viability (IC50 312.6 µg/mL) and 72% cell viability (IC50 307.3 µg/mL), respectively, at PL dose 500 μg/mL. The cytotoxicity assay also confirmed no adverse effect of PL leaf extract on cell viability in the HEK293 and considered as nontoxic when compared with normal control group. The present study revealed that Polyalthia longifolia leaf extract has remarkable antioxidant activity and nephroprotective properties against cisplatin and gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in in vitro model which might be due the presence of free radical scavenging phytochemicals.

A cross-sectional study was undertaken to validate the comparative efficacy of different diagnostic tests commonly used for the detection of subclinical mastitis. The study was designed to determine the specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of common tests viz. California Mastitis Test (CMT), Indicator Paper Method (BTB), Somatic Cell Count (SCC), and Electrical Conductivity (EC) with bacterial culture as a standard, in parts of Bundelkhand region. Of the 411 samples, 295 were found to be positive for subclinical mastitis on screening with either of the 4 methods routinely used for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis (SCM). The remaining 120 milk samples were negative for SCM with all methods used. Individual test-wise percentage prevalence was 26.28, 44.53, 30.41, and 41.85% respectively with CMT, EC, BTB, and SCC, respectively. On comparing the results with the culture test, the present study confirmed the superiority of SCC based method for the detection of subclinical mastitis. Correlating the EC results with SCC values avoids false results with maximum accuracy.

The seeds of Sapindus marginatus are commonly called as Ritha (Soapnuts) and belong to Sapindaceae family. Soapnuts are being considered and used major commercial ingredient in cosmetics, detergents as well as in many other products. Further, the various parts of S. marginatus are well known for their medicinal properties. Therefore, we sought to analyse chemical constituents present in the seeds of S. marginatus by GC-MS. The seeds were processed for oil extraction by Soxhlet extraction technique using the solvent as petroleum ether at 60 ͦC -80 ͦC, around twenty two percent oil was recovered from seeds sample. In findings more than 40 compounds were found. Among which six main monounsaturated compounds have been discussed according to their retention time (RT), %age of peak area, molecular formula and molecular weight. Moreover, GC-MS study revealed the presence of cis-Vaccenic acid (C18:1), cis-13-Octadecenoic acid (C18:1), trans-13-Octadecenoic acid (C18:1) at RT 22.18 and its peak area 40.48 %. These compounds were present in high amounts whereas cis-13-Eicosenoic acid (C20:1), cis-11-Eicosenoic acid (C20:1) and cis-10-Nonadecenoic acid (C19:1) at RT 23.56 and peak area 7.74 were present in low amounts in seed oil. These are prominent components present in the seed oil. Further, these compounds have various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-hypercholesterolemic activity etc. Therefore, we conclude that the seeds of S. marginatus can be used for medicinal purposes.

Carica papaya L. belongs to the family Caricaceae and is a well-known medicinal herb that is used all over the world to cure diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, inflammation, skin infections, etc.The present study is, therefore, aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents, GC-MS analysis, antioxidant potential, total phenolic & flavonoid contents in the leaf extracts of C. papaya.Many secondary metabolites are present in both aaqueous and methanolic extracts.TLC showed total 5 spots in the methanolic extract with different Rf values.The presence of phenolics and flavonoids in plant extracts was also confirmed by using UV-visible spectroscopy.The mean values of total phenolic and flavonoids contents are 41.14 ± 3.99mg GAE/g &143.3 ± 29.57mg QE/g respectively.The dose dependent total antioxidant activity was observed.Further, retention time, peak area, and molecular weight were used to perform GC-MS analysis and it revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds.However, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-was found to have the largest peak area (11.20%).The phytochemical, TLC and GC-MS profiling of methanolic extraction revealed the presence of many bioactive compounds with important medicinal properties.Hence, the presence of these phytochemicals could be responsible for the therapeutic effects of the plant leaves.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL; also known as kala-azar), caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, is characterized by the inability of the host to generate an effective immune response. The manifestations of the disease depend on the involvement of various immune components such as activation of macrophages, cell mediated immunity, secretion of cytokines and chemokines, etc. Macrophages are the final host cells for Leishmania parasites to multiply, and they are the key to a controlled or aggravated response that leads to clinical symptoms. The two most common macrophage phenotypes are M1 and M2. The pro-inflammatory microenvironment (mainly by IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, and TNF-α cytokines) and tissue injury driven by classically activated macrophages (M1-like) and wound healing driven by alternatively activated macrophages (M2-like) in an anti-inflammatory environment (mainly by IL-10, TGF-β, chemokine ligand (CCL)1, CCL2, CCL17, CCL18, and CCL22). Moreover, on polarized Th cells, chemokine receptors are expressed differently. Typically, CXCR3 and CCR5 are preferentially expressed on polarized Th1 cells, whereas CCR3, CCR4, and CCR8 have been associated with the Th2 phenotype. Further, the ability of the host to produce a cell-mediated immune response capable of regulating and/or eliminating the parasite is critical in the fight against the disease. Here, we review the interactions between parasites and chemokines and chemokine receptors in the pathogenesis of VL.

Cancer is a disease that claims millions of lives each year across the world. Despite advancement in technologies and therapeutics for treating the disease, these modes are often found to turn ineffective during the course of treatment. The resistance against drugs in cancer patients stems from multiple factors, which constitute genetic heterogeneity like gene mutations, tumor microenvironment, exosomes, miRNAs, high rate of drug efflux from cells, and so on. This review attempts to collate all such known and reported factors that influence cancer drug resistance and may help researchers with information that might be useful in developing better therapeutics in near future to enable better management of several cancers across the world.

Ets-1 is one of the crucial member of transcription factor family which share a unique DNA binding domain. It is predominantly expressed in various tumor subtypes and has shown its association in the regulation of various important genes which include ECM-degrading proteases. Our study aimed to understand the mechanism(s) in the pathogenesis of breast carcinogenesis by Ets-1 transcription factor and its downstream target gene MMP-9. Role of Ets-1 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells was studied by RNA-interference in combination with pull down and ChIP assays to identify the regulation of MMP-9 in these cell lines. Our results showed that transfection of Ets-1 siRNA in breast cancer cell lines resulted in downregulation of Ets-1 and MMP-9. Ets-1 knock down also showed reduced cell invasion and altered expression of EMT markers. Moreover, we could also predict that MMP-9 gene promoter harbors a binding site for Ets-1 transcription factor may be responsible in direct transactivation of Ets-1 along with EMT markers. Phenotypic changes and molecular alterations that may result in increased aggressiveness/invasiveness and metastatic nature of cancerous cells may lead to changes in EMT markers. Therefore, these findings may suggest a plausible role of Ets-1 dependent regulation of MMP-9 gene and may have a significant impact on breast carcinogenesis.

Breast cancer is a highly aggressive disease contributing to high mortality rate among females across the globe owing to wide geographical variations, change in lifestyle along with rapid tumor growth, drug resistance, and high metastasis rate. To understand the molecular and genetic basis of breast cancer progression; we studied the role of E26 transformation-specific-1 (Ets-1) transcription factor which is implicated to have a role in carcinogenesis like invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, etc. Our findings revealed an overexpression of Ets-1 gene in 75 breast cancer tumors as compared with their normal adjacent tissues. The findings significantly established a co-relation between Ets-1 expression in breast cancer tissue with hormonal receptor profiles and ductal-lobular histological subtypes in Indian population. In addition, a differential expression pattern of Ets-1 was observed between high, moderate, and low grades of breast cancer patients. The present study demonstrates a crucial role of Ets-1 transcription factor which may serve as a potential biomarker for breast carcinogenesis.

Raphanus sativus L. commonly known as Muli, belongs to the family Brassicaceae.Production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) causes various diseases and cellular anomalies in human beings.Antioxidants inhibit generation of reactive species, or scavenge them, or raise the levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses.Keeping in view of the above beneficial effects of Muli, we shought to analyse the phytochemicals present in the quath, aqueous and methanolic extract.We collected Muli from the local market of Jhansi and washed with tap water and finally with distilled water.After drying the radish leaves at room temperature, it was crushed and was used for aqueous and methanolic and quath extractions.Phytochemical analysis of the leaves and roots of R. sativus L. var niger had most of the important phytoconstituents like Alkaloids, Tannins, Cardiac glycosides, Terpenoids, Flavonoids, Steroids are present in the methanolic extract of radish leaves while in quath and aqueous extract Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Glycosides, Tannin & Phenolic compounds, Saponins, Amino acids and Terpenoids are present in most of the test.As compared to leaves, radish root shows less phytochemical constituents in all the extract.We observe the antioxidant activities in both radish leaves and roots.We conclude that there was no effect of concentration on phytochemical constituents.Radish leaves have more phytochemical constituents while radish roots have less.Further, radish leaves show more antioxidant activities as compared to roots.However, methanolic extraction is superior to aqueous extraction for the study of phytochemical constituents.