The present work was undertaken to study antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect of essential oils on the biofilm producing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the bovine mastitis milk. Out of 164 dairy cattle and buffalo milk samples screened, 24 samples were found positive for mastitis by CMT. Among these, 17 S. aureus isolates were identified and characterized phenotypically by standard biochemical tests. The biofilm formation ability of the isolates was studied by Congo red agar, Light microscopy method and Microtiter plate (Crystal Violet) method. The antimicrobial activity and antibiofilm effect of essential oils - Garlic and Cinnamon oil - on biofilm positive S. aureus were studied by agar well diffusion method and Microtiter plate method, respectively. Cefoperazone was used as standard control drug. Out of the total 17 S. aureus strains,70% were positive on Congo red agar, 52% by Light microscopy and 100% on Microtiter plate method. By the Microtiter plate method, 4 strains were strong biofilm producers and 13 were weak biofilm producers. Cinnamon oil showed better antibiofilm activity in all the concentration used (1%, 2%, 3%). Garlic oil showed good antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity at 3% concentration.It was concluded that biofilm producing Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from bovine mastitis milk samples, and sensitivity of Congo red agar, Light microscopy and Microtiter plate methods was good. Micro titre plate showed highest sensitivity for detection of biofilm production. Garlic oil and Cinnamon oil showed antimicrobial and antibiofilm producing abilityagainst S. aureus.

The present study was undertaken on 164 bovine milk samples (cow = 113 and Buffalo = 51) collected from various dairy farms in and around Rewa (Madhya Pradesh, India) and only 24 samples (6.83%) were found to be positive for mastitis when screened through California Mastitis Test (CMT). The prevalence of subclinical mastitis in cattle was 21%. All 17 isolates were phenotypically characterized by mannitol fermentation, biochemical tests (acetoin production by Voges-Proskauer test), beta-galactosidase test susceptibility to novobiocin (5 µ µµg disk), resistance to polymyxin B (300 µg disk). We also observed the biofilm formation ability of all the Staphylococcus aureus strains (n=17) by Congo Red Agar (CRA), Microtiter plate (using crystal violet), and light microscopy method, 90% sensitivity was seen through microtiter plate method. Antibiofilm activity of garlic oil was undertaken on positive isolates (3%, 2%, and 1% concentration) along with positive and negative control in every microtiter plate assay. Maximum inhibition was observed at 3% concentration with O.D values ranging from 0.021±0.007 to 0.291 ± 0.005 in all the samples with percent inhibition (50 to 60%). Multi-drug resistance profiles of biofilm-producing isolates were also undertaken against polymyxin, novobiocin, tetracyclines, cotrimoxazole, clindamycin, cefoxitin, and cefoperazone. Eighty-two (82) percent of isolates showed resistance against polymyxin, 52% against novobiocin and erythromycin, and all the isolates showed 100% sensitivity against tetracyclines and cefoxitin.

Mastitis in dairy animals affect milk quality and quantity, animal health and welfare, antimicrobial use and economics of dairy farm, and antimicrobial residues in milk. Staphylococcus aureus is most common mastitis pathogen with ability to cause infections which are difficult to treat. The present study aimed to characterize the S. aureus strains associated with dairy animal with reference to its virulence, biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance including methicillin and penicillin G resistance. A total of 100 bovine milk samples were screened by bacterial culture method, out of which 18 S. aureus and 6 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were identified and characterized for virulence determinants. The strains were uniformly positive for the virulence determinants. However, the hemolysis in blood agar was found to be specific but not a sensitive criterion for virulence. The biofilm formation ability of the isolates showed 61.66

Background: Dairy sector is a leading industry in our country. Mastitis being most concerned and frightful disease, not only affecting health of animals but also the economy of the livestock owner. Prevailing status of the antimicrobial resistance makes the treatment of mastitis much more difficult. Biofilm formation in mastitis milk could place difficulty in the treatment of animals as it further increases the possibility of antimicrobial resistance. Essential oils generally being less toxic, could be optimal alternatives to conventional antibiotics, most of these essential oils higher MIC values than antibiotics, needed to be given in increased concentration in feed/water. Methods: Different dairy farms were screened for mastitis (164 dairy cattle and buffalo) Staphylococcus aureus isolates were identified and characterized phenotypically by standard biochemical tests. The biofilm formation ability was studied by different methods along with the quantitative analysis and MIC of standard drug cefoperazone. Result: Out of total milk samples 17 samples were identified Staphylococcus aureus positive with Congo red agar (70% positive), Light Microscopy method (52% positive) and Microtiter plate (Crystal Violet) method. (100% sensitivity). The antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect of Cinnamon oil were studied by Microtiter plate method, SEM analysis and confocal techniques. Cinnamon oil gave antibiofilm activity in all the concentration used (1%, 2%, 3%). The MIC of Cefoperazone was in the range of 64 ìg/to 16 ìg/ml. No significant changes were observed on biofilm production at sub-MIC of cefoperazone.

Present study was undertaken to observe the effect of spices on the extended Spectrum beta lactamase enzyme of ESBL Producing Enterobacteriaceae Group of Bacteria isolated from healthy cattle milk. Out of 100 samples collected randomly from various dairy farms located at the different areas of Rewa 14samples characterized by the phenotypic standard methods were found to be ESBL positive giving a prevalence rate of 14%.Inhibitory potential and per cent inhibition of beta lactamase enzyme were observed against dry powder of Methi seeds(Trigonella foenum-graecum), dry zinger, (Zingiberofficinale),Ajwain seeds (Trachyspermum ammi) Kalonji seeds (Nigellasativa), Black pepper (Piper nigrum), Clove bud (Syzigiumaromaticum) (10mg/ml) and one test drug Tazobactum bycolorimetric assay method performed on the individual spicesand in their different combinations on the basis of absorbent value. The absorbance level of each spice was observed using NITROCEFIN as a chromogenic substrate at 405nm wavelength. Minimum absorbance value was observed by Zingiber officinale(0.48 ± 0.009) and the maximum absorbance value of Syzgiumaromaticum (1.698 ± 0.069). The inhibitory effect of combination of the spices showed maximum absorbance value (0.46 ± 0.06) by Piper nigrum and Zingiber officinale No significant differencewas seen between the absorbance value of Z.officinalis, N.sativa(0.61± 0.05) and P. nigrumT.faenum graecum (0.62±0.03). Study observed the in vitro inhibitory potential present in the spices and could be used in near future to combat antimicrobial resistance to some extent.

Continuous and indiscriminate use of synthetic acaricides contribute to the development and establishment of acaricide-resistant tick populations. Monitoring of acaricide resistance in field ticks and use of suitable practices are essential for managing tick populations, infesting animals. In the present study, adult immersion test (AIT) was used for evaluation of resistance against commercially available synthetic pyrethroids (deltamethrin and cypermethrin) in Rhipicephalus microplus ticks collected from various villages of Rewa district of Madhya Pradesh, India. All the eight isolates of R. microplus were found resistant with deltamethrin and their resistance factors (RFs) were between 3.91 to 57.92, whereas, seven isolates were found resistant with cypermethrin and their resistance factor ranges from 0.56 to 9.98. Lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC95), confidence intervals (CI) and slope(s) were estimated by probit analysis and the highest and lowest level of resistance appeared in Sagra Bekchera and Silpara isolates of R. microplus for both deltamethrin and cypermethrin. It was observed that of the two compounds used for tick management, the resistance to deltamethrin was comparatively higher than cypermethrin. Data generated on pyrethroid resistance status of ticks in this region will provide new insights in acaricidal resistance scenario particularly from remote areas of this region and will help in formulating suitable tick management strategy.

Amikacin is the most commonly used aminoglycoside to treat a variety of serious infections caused by aerobic gram-negative bacteria, as well as mycobacteria and Nocardia in animals. Due to its inherent property of being refractory to most of the aminoglycoside modifying enzymes. These antibiotics is their relatively low therapeutic index. The use at therapeutic dosage may lead to adverse changes in haemato-biochemical indices, especially with those connected with kidney and liver function. The aim of the present study was to determine the changes in some and haemato-biochemical parameters during 5 days intravascular administration with amikacin (10 mg/kg bwt) in four healthy non lactating female goats. The results of these studies indicated that in healthy goats, at the therapeutic dosage, caused significant (p

Aminoglycosides are antibiotics, often used in veterinary and human medicine for treatment of various infections caused by gram negative and some gram positive micro-organisms.Due to its inherent property of being refractory to most aminoglycoside modifying enzymes.Amikacin has been successfully used to treat the life threatening antimicrobial resistant infections.These antibiotics is their relatively low therapeutic index.The use at therapeutic doses may lead to adverse changes in haemato-biochemical parameters, especially with those connected with kidney and liver function.The aim of the present study was to determine the changes in some haemato-biochemical parameters on 1 st , 3 rd , 5 th and 7 th days after intramuscular administration with amikacin at therapeutic dose @10 mg/kg bwt for 5days in four healthy non lactating female goats.The results of present studies indicated that in healthy goats, at therapeutic doses of amikacin caused significant (p < 0.05) rise in serum BUN and creatinine level, but no significant (p < 0.05) changed observed in blood Hb, PCV, TLC, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophil and neutrophils and the serum albumin, globulin, total protein, bilirubin, cholesterol and triglyceride level during the experiment.Amikacin also caused significant (p < 0.05) rise in serum enzyme ALT, AST and ALP level.On the whole, the results of these studies demonstrate that amikacin have potential for altering biochemical and haematological values in female goats after using amikacin at therapeutic doses.

The present study was conducted to detect subclinical mastitis from milk and also to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the indigenous polyherbal formulation.Twenty four lactating cow suffering from subclinical mastitis (SCM) were randomly divided into four treatment groups G-II to G-V, whereas G-I comprised of six apparently healthy cows.G-II did not receive any treatment and served as the positive control.G-III was provided with standard therapy with Amoxicillin and Cloxacillin @ 10mg/kg bwt I/M along with Meloxicam @ 0.5 mg/kg bwt I/M for 3 days.G-IV was administered with 5 gm each from Azardirachta indica, Boswellia serrata, Vitex nigundo, Ocimum sanctum and Tinospora cordifolia herbal powder @ 25 gm orally for 5 days.Group-V was treated with group III and IV combination therapy.The Somatic Cell Count (SCC) in G-IV to G-V was significantly reduced on 10 th day of post-treatment.Similarly, electrical conductivity (ER) was significantly reduced on 7 th day, which was further reduced on 10 th day.The combined treatment was most effective in the reduction of ER on 7 and 10 th day of post-treatments as compared to herbal treatment alone.In addition, the antibiotic treatment reduced the pH significantly on 7 th day, while in combination therapy, it was reduced significantly on 3 rd day onward.Hence, herbal treatment along with standard treatment was most effective in the amelioration of pH, somatic cell count and electrical resistance as compared to standard treatment or herbal treatment when given alone.