Chamaecrista rotundifolia is a forage legume little used with Brazilian livestock; however, it has been studied for this purpose for over 40 years in Australia. The aim of this study was to characterize the influence of plant densities of approximately 444,400, 111,100 and 27,800 plants/ha (equivalent to spacings of 0.15 × 0.15; 0.30 × 0.30 and 0.60 × 0.60 m) on quantitative and qualitative parameters of C. rotundifolia grown in pure stands as forage under exclusive cropping for hay. While leaf dry matter yields in the first 93 days after planting ranged from 1.48 to 9.32 t DM/ha, declining to 0.71–4.92 t DM/ha in the subsequent 83 days, crude protein concentration of the material was only 7–8%. Since this species tends to lose leaf during periods of stress, larger paddock studies are needed to determine how well leaf material is retained under conventional hay-making conditions. Optimal stubble height following harvesting should be investigated in an endeavor to increase DM yields at second harvest along with improved survival of plants.

Melhorar as atividades agrícolas e a proteção dos recursos naturais, especialmente na Amazônia e nos perímetros de reforma agrária, concebendo sistemas sustentáveis a partir de paisagens ecoeficientes é uma alternativa promissora e está sendo implantada em Paragominas, no Pará, a partir do Plano Municipal de Inteligência Territorial. Este artigo analisa em que medida o microzoneamento proposto no Plano é coerente com as possibilidades de intensificação agroecológica da produção forrageira em propriedades leiteira familiares, e se os ajustes de uso da terra correspondem às aptidões biofísicas das propriedades. Este estudo de caso foi realizado na Comunidade de Nova Jerusalém, do Assentamento Luiz Inácio e se apoiou nos dados georreferenciados do Plano Municipal, além de entrevistas com as famílias e acompanhamentos de experimentos de produção forrageira agroecológica em campo. utilizamos o software Arcgis © para compilar e cruzar informações espaciais em formato shape. Os resultados apontam que na comunidade estudada 56% das famílias têm condições favoráveis para seguir o Plano, dada as aptidões nas suas propriedades, mas há famílias em que a propriedade se encontra em condições biofísicas restritas para produção forrageira e uma atenção especial deve ser dada a este grupo.

Forest conservation on privately owned lands is a cornerstone of the Brazilian environmental policy framework. Brazilian legislation requires that all farms in the country maintain and protect forest areas known as Legal Reserves. Since Legal Reserves have major implications for forest conservation and agricultural production, it is key that we understand landholders' perceptions towards Legal Reserves. We applied Q methodology to identify different perspectives of medium and large landholders on Legal Reserves and their relation to agricultural intensification in the municipality of Paragominas, eastern Amazon. We conducted 31 interviews in which landholders sorted 36 statements in a quasi-normal distribution array. Three groups of landholders were identified: 1) Land use planning enthusiasts (n = 16) were interested in zoning initiatives to explore alternative landscape designs and legislation that may deliver better conservation and production outcomes; 2) Agrochemical-based agriculture supporters (n = 7) held the most critical views against Legal Reserves and perceived their costs as higher than the potential environmental and life quality benefits; 3) Policy complacent-market responders (n = 4) showed no interest in Legal Reserves reforms and were the most market driven group.. While Paragominas has achieved notable successes in halting large-scale deforestation through a social "Green Municipality" pact, addressing persisting forest degradation and fragmentation in the region remains a key priority. Local governance initiatives that account for multi-stakeholder perceptions on forest conservation can foster dialogue and mutual understanding to effectively conserve and restore Legal Reserves. Insights on large landholders' perceptions on Legal Reserves can inform such governance processes to reconcile forest conservation and sustainable agricultural intensification in Paragominas.

Deforestation rates in the Amazon achieve a floor rates in 2012, and are slow growing since 2013, questioning the scientific community about the causes of this persistence. The article presents an original methodology, analyzing the official annual data of deforestation, within a territorial focus and based on the systemic concepts of frontier margins dynamics. The authors elaborate a municipal typology, where each type is a step for territorial construction, and where deforestation assumes specific roles. The authors demonstrate the existence of deforestation territories, and others where development is not more based on new deforestations. Based on this analysis, the authors formulate suggestions for public policies and strategies to tackle persistent deforestations and to promote sustainable development in every territorial situation.

O texto tem por objetivo apresentar a evolucao dos sistemas agrarios da microrregiao de Sao Felix do Xingu, estado do Para, na Amazonia brasileira, indicando os principais fatores que provocaram as mudancas no uso do solo e ocupacao dos espacos. A microrregiao tornou-se palco de inumeras controversias ambientais na midia quando se constatou a expansao da pecuaria bovina, proporcionada pelos grandes desmatamentos e implantacao de pastagens. A metodologia da pesquisa foi revisao bibliografica e trabalho de campo, com aplicacao de questionarios. Como principais resultados, identificou-se quatro sistemas agrarios, sendo eles: a) Sistema Agrario “pre-historico”; b) Sistema Agrario Indigena; c) Sistema Agrario Extrativista e, d) Sistema Agricultura-Pecuaria. O ultimo sistema foi provocado por uma grande ruptura, quando predominava na microrregiao o extrativismo, e passou-se a criacao de gado e implantacao de lavouras comerciais.

A gestao florestal na Amazonia Brasileira alcancou bons resultados nos ultimos 15 anos, em termos de combate ao desmatamemo. Em Paragominas, o conjunto de acoes implementadas pela politica de combate ao desmatamento obteve grande sucesso no seu controle, contudo, referida politica nunca considerou a eficiencia da matriz florestal para producao de servicos ecossistemicos. Fragmentacao florestal. extracao madeireira ilegal e incendios recorrentes causam degradacao florestal acelerada. acarretando prejuizos ambientais bem superiores ao desmatamento, necessitando de adaptacoes na legislacao. Atualmente os produtores agricolas intensificam os sistemas de producao selecionando para isso, as areas de maior aptidao agronomica e abandonando as outras. A politica municipal de paisagem eficiente visa reordenar essas matrizes espaciais de uso agropecuario e de uso ftorestal. A canografia das aptidoes permite delimitar areas prioritarias para servicos ecossistemicos e outras para intensificacao agropecuaria, sendo a base para uma lei municipal de microzoneamento. Referida lei define protocolos de recomposicao eficiente da paisagem para cada propriedade. A adesao a esses protocolos e voluntaria trazendo as seguintes vantagens ao produtor: acesso a credito para intensificacao, contabilizacao dos ativos ambientais ligados a restauracao em areas prioritarias, autorizacao de remocao da vegetacao nas areas de aptidao para a proctucao. A competencia do municipio para a gestao florestal e limitada as florestas secundarias. Para incluir no ordenamento todos os tipos de floresta, e assim, ganhar eficiencia, o municipio vem construindo dialogos nos niveis estaduais e federais. Esse projeto piloto e construido de forma a ser replicado em outras jurisdicoes da regiao amazonica.

In the Brazilian Amazon, since the last ten years, federal policies and value chains private commitments have been successful in reducing deforestation. However,the Amazonian landscapes are facing remaining challenges at the farm-forest interfaces such as halting forest degradation, restoring degraded lands. intensify and diversify land uses. Innovative local governance mechanisms are needed. This contribution will present a jurisdictional initiative in the Municipality of Paragominas (19342 km'). the first green municipality of the Brazilian Amazon. A geographic information system (GIS) has been developed, combining several data such as soils texture. slope. hydrographic and transport networks, land uses. forest cover including several level of degradation. It allowed to identify. for the whole municipality, land suitability for agricultural intensification and diversification, forest conservation and restoration and to support participative forward-looking scenarios. A municipal plan to reorganize land and forest uses has then been elaborated. Such plan allow to preserve or restore 9000 km2 of forests and to reforest 3500 km2 of land strategic for the production of ecosystems services. More 3500 km2 of degraded forest could be convened into productive agricultural systems and 4200 km2 of productive deforested areas could be intensified. Conversely to the classical opposition between production and conservation, this win-win strategy allows to build efficient landscapes and engage public and private actors. More, the GIS allows to monitor a large set of indicators that can be verified by third parties, such as certifying bodies. to transparently attest to the municipality's progress towards sustainability beyond the end of deforestation.

Monitoring forest–agriculture mosaics is crucial for understanding landscape heterogeneity and managing biodiversity. Mapping these mosaics from remotely sensed imagery remains challenging, since ecological gradients from forested to agricultural areas make characterizing vegetation more difficult. The recent synthetic aperture radar (SAR) Sentinel-1 (S-1) and optical Sentinel-2 (S-2) time series provide a great opportunity to monitor forest–agriculture mosaics due to their high spatial and temporal resolutions. However, while a few studies have used the temporal resolution of S-2 time series alone to map land cover and land use in cropland and/or forested areas, S-1 time series have not yet been investigated alone for this purpose. The combined use of S-1 & S-2 time series has been assessed for only one or a few land cover classes. In this study, we assessed the potential of S-1 data alone, S-2 data alone, and their combined use for mapping forest–agriculture mosaics over two study areas: a temperate mountainous landscape in the Cantabrian Range (Spain) and a tropical forested landscape in Paragominas (Brazil). Satellite images were classified using an incremental procedure based on an importance rank of the input features. The classifications obtained with S-2 data alone (mean kappa index = 0.59–0.83) were more accurate than those obtained with S-1 data alone (mean kappa index = 0.28–0.72). Accuracy increased when combining S-1 and 2 data (mean kappa index = 0.55–0.85). The method enables defining the number and type of features that discriminate land cover classes in an optimal manner according to the type of landscape considered. The best configuration for the Spanish and Brazilian study areas included 5 and 10 features, respectively, for S-2 data alone and 10 and 20 features, respectively, for S-1 data alone. Short-wave infrared and VV and VH polarizations were key features of S-2 and S-1 data, respectively. In addition, the method enables defining key periods that discriminate land cover classes according to the type of images used. For example, in the Cantabrian Range, winter and summer were key for S-2 time series, while spring and winter were key for S-1 time series.

The aim of this paper is to present the results of the land use dynamic simulations in the municipality of Paragominas-PA. The simulation is based on models built from past land use data and spatial variables of the natural environment and infrastructure. Two spatial units were analyzed: the central area of commercial agricultural production and the area of settlements and smallholdings the east. The results show distinct spatial dynamics between the analyzed areas, among which we highlight the role of soil characteristics and, associated with the topography and the occupation history, are part of the context in which is defined rationality producers. Considering the transition from forest to pasture in the commercial farming area most often associated soils are sandy. This raises the following hypothesis: the deforestation that occurred in the period are related to livestock activities. Livestock favors access to water and low fertility sands does not affect production. On the other hand, the soybean expansion occurred preferentially on existing pastures and on clay soils (Belterra clay), reducing the availability of pastures on these soils. The relative importance of types of soil increases with time. In the area of settlements, the transition from forest to pasture and family crops occurred preferentially on the variegated clay. However, it is possible that the prevalence of this transition on this texture has been given due more to the history of occupation of this area. Historically the sandy valleys were the first to be occupied, and the continuity of the deforestation occurred toward the slopes dominated by variegated clay and plateaus with Belterra clay. These associations observed indicate that, within a wider context of social, economic and political factors, natural variable factors in space are important for the choice of managements in the properties, but they are done differently in the territory, and the best knowledge of these relationships are useful for territorial planning.

Cet article propose une analyse des mutations des liens entre élevage et territoire. A l'aide de la théorie des communs nous cherchons à voir s'il existe des formes de gouvernance de l'élevage en bien commun complexe traitant globalement de la valorisation des produits et de l'environnement. Quatre études de cas, dans des territoires de montagne français, montrent une réalité contrastée. On y observe des modes de gestion polycentriques de l'élevage, avec d'un côté actions de valorisation des produits et de l'autre, actions environnementales. Des formes nouvelles contribuant à l'intégration de ces fonctions ont été observées. Elles reposent sur des acteurs présents dans différents lieux ou sur des accords peu institutionnalisés (chartes). Il y a là des formes émergentes de gouvernance de l'élevage en bien commun complexe. Il existe cependant des controverses et des hiérarchies entre éleveurs et entre mondes agricole et non agricole qui invitent à ne pas idéaliser ces formes d'action collective.

A paisagem é de uso recorrente no meio científico, funcionando como método de análise do espaço palco de interações dinâmicas entre os meios físicos-bióticos-humanos, interagindo de maneira dialética. A paisagem geossistêmica, conceito desenvolvido na França, tenta determinar as variáveis mais importantes para delimitação de unidades de paisagem. Para esses estudos, cada vez mais os sistemas de informação Geográficos (SIGs) são utilizados como ferramenta de análise e modelagem de paisagens. Enquanto os SIGs refletem o desenvolvimento mais recente, a paisagem, pela sua natureza mais teórico-conceitual, passa a ser vista como uma fonte de modelos para estas. Paragominas encontra-se na Mesorregião Sudeste Paraense, no Estado do Pará. Para a criação da metodologia de criação das unidades de paisagem foi necessário criar uma Base de Dados que subsidiasse a análise geossistêmica, assim sendo foram separados o Banco de Dados em três eixos: Dados Primários, Dados Secundários, e Dados Secundários Adaptados. Como resultado obteve-se: Doze unidades de paisagem em Paragominas, onde os Platôs são as geofácies que têm maior representatividade em área no município, 7.050,93 km², em segundo lugar estão os grupos de áreas de Fundos de Vale, somando 6.855,43 km². As classes que fazem parte da Depressão do Rio Gurupi contabilizam 3.775,81 km² (19,52%). As únicas áreas de Planícies inundáveis do município (Planícies do Rio Capim) estão às margens do Rio Capim e contabilizam 1.659,83 km². Este resultado pode, de maneira empírica mostrar que, definidas as variáveis mais importantes que interferem na paisagem, é possível criar unidades de paisagem, que possibilitem o maior entendimento sobre a realidade e possibilite a gestão dos recursos naturais e favoreça o desenvolvimento local.

Le champ freudien d’aujourd’hui se trouve profondement divise entre l’option evolutionniste dominante qui promeut une theorie de l’emergence d’une nouvelle economie psychique trouvant sa causalite dans le declin du pere et le retour du matriarcat, contre le point de vue structuraliste apercevant dans le variations de l’enveloppe formelle du symptome autant d’actualisations des structures psychiques decouvertes par Freud (nevrose, psychose, perversion). Contre l’idee de la sortie de l’âge du pere, le structuralisme fait valoir le point de vue selon lequel le pere est un « signifiant insignifiant » et qu’il est d’autant plus fecond qu’il est mort. L’ampleur des enjeux de ce debat dont depend l’avenir clinique et politique de la psychanalyse exigeait qu’il soit clairement explicite comme structurant le champ freudien et qu’en soit restitue la genealogie dont nous apercevons la cellule souche dans ce qui reste ignore de la rupture historique entre le jeune Lacan sociologue et celui du transfert a Levi-Strauss qui fit retour a Freud pour refonder la psychanalyse. De la une sorte de diplopie laissant apercevoir le double corps textuel de Lacan.

En Amazonie bresilienne, l’expansion de l’elevage bovin extensif a ete l’un des principaux moteurs de deforestation et a conduit a de larges surfaces en pâturages degrades. De grandes attentes ont ete placees dans l’intensification de l’usage des sols pour recuperer les pâturages, ameliorer les performances economiques des elevages et reduire les pressions sur les forets. Malgre les enjeux environnementaux, ce processus est encore mal compris notamment sur le plan spatial. Dans cette etude, nous produisons des connaissances sur les decisions d’intensification de l’usage des sols des eleveurs de fronts post-pionniers, a travers une approche par le paysage et par les trajectoires des exploitations. Le paysage, conceptualise comme un agroecosysteme spatialise, nous permet d’analyser les interactions entre les systemes de decision des eleveurs et les ressources naturelles localisees dans l’espace, tandis que l’etude des trajectoires des exploitations vise a comprendre les changements socio-techniques sur le temps long et les liens avec les dynamiques de paysages. Notre methodologie est basee sur des entretiens semi-directifs et retrospectifs, ainsi que l’elaboration de modeles graphiques paysagers dans six etablissements agricoles. Nos resultats montrent que les eleveurs, dans leur large diversite, developpent des strategies d’intensification d’usage des sols tres diverses, visant une optimisation spatiale de l’usage des ressources, notamment naturelles (eau, topographie, fertilite des sols). L’espace fourrager n’est pas uniformement intensifie, se traduisant par des modeles paysagers plus heterogenes que dans les systemes pionniers. Cette dynamique est plus complexe et efficiente que la seule recuperation des pâturages degrades. Pour accompagner les systemes d’elevage vers un meilleur usage des ressources naturelles en Amazonie bresilienne, nous recommandons la mise en place de politiques encourageant l’adoption de pratiques plus eco-efficientes et de raisonner l’organisation spatiale des espaces voues a l’intensification ou a la regeneration forestiere.