The present work, a new nanocomposite film of carbon ash (C) doped nanoparticles (CuO and Cr2O3) at various concentrations was synthesized by a spin coating method. Tested across 238-900 nm wavelengths. These films aim to make a nanocomposite film as a coating over the flat plate collector to absorb the solar energy. The optical properties and Urbach energy were computed, and the analysis of scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive spectroscopy of carbon ash was used to illustrate the elemental compositions. The energy gap decreased from 3.95/1.4 eV, while Urbach energy increased from 12.35/34.48 eV as the disorder increased in the band gap. The atomic force microscope illustrated that the roughness increased from 2.73/9.33 nm, while the root mean square increased from 3.48/11.4 nm. The high dielectric constant increased from 1.893/3.330, the carrier concentration per effective mass values decreased from 8.193 x 1061/0.0511 x 1061 (kg. m3)-1. The effective single oscillator energy values increased from 5.22/11.89 eV, the dispersion energy increased from 8.63/18.97 eV, the oscillator strength increased from 3.473 x 1013/14.68 x 1013, and the oscillator wavelength, decreased from 237.61/104.23 nm. The static refractive index decreased from 1.712/1.511, and the frequency dielectric constant decreased from 2.961/2.280. Linear susceptibility decreased from 0.156/0.127 esu, and nonlinear susceptibility increased from 0.1012 x 10-14 to 4.421 x 10-14 esu. The computational fluid dynamics tools in ANSYS FLUENT were used to design a flat plate collector with a thin film nanocoating to predict heat loss efficiency and fluid temperature, and to increase the absorption efficiency of solar radiation to 67 %. These films coat flat plate collectors, concentrating thermal systems, optoelectronic devices, and dissipating heat from electronic systems.

In this present work, the samples of poly(vinyl chloride) blended with organic material (domperidone) and doped with many different nanoparticles (cobalt, nickel, and chromium oxides) have been made by method of casting. Thin films were formed with 25 mg of organic material (DOMP) blended with 6 g of PVC and 1 (N/m^*) from 0.752 × 1061 to 3.306 × 1061 (kg. m3)−1, and the high-frequency dielectric constant (ε_∞ ) from 3.0367 to 10.0077, which can be calculated from the Spitzer-Fan model. The single oscillator energy (E_o) were increased from 1.587 to 6.794 eV, dispersion energy (E_d) from 11.775 to 43.499 eV, which can be calculated from Wemple-Di-Domenico model. The static refractive index (no) where grown from 1.7426 to 3.1635, and the values of average oscillator strength (So) from 0.0189 × 1014 to 1.556 × 1014 m− 2, while the oscillator wavelength (λo) boosted from 209.76 to 325.40 nm, which can be calculated from the Sellmeier formula. Those parameters were increased with the addition of these nanoparticles to the matrix of PVC. In addition, the tangent loss factor (tan δ), surface energy loss (SELF), and volume energy loss (VELF) had very few values when adding these nanoparticles. These thin films of PVC were widely used in many advanced equipment in optoelectronic applications.

Progressive evolution of nanostructured coatings with costume-made structural and optical properties is of major interest for different high-tech applications. This work targeted the incorporation of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposite films across three concentrations (1%, 2%, and 3%) using the casting method. These films were later treated with cold dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma to refine their structure and optical properties. Investigations were systematically studied through the work including the extinction coefficient, absorption coefficient, dielectric constant (real and imaginary), energy gap, Urbach energy, and refractive index. A significant increase resulted in the real dielectric constant, refractive index, and absorption coefficient, on the other hand, a decrease due to strong absorption was noted in the imaginary dielectric constant and extinction factor. Direct and indirect energy gap ranged from 4.7 to 4.5 eV, and 3.4 to 3.25 eV, respectively. Urbach energy data elevated from 366 to 395 meV, which suggests improved charge carrier transport attributed to structural modifications achieved by plasma induction. Also, cold DBD plasma treatment efficiently increased the roughness of the surface, and as a result, improved the film's optical absorption abilities. These findings were confirmed using structural analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed a mixture of semi-crystalline and amorphous phases. SEM examined revealed a uniform TiO2 distribution across the PMMA accompanied by gaining a roughened morphology. AFM analysis also showed a boost in surface roughness from 0.828 to 3.04 nm after incorporating TiO2 and applying plasma treatment. These results propose that PMMA/TiO2 nanocomposite films showed encouraging potential for applications in fiber optics, optical sensors, photocatalysis, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

A newly synthesis composite thin films of poly(vinyl chloride) has been refinement with ionic liquid, where PVC dissolved in THF with various concentrations of IL by casting method to form the composite thin films, without any reaction and IL dangles within PVC matrix. The thin films were examined by the diffusive reflectance device under the wavelength range (238-1300 nm). The XRD, EDX, and AFM techniques were utilized to discover the structure of the PVC matrix after additive IL. The XRD analysis illustrated the amorphous structure of the films, while the EDS analysis illustrated the main composition of pure PVC and composite PVC/IL. The optical properties and optical parameters were studied. The reflectance, extinction factor, transmittance, and imaginary dielectric constant declined, the absorption value was between (80-89 %), and the refractive index, real dielectric constant, and optical conductivity were increased. The indirect energy gap declined from 4.2 eV to 2.2 eV and the direct energy gap declined from 3.7 eV to 2.6 eV. The Urbach energy was increased from 2.09 eV to 15.45 eV revealing an increase in the disorders of electrons. The E- d increased from 23.42 eV to 70.68 eV and E (o) increased from 7.00 eV to 10.88 eV. AFM analysis illustrated the roughness of the films increased after additive IL to the PVC Matrix from 1.08 nm to 4.45 nm and the root mean square of the particles ranged from 1.57 nm to 5.56 nm. The PVC composite thin films are utilized in solar cell and sodium-ion battery applications.

Poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) films modified with ethylenediamine (en) and doped by nanoparticles (TiO2, ZnO, NiO, and MgO). A mixture of 0.5 g PVC/en dissolved in THF and 0.01 wt % of nanoparticles were used in doping PVC to produce the nanocomposite films. All modified PVC films were characterized by different analysis techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer (NMR), diffusive reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The DRS was used to analyse the scattered IR energy of the samples at wavelengths between (250-1350 nm). The optical properties and oscillator strength were also studied, the transmittance and reflectance values declined for the PVC films, and the absorption coefficient was observed between (79-89 %). The direct energy gap decreased from 4.6 to 1.9, and the indirect energy gap reduced from 4.3 to 1.9. The XRD exhibited a semi-crystalline structure and the SEM test exhibited a porous structure of all samples. The Urbach energy was increased from 0.8772 eV to 14.712 eV, single oscillator energy (E-0) was also increased from 6.38 eV to 13.69 eV and the dispersion energy (E-d) increased from 23.40 eV to 70.63 eV. Moreover, the surface roughness parameters Ra and Rq of the PVC films in modified and doping were increased from 3.86 nm to 8.14 nm, and 5.08 nm to 10.10 nm respectively. So, PVC results show increased optical properties after modification with en and doping by NPs are used in the light conversion and aerospace industries.

Organic plastics have been used due to their impressive chemical and mechanical properties, though, there is still room for improvement to achieve higher dielectric permittivity. In the present work, the blank polystyrene (PS) was doped with nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) at different ratios (1 %, 2 %, and 3 %) employing the casting method. The blank PS and nanocomposite films of PS/TiO2 have been exposed to the cold DBD plasma system. Subsequently, calculations including the absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction factor, energy gap, and dielectric constant (real and imaginary) were conducted. Results show that the absorption coefficient and refractive index were increased, and the extinction factor was decreased due to the high absorption. Real dielectric constant increased after the doping process, while the imaginary dielectric constant had minimal values in loss of absorption indicating small losses in absorption. The XRD examination shows semi-crystalline and crystalline structures. Applying this method might have a broad application in various devices used in cutting-edge electronics.

The polystyrene (PS) was doped by carbon nanotube (CNT) and nano carbon (CN) that have been synthesized. The pure PS and the nanocomposite thin films (PS-0.05CNT, PS-0.05CN, and PS-0.025CNT-0.025CN) were prepared by casting method. The optical properties and morphology structure of the PS nanocomposite thin films incorporating the CNT and CN nanoparticles were investigated by using an atomic force microscope (AFM), and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance. The optical properties such as reflectance, transmittance, absorption coefficient, extinction factor, and refractive index were offered and computed. The direct energy gap was decreased from 4.0 eV for the pure PS to 2.0 eV of PS nanocomposite thin films, and for the indirect energy gap from 3.8 to 2.95 eV after being filled with CNT and CN, respectively. After the addition of CNT and CN to the PS matrix, the urbach energy has been increased from 2.120 to 4.583 eV. The grains and surface morphology of the PS nanocomposite thin films with CNT and CN were inspected through the SEM device. The PS thin films of pure and the nanocomposite (PS-0.05CNT, PS-0.05CN, and PS-0.025CNT-0.025CN) for surface morphology, the average roughness, and root mean square of roughness were tested by AFM. The distribution of CNT and CN was exhibited in the PS matrix by the microscope device. The applications of the nanocomposite thin films (PS-0.05CNT, PS-0.05CN, and PS-0.025CNT-0.025CN) such as thermal conductivity, process-ability, electrical conductivity, chemical sensors, and photosensitivity.

Novel thin films of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) modified with organic compounds and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have been fabricated. Firstly, an organic compound, referred to as compound A, which contains a triazole ring, was prepared to form another compound, referred to as compound B. Subsequently, compound B was modified to obtain the required compound, referred to as compound C, which was then incorporated into the NPs-PVC films. These thin films were fabricated using the casting method on a glass substrate. All synthesis steps and characterization tests were conducted at room temperature (25 °C), and the optical properties of the thin films were examined in the UV-Visible wavelength range of 250-1300 nm. The optical properties were analyzed through reflectance, absorption coefficient, energy gap, refractive index, and Urbach energy tests. The direct energy gap (E g ) decreased from 2.35 eV for the modified PVC to 2.00 eV when the modified PVC thin films were doped with NPs. Similarly, the value of the indirect energy gap also decreased from 2.2 to 1.90 eV. The effective single oscillator (E o ) and the dispersing energy (E d ) decreased with the addition of NPs. Likewise, the high frequency dielectric constant ( ε_∞ ) and the effective mass (N/m^*) decreased when the NPs were filled within the modified PVC thin films. Therefore, the production of modified thin films with high light absorption and anti-reflective properties is highly desirable for various applications, including optical devices, photovoltaic cells, as well as outdoor settings such as windows and doors in buildings and military environments.

Abstract The novel work for this study is to make new films for the pure and doped PVC with organosilane thus it was used organosilane moieties (25 mg) were mixed with poly(vinyl chloride) (5 g). Thus drop-casting procedure was utilized to make these thin films. The pure PVC and PVC-Organosilane optical properties were studied under the wavelength range from (250–1300 nm) using diffusive reflectance equipment. The optical properties like absorption increased up to (87–95%), while reflectance and transmittance decreases when added organosilane molecules. Furthermore, the dielectric constant (real and imaginary) and optical conductivity enhanced, respectively. On the other hand, Urbach energy increases when adding organosilane to PVC structure, furthermore, skin depth, refractive index, and optical density were figured. The energy gap is reduced from 4 eV to 2.3 eV for the direct transition and from 3.9 eV to 1.6 eV for the indirect transition. SEM analysis was implemented over thin films of pure PVC and PVC-Organosilane to see the morphology of these surfaces. The AFM analysis was utilized to exhibit the topography of the surfaces. Thereby, finding the surface roughness and the root means square of the surface for these thin films. The improvement for these thin films is used in many applications such as photostability and absorption the light when used in radars applications.

Nano-coating of (CuO:NiO/C) has been prepared to achieve high selective surfaces for solar energy enhancement. Different concentration percentages of CuO and NiO were doped carbon (fuel ash) to obtain nanocomposite. The energy gap of nano coating is predicted by using an artificial neural network (ANN). Generally, the relation between energy gap and the wavelength features are discussed to obtain the best values. Therefore, these values were taken from the experimental tests and empirically result dependent on the wavelength range (250- nm) at room temperature by ANN. The achievement of the energy gap for this coating wasinvestigated, to generate optimal energy gap from ANN for these nanocomposites and compared with the experimental results. The ANN model has been presented from the experimental test. Two-layer has been used to predict the energy gap value. these tests were trained to predict and assess their capability in various numbers of neural cells. Due to the complexity of the system, all the tests results were processed as a database for ANN and inspected through the algorithm of neurons network by MATLAB program. The results shown an acceptable coincidence with experimental data within the final model for the nan coating. The acquired efficiency between experimental and theoretical results was 99% which is a good agreement to reach this value. However, the results obtained show that the energy gap has a value ranging from 3.1 and 3.7 eV, this result conform that this type of nano coating must be the best coating for solar energy absorbance in spectrally surfaces applications.

The novel work for this study is to make new films for the pure and doped PVC with organosilane; thus, it used organosilane moieties (25 mg) mixed with poly(vinyl chloride) (5 g). Thus drop-casting procedure was utilized to make these thin films. The pure PVC and PVC-organosilane (Si-L-NO2/PVC called SI and Si-L-Br called SII) optical properties were studied under the wavelength range from (250 to 1300 nm) using diffusive reflectance equipment. The optical properties like absorption increased up to (87-95%), while reflectance and transmittance decrease when added organosilane molecules. Furthermore, the dielectric constant (real and imaginary) and optical conductivity enhanced, respectively. On the other hand, Urbach energy increases when adding organosilane to PVC structure from 7.7011 to 14.146 eV; furthermore, skin depth, refractive index, and optical density were figured. The energy gap is reduced from 4 to 2.3 eV for the direct transition and from 3.4 to 1.6 eV for the indirect transition. SEM analysis was implemented over thin films of pure PVC and PVC-organosilane to see the morphology of these surfaces. The AFM analysis was utilized to exhibit the topography of the surfaces, thereby finding the surface roughness and the root-mean-square of the surface for these thin films. The improvement for these thin films is used in many applications such as absorption of the light when used as a coating in flat plate collector, and declines the reflectance in radars, strength external applications such as doors, windows, and the dielectric material in electronic devices.

Herein, nanoparticles (Co3O4, Cr2O3, CuO, and TiO2) doped PMMA were fabricated via casting method. The PMMA nanocomposite thin films have been prepared with a fixed concentration of 4 g from PMMA to make PMMA thin films, they were modified with amine cluster. These thin films were doped by a fixed concentration, 0.01 gm, of various nanomaterials (Co3O4, Cr2O3, CuO, and TiO2) to make the nanocomposite thin films of PMMA. The thin film samples were examined by UV-Visible wavelength between (250-1350 nm). The optical properties, optoelectronic features, and oscillator strength were investigated. The reflectance and transmittance values were decreased for all the nanocomposite thin films of PMMA. The absorption coefficient ranged between (99.8-92.0%) for all samples. The direct energy gap decreased from 4.65 eV for the blank PMMA and it with Co3O4 to 2.10 eV, also, for the indirect energy gap decreased from 4.2 eV for the blank PMMA and it with Co3O4 to 2.8 eV due to the modified and doped PMMA. The optoelectronic features such as dielectric of high frequency and effective mass increased, oscillator strength decreased, dispersion energy and effective energy of single oscillator increased in comparison to blank PMMA. The oscillator strength for these thin films were increased also. These nanocomposite thin films are suitable to enhance the photostability performance from UV light and drastic weather are needed especially for underwater, aerospace, and applications for air transport, in addition, fabricated shields from UV energy, light-emitting diodes, lasers sensors, memory devices, harvesting light, and converting-light devices.

Promote the conductivity of the nanocomposite thin films Co3O4:Cr2O3/C to produce a spectroscopic selective surface with high performance to absorb solar light. The nanocomposite coating Co3O4:Cr2O3/C has been fabricated by a spin coating method and casting method. Different concentrations of nanoparticles (Co3O4:Cr2O3) were immersed in the carbon ash (C) to comprise the economic nanocoating. The XRD test of the patterns has been carried out for all the specimens to prove the crystalline structure of nanocomposite thin films. The nanocomposite thin film Co3O4:Cr2O3/C has been tested at a frequency range between 375 kHz and 1.5 MHz, and the electrical properties of the thin films have been investigated for real and imaginary of the dielectric constant, conductivity, volume with surface energies of losses, and loss factor. The content of carbon (C) in the nanocomposite Co3O4:Cr2O3/C is fixed ratio (7% wt.), but the concentration of Co3O4 has various ratios (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5% wt.), and Cr2O3 has several ratios (2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, and 0.5% wt.), that have the symbols F, G, H, I, and K. These nanoparticles exhibited a worthy improvement in the structure of carbon ash, thereby, the XRD inspection of topography confirm the nanocomposite Co3O4:Cr2O3/C thin films have a crystalline structure. Generally, the results have demonstrated that these nanocomposite Co3O4:Cr2O3/C thin films have good conductivity. Therefore, thin films of nanocomposite can use in photovoltaics, solar cell, and coating over a flat plate collector owing to their properties as the high absorption to light.

The innovative objective of present work is to evaluate the optical properties of the pure PVC and PVC composites with 5 wt.

In the present work, the poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)-nano-chitosan thin films were prepared, and the influence of filling Cr2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles on the lattice was investigated. PVC and nano-chitosan (15 wt.%) were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) to ultimately form thin films by the casting method. The thin films' optical properties were characterized via a diffusive reflectance device within an approximate wavelength range of 250 to 1300 nm. Furthermore, the transmittance, reflectance, refractive index, absorption, optical conductivity, skin depth, dielectric constant, and Urbach energy were computed. The absorbance values of plain and NPs-filled thin films ranged between 92 and 99%. Also, the energy gap of films filled with NPs was reduced in the direct transmission from 3.9 to 2.9 eV and in the indirect transition from 3.0 to 2.55 eV. However, similar behavior for the Urbach energy was observed. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to study the interaction between the PVC and nano-chitosan as a new polymer composite. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) test showed a crystalline structure of the thin films, while the microscopic and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images demonstrated a good dispersion of nano-chitosan and NPs within the PVC lattice. The synthesized films could be good candidates for optoelectronics, glass processing, and ceramic production applications.

Invention new thin films nano-coating to obtain high-level performance spectrally selective surfaces to enhance solar energy by spin and casting methods, thin films coating are deposited by these techniques on aluminum and glass substrates that were pre-cleaned. Nanocomposite thin film coating comprising (Co3O4:Cr2O3) and carbon to gain an economical coating. The coating has a high absorptivity of solar energy. Nanomaterials have been used in various concentration ratios to dope carbon, and Energy Dispersive Analysis (EDX) was used to determine carbon ash's chemical composition; SEM measured its practical size. Optical properties have been studied by the UV-Visible Spectra and reflectivity tests in a range from 250-1300 nm at room temperature. Absorbance coefficient, transmittance, reflectance, skin depth, optical density, optical energy gap (Eg), and Urbach energy of nanocomposite thin films have also been specified. The Eg of doped C has been measured with different concentration ratios of (Co3O4:Cr2O3) such as sample F (0.5:2.5/7), sample G (1:2/7), sample H (1.5:1.5/7), the sample I (2:1/7), and sample K (2.5:0.5/7) wt. %, the concentration of C is fixed for all samples (7) wt. %. The results revealed that the Eg is ranged (2.9-3.9 eV) and the absorptivity in the ranged (88-93.2 %) for all doped samples. The absorptivity values of nanocomposites are very close to semiconductor elements, which have high absorptivity to the wavelength intensity. The synthesized coating will be used over a flat plate collector as a trap to absorb solar energy for a highly feasible selective surface.

Modified poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films have been synthesized with a simple superficial deposition by using solvent tetrahydrofuran (THF). These modified films were prepared by a casting method over a glass substrate. Different types of the amino group with a suitable aromatic aldehyde as an organic compound, which were reacted to prepare different PVC composite films. These films have been analyzed by UV-Visible spectra. The percentage of PVC was (0.25 g) with (0.05 g) amino group and aromatic aldehyde combinedly, then dissolved with (8 ml) of tetrahydrofuran (THF) at room temperature (300 K). The optical properties as absorption coefficient, reflectance, transmittance, skin depth, energy gap, refractive index, extinction coefficient, and urbach energy were studied. The transmittance value of the pure PVC film was 1.0 then declined gradually after dispersion with the compounds to the lowest value at 0.1, the reflectance also decreased. The energy gap for direct allowed decreased from (5.1 to 2.9 eV), and indirect transition decreased also from (5.0 to 2.8 eV), this behavior indicate that the modified films become work as semi-crystalline compounds toward the light. In tailoring, the optical properties, and urbach energy have been increased after mixed with PVC polymer. The scattering energy (Ed) and the effective single oscillator (E-o), were decreased. In a similar manner the dielectric ( ) constant high frequency (epsilon(infinity)) and effective mass (N/m)* , of dielectric constants were increased for PVC modified films. The PVC modified films are appropriate for anti-reflected coating while being good suitable in high refractive lenses and photovoltaic cells applications.

Multiple poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) nanocomposite films embedded with Co3O4, CuO, NiO, TiO2, and Cr2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using the casting method. A loading ratio of 0.001 wt.% of the nanoparticles was used to synthesize the nanocomposite films, where the process was conducted at room temperature and the films’ electrical properties were analyzed at a frequency of 1-3 MHz. The studied properties include the dielectric constant (real and imaginary parts (Ɛ' and Ɛ'', respectively)), conductivity (ϬAC), loss factor (tan δ), surface energy loss function (SELF), and volume energy loss function (VELF). A significant improvement in the mentioned properties was achieved once the films were filled with the NPs comparing with the blank PVB. Furthermore, the surface morphology of PVB nanocomposites films was examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Overall, findings revealed that PVB nanocomposite films showed a higher conductivity compared to the PVB blank. Thus, these types of nanocomposite films could be utilized in photovoltaics, optical devices, and military apparatuses due to their extraordinary features, such as radiation resistivity.