The aim of this study was to investigate the use of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to estimate heavy metal exposure in Sungai Petani, Malaysia. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to detect copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and cadmium (Cd) in wastewater from eight sewage treatment facilities in Sungai Petani in January 2022. The heavy metal concentrations were measured in both influent and effluent, and the mean concentrations in the wastewater were found to be in the following order: Fe > Ni > Zn > Cd > Cu, with a 100% detection frequency. The results of WBE estimation showed that Fe, Ni, and Zn had the highest estimated per population exposure levels, while Cd had the lowest. Compared to a similar study conducted in Penang, Malaysia, all metals except Cu were found to have higher concentrations in Sungai Petani, even though it is a non-industrial district. These findings highlight the importance of addressing heavy metal contamination in Sungai Petani and implementing effective risk management and prevention strategies.

Introduction: Lymphatic filariasis, a neglected tropical disease (NTD), is a parasitic disease caused by microscopic worms that live only in the human lymphatic system. Mosquitoes, as vectors of lymphatic filariasis, play an important role in the prevention of this disease. The aim of this study was to identify agent, vector, and physical environment risk factors for filariasis in developing countries through a literature review. Discussion: This study was conducted using the narrative literature review method. The main sources for this study were articles from Google Scholar, Research Gate, PubMed, Springer, Scopus, and DOAJ databases. The criteria for articles were published between 2012 and 2022, observational studies including cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort designs, open access, and articles were organized according to STROBE guidelines. This study showed that from a total of 100 articles found, 14 articles met the predetermined criteria. Wuchereria bancrofti is the most common agent of filariasis. Culex and Anopheles are the vectors. The presence of bed nets and sewerage conditions were physical environment risk factors for filariasis in developing countries. Conclusion: Prevention of filariasis can be achieved by using mosquito nets or insect repellent when sleeping at night. In addition, open drains should be cleaned regularly to prevent them from becoming breeding sites for mosquitoes as vectors.

Background: Refill Drinking Water (AMIU) is one of the alternatives used by the Indonesian people in meeting their drinking water needs. However, there are still AMIUs that do not meet the total coliform standard. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between DAMIU operators' knowledge and hygiene measures on the bacteriological quality of AMIU in Banyuwangi Sub-district, Banyuwangi, East Java Province, Indonesia. Methods: This was an observational study with a cross-sectional approach. Water samples from 33 DAMIUs in Banyuwangi sub-district were tested for total coliforms. DAMIU operators were interviewed using a structured questionnaire regarding knowledge and hygiene. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test. Results: Twelve out of 33 (36.4%) AMIUs did not meet the total coliform standard. Thirty-one (93.9%) DAMIU operators had excellent knowledge, and 23 (69.7%) had good personal hygiene. There was a significant association between operator hygiene and total coliform quality of AMIU (p=0.016; OR=8.4). Conclusion: Operator hygiene is an important factor in meeting the bacteriological quality standards of AMIU. It is recommended to make efforts to raise awareness of DAMIU operators to always apply hygiene while working.

Latar belakang: Dermatitis kontak iritan menjadi salah satu permasalahan kesehatan yang sering dialami oleh petugas pengangkut sampah. Petugas pengangkut sampah melakukan kontak langsung dengan sampah sehingga berisiko menderita dermatitis kontak iritan. Tujuan: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis hubungan antara personal hygiene dan penggunaan APD dengan kejadian dermatitis kontak iritan pada petugas pengangkut sampah. Metode: Penelitian observasional ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh petugas sampah pada 7 TPS Kabupaten Banyuwangi dengan teknik pengambilan sampel simple random sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner melalui wawancara, diagnosis dermatitis kontak iritan oleh dokter, dan observasi lapangan. Analisis data menggunakan uji statistik fisher’s exact test dengan p-value 0,05. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan signifikan antara personal hygiene dengan kejadian dermatitis kontak iritan (p-value = 0,000). Sementara itu, hasil analisis hubungan penggunaan penggunaan APD dengan dermatitis kontak iritan menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara dua variabel tersebut (p-value = 0,273). Kesimpulan: Personal hygiene memiliki hubungan dengan kejadian dermatitis kontak iritan pada petugas pengangkut sampah.

Background: Indonesia has the third-highest leprosy prevalence, and the transmission continues.Objectives: The present study aimed to describe some of the characteristics of leprosy contacts, such as the profile of the serological antibody IgM anti-PGL-1, socioeconomic factors, environmental factors, and behavioral factors. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 77 leprosy contacts from an endemic area in Winongan, Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia. The households or neighbors of the leprosy case recorded at Winongan Health Center, voluntarily participated in this study. Informed consent was obtained before starting the study. Three of them were excluded because they showed skin lesions as leprosy symptoms. Serum samples were assayed for IgM antibodies PGL-1 titers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The questionnaire was used to collect information about demographic, socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral aspects of contact. The data were analyzed descriptively using Fisher’s Exact Test.Results: Of 74 contacts, all of them were contacts of MB cases, and 6 (8.11%) were seropositive, with a cut-off point ≥ 605 ug/ml. Although none of the contact characteristics were significantly associated with IgM anti-PGL-1 seropositivity, potential risk markers and indirect transmission of leprosy were identified, including 56.76% manual labor, 90.54% living in poverty, 83.78% drinking from unprotected springs, only 20.27% boiling water to drink, and 48.65% bathing in open water bodies.Conclusions: The seropositivity among contacts, especially perimeter contacts, may identify potential active infection and transmission of leprosy in this population. Identified potential risk markers of leprosy should be noticed for prevention programs supporting leprosy elimination.

Waste problems in Islamic boarding school is commonly caused by the low awareness of students and others individuals in practicing new paradigm of 3R waste management method (reduce, reuse, recycle). Target partner in empowering the community is Al Amin Boarding School Tunggul Paciran Lamongan. This empowerment program is built based on Dignan theory, starting with community analysis, targeted assessment, program plan development, implementation and evaluation. The Activities in September – October 2022. Our health education was successfully increased the students’ knowledge about waste management up to 86,6%, the students also were able to sort their waste, and did organic composting using Takakura bag.

Fine particulate matter is one of the atmospheric contaminants that exist in the atmosphere. The purpose of this study is to evaluate spatial–temporal changes in PM2.5 concentrations in the central and south zones of Peninsular Malaysia from 2019 to 2020. The study area involves twenty-one monitoring stations in the central and south zones of Peninsular Malaysia, using monthly and annual means of PM2.5 concentrations. The spatial autocorrelation of PM2.5 is calculated using Moran’s I, while three semi-variogram models are used to measure the spatial variability of PM2.5. Three kriging methods, ordinary kriging (OK), simple kriging (SK), and universal kriging (UK), were used for interpolation and comparison. The results showed that the Gaussian model was more appropriate for the central zone (MSE = 14.76) in 2019, while the stable model was more suitable in 2020 (MSE = 19.83). In addition, the stable model is more appropriate for both 2019 (MSE = 12.68) and 2020 (8.87) for the south zone. Based on the performance indicator, universal kriging was chosen as the best interpolation method in 2019 and 2020 for both the central and south zone. In conclusion, the findings provide a complete map of the variations in PM2.5 for two different zones, and show that interpolation methods such as universal kriging are beneficial and could be extended to the investigation of air pollution distributions in other areas of Peninsular Malaysia.

Introduction: According to the results of a survey published in 2022, mobile phone users have reached two-thirds (67.1%) of the world population. This number has increased by 1.8% over the past year, which is equivalent to 95 million new mobile users. However, gadgets are often misused and can cause a health problem called Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS). This study aimed to identify risk factors for the occurrence of ocular CVS symptoms among school and college students. Discussion: This study was conducted using the literature review method. The main sources for this study were articles obtained through the selection process by setting inclusion and exclusion criteria. This study showed that from a total of 1,763 articles found, 27 articles met the predetermined criteria. A total of 18 of the 27 articles (66.7%) had college student as respondents, and 24 of the 27 articles used cross-sectional research methods (88.9%). In this study, 16 CVS ocular symptoms were found. The risk factors for CVS were individual characteristics (students aged under 18 years and students aged 18–25 years, and gadget users with contact lenses or glasses), smartphone users, individual habits, and ambient lighting while operating gadgets. Conclusions: This study concludes that students are at risk of experiencing CVS if they do not support gadget use with habits such as implementing rest periods between activities using gadgets.

Introduction: To determine the health risk assessment due to exposure to nitrate in Gravity Feed System (GFS) water in the Orang Asli Village of Rembau, Negeri Sembilan. Methods: This study involved 48 respondents who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Respondents with a filtration system installed in their houses were excluded from the study. A modified questionnaire was used to obtain the socio-demographic data. All collected water samples were analyzed using a HANNA Instruments multimeter with an attached nitrate electrode. Results: Nitrate in drinking water did not exceed the maximum limit of 45 mg/L set by health authorities. It ranged from 2.15 to 7.65 mg/L, with a mean ± standard deviation of 4.99 ± 1.37 mg/L. Further to this, the minimum and maximum pH values were 6.57-7.10. It was interpreted that there was no significant association between the concentration of nitrate and pH value in drinking water. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) calculation recorded that all respondents recorded an HQ of less than 1, indicating no cancer risk to consumers. Conclusion: The nitrate levels in GFS water are relatively low and do not threaten human health. However, it is recommended to conduct assessments on a regular basis to guarantee the levels within the permissible limit of the Malaysian National Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS).

Marparan village in Sampang, Indonesia uses a communal rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) for collecting water during the dry season. This study aimed to assess the quality of the water in the communal rainwater catchment pond (CRHP) and investigate the occurrence of contact dermatitis among the community members. The research followed an observational approach with a cross-sectional design, involving 50 individuals randomly selected from the user community of the CRHP for sanitation hygiene purposes. Water samples were collected from the CRHP and analyzed for physical characteristics, pH level, and surfactant content. The results revealed that the water in the communal rainwater storage pond did not meet the quality standards established by the Ministry of Health Indonesia. Additionally, a significant association was found between age and the occurrence of contact dermatitis. However, no significant relationships were observed between variables such as activity type, exposure frequency, and the incidence of contact dermatitis. Moreover, no relationships were identified between activity type, exposure frequency, duration of exposure, and the occurrence of contact dermatitis. It was observed that respondents did not rinse with clean water after using the communal rainwater storage pond for bathing or washing clothes. Therefore, it is recommended that individuals rinse with clean water after engaging in activities involving the use of the rainwater storage pond to minimize the risk of contact dermatitis.

Introduction: Workers in the battery industry are at risk of being exposed to cadmium (Cd), which can cause various health problems, including kidney disorders. This study aims to investigate the association between biomarkers of Cd exposure and effect with kidney disorders among workers in the battery industry. Methods: A systematic review approach was used in this study, employing relevant keywords and inclusion criteria to search electronic databases, such as Google scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Research Gate. The selected articles included research articles published between 2010 and 2020, with cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control study designs. To ensure the quality of the articles reviewed, the Critical Appraisal Skill Programme (CASP) was used. Results: The CASP tools facilitated the exploration of trustworthy and relevant articles for the literature review. Previous studies revealed that individuals of various ages, ranging from teenagers to adults aged 12-60, both males and females, are commonly employed in the battery industry. Cadmium was detected in the hair, urine, and blood samples of these workers. Previous studies also identified kidney disorders among these workers by analyzing biomarkers such as creatinine, retinol-binding protein, blood urea nitrogen, and hemoglobin, which were all found to be above the normal range. Furthermore, increased Cd levels in the blood of workers caused glomerular disorder and tubular dysfunction, eventually resulting in kidney function disorders. Conclusion: Cd levels in the bodies of workers in the battery industry serves as a reliable biomarker of Cd exposure, and are closely related to the number of effect biomarkers that can contribute to kidney disorders. This study emphasizes the importance of monitoring Cd exposure levels among workers in the battery industry.

Background: Pre-eclampsia is one of the causes of high maternal morbidity and mortality. The WHO has recommended calcium supplementation based on dose and duration in pregnant women to reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia. However, the calcium supplementation program in Indonesia is not following the WHO recommendations. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the dose and duration of calcium supplementation on the occurrence of pre-eclampsia. Methods: This research is an observational study with a case-control design. The study was conducted from June to August 2021. The study participants are pregnant women in the third trimester in Madiun District, consisting of 42 case groups and 98 control groups with random cluster sampling. Simple logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between dose and duration of calcium supplementation variables on the variable of pre-eclampsia. Results: Calcium dose showed calcium consumption < 3 doses/day had odds of 2.54 times compared to calcium intake 3 doses/day [95%CI = 1.02-6.35]. The duration of calcium supplementation showed that calcium administration after 20 weeks had odds of 0.45 times [95%CI = 0.21-0.98] compared to calcium administration before 20 weeks of gestation on the occurrence of pre-eclampsia. Conclusion: Calcium supplementation based on dose and duration was associated with the occurrence of pre-eclampsia. It was recommended for pregnant women to consume calcium supplements with the right dose and duration to reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia.

Diarrhea in children under five is one of the health problems in Indonesia with 21 of outbreak with a total of 1,725 ​​cases and 34 deaths with a Case Fatality Rate (CFR) of 1.97%. Springs are one of the sources of drinking water that are widely used by the community with 1.8 billion people still using sources that are contaminated with faeces. Objective to analyze the bacteriological quality of drinking water sourced from springs and the actions of mothers with the incidence of diarrhea in children under five in Paspan Village, Glagah District, Banyuwangi. This type of research is a quantitative research with a cross sectional study design. The population in this study were 47 housewives who had toddlers in Paspan Village. This study consisted of 3 samples, namely 1 sample of clean water managed by community, 28 samples of respondent's drinking water and housewives who have toddlers using simple random sampling method. The result of study showed that 75% of the bacteriological quality of drinking water had met the requirements and 53.6% of the mother's actions were in the bad category. A total of 7.1% of children under five in Paspan Village experienced diarrhea. Bacteriological quality of drinking water sourced from springs (p = 0.056) and maternal actions (p = 0.040). There is no relationship between bacteriological quality and the incidence of diarrhea in children under fiveHowever, there is a relationship between maternal actions and the incidence of diarrhea in children under five in Paspan Village, Glagah District, Banyuwangi.

Latar belakang: Sarana rekreasi air yang menggunakan air alami atau disebut pemandian umum berpotensi menyebabkan penyakit bagi penggunanya, diantaranya adalah keluhan penyakit kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan perilaku pengguna pemandian umum dengan keluhan penyakit kulit setelah berenang di pemandian umum.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observational dengan desain cross sectional. Variabel dependen adalah keluhan penyakit kulit, sedangkan variabel independen adalah pengetahuan, sikap, dan tindakan pengunjung terhadap pencegahan penyakit yang dapat terjadi setelah berenang di pemandian umum. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui penyebaran kuisioner secara online dengan kriteria inklusi yang ditetapkan. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap pengguna Pemandian Bektiharjo, Kabupaten Tuban, Jawa Timur. Diperoleh 100 responden yang bersedia berpartisipasi. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji chi-square.Hasil: Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik pengguna Pemandian Bektiharjo yaitu berjenis kelamin laki-laki (48%), berumur ³17 tahun (82%), dan tingkat pendidikan terakhir tinggi (69%). Keluhan penyakit kulit dialami oleh 86% pengguna, berupa keluhan dengan tingkat ringan. Aspek perilaku yang berhubungan signifikan dengan keluhan penyakit kulit adalah pengetahuan (p=0,002). Pengguna pemandian umum kurang memiliki kebiasaan atau tindakan pencegahan terjadinya penyakit kulit (69%).Simpulan: Pengetahuan mengenai pencegahan terjadinya penyakit kulit di pemandian umum berhubungan dengan keluhan penyakit kulit setelah berenang di Pemandian Bektiharjo, Kabupaten Tuban, Jawa Timur. Disarankan agar pengelola pemandian umum memberikan edukasi pada pengunjung dan memonitor kualitas air pemandian secara periodik. ABSTRACT Title: Relationship of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Swimmers with Skin-related Illnesses in Bektiharjo Recreational Water, Tuban, East Java, IndonesiaBackground: Recreational water illnesses (RWIs) can be caused by chemicals and germs found in the freshwater public bath we swim or play in, such as skin diseases. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the behavior of users and complaints of skin diseases after swimming or playing in freshwater. Method: This research was an observational study with a cross-sectional design. The dependent variables were complaints of skin diseases, while the independent knowledge, attitudes, and visitors' habit are to prevent recreational water illness. Data collection was carried out by online questionnaires with specific inclusion criteria. The subjects were users of the Bektiharjo pools, Tuban Regency, East Java. There were 100 respondents were participated and the data were analyzed by chi-square test.Result: The study found that the users of the Bektiharjo pools were male (48%), aged ³17 years (82%), and had high education (69%). Skin disease complaints are found by 86% of users, mostly at a mild level. The knowledge of skin disease prevention was significantly related to complaints of skin disease (p=0.002). Most users have bad habits in skin disease prevention (69%).Conclusion: Knowledge about the prevention of skin diseases is related to complaints of skin diseases following exposure to Bektiharjo Public Baths, Tuban Regency, East Java. It is recommended that public bath managers provide education to visitors and freshwater quality should be monitored periodically.

Introduction: Helminthiasis becomes one of the infectious diseases included in neglected diseases that receive less attention and mostly occurred in tropical countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2020 stated that helminthiasis spread throughout sub-Saharan Africa, America, China, and East Asia where 60% suffered by children. STH infections may result from poor hygiene in many school aged-children, especially in primary school. This article was written to analyze the personal hygiene of primary school children that may affect the incidence of helminthiasis. Discussion: An integrative literature review was conducted using databases, from Google Scholar, Pubmed, Research Gate, and Science Direct databases. It was 24 articles consisting of 20 articles published by international journals and 4 articles in Indonesian journals. Most of the infectious agents in Asia were Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura, while Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworms, and Trichuris trichiura dominate in Africa. Poor personal hygiene may a risk of infection. For example, children in Asia do not cut their nails or wash their hands. While children in Africa do not wash their hands, walked barefoot, and conducted open defecation. Conclusion: Personal hygiene of primary school children has a positive effect on the incidence of helminthiasis in Asia and Africa with different prevalences. To prevent and control helminthiasis in school children, schools should provide education about personal hygiene, improve sanitary facilities, and routinely give anthelmintics every six months.

Introduction: The prevalence of leprosy in 2017 in Indonesia shows 6.08 / 100,000 new cases of leprosy and 86.12% of which are multi-bacillary types. Determinants of leprosy events include the condition of residence. The aim of the study is to analyze the relationship between physical condition of house and sanitary facilities with the occurrence of leprosy. Methods: This study uses analytical observational research with a case-control study to analyze the relationship between the physical condition of the house and sanitary facilities and the incidence of leprosy in patients of Sumberglagah Hospital, Mojokerto. The sample size was 38, including 19 cases and 19 controls with simple random sampling. Research variables include individual characteristics, the physical conditions of the home, and sanitary facilities were analyzed using chi-square tests. Result : The results showed there was a significant relationship between physical conditions of house such as the ceiling, the type of floor, humidity, and density of the bedroom (p < α) with leprosy cases. Meanwhile, sanitary facilities do not show a significant relationship with leprosy cases. Conclusion: Efforts to prevent leprosy can be done through education to the public to maintain physical condition of the house according to prevailing requirements, especially the presence of ceilings, type of floor of the house made of materials that are easy to clean, comfortable humidity, and bedrooms not used by more than two people.

ABSTRACT COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) virus. During the pandemic, health workers have a higher risk of being exposed to the coronavirus. This study aims to analyze the availability and use of PPE for COVID-19 infection cases in health workers. This study used the scoping review method. Selected articles had been chosen by topic and inclusion criteria. Twenty-four articles were varied based on research locations in the US, China, Italy, Germany, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Australia, and Israel. Health workers have used PPE when handling specimens or patients with COVID-19 symptoms. The health workers were varied, including doctors, dentists, veterinarians, public health officers, nurses, pharmacists, and medical personnel who treat COVID-19 patients or not—the type of PPE widely used as masks. Health care facilities have provided PPE, but access, quality, and availability vary. Cases of COVID-19 infection in health workers varied, and the symptoms. PPE availability indirectly affects the high or low cases of COVID-19 infection in health workers, so the availability of PPE for health workers must be considered. ABSTRAK COVID-19 merupakan penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh virus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2). Selama pandemi, tenaga kesehatan memiliki risiko lebih tinggi terpapar virus corona. Tujuan dari penulisan ini yaitu menganalis ketersediaan dan penggunaan APD terhadap kasus infeksi COVID-19 pada tenaga kesehatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode scoping review. Artikel yang dipilih sesuai dengan topik dan kriteria inklusi. Didapatkan 24 artikel dengan lokasi penelitian di AS, Cina, Italia, Jerman, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Australia, dan Israel. Tenaga kesehatan telah menggunakan APD saat menangani pasien ataupun spesimen pasien dengan gejala COVID-19. Tenaga kesehatan yang diteliti bervariasi, meliputi dokter, dokter gigi, dokter hewan, public health officer, perawat, apoteker, tenaga medis yang menangani pasien COVID-19 ataupun tidak. Jenis APD yang paling banyak digunakan oleh tenaga kesehatan yaitu masker. Fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan telah menyediakan APD, namun akses, kualitas, dan ketersediaannya bervariasi. Kasus infeksi COVID-19 pada tenaga kesehatan bervariasi, begitu pula dengan gejala yang timbul. Penggunaan APD dapat meminimalisir risiko penularan COVID-19 pada tenaga kesehatan. Ketersediaan APD berpengaruh tidak langsung terhadap tinggi atau rendahnya kasus infeksi COVID-19 pada tenaga kesehatan, sehingga ketersediaan APD untuk tenaga kesehatan harus diperhatikan.

Natural hot spring is one of the recreational water. The public used it for recreation, relaxation, and therapy. The water quality should meet standards, such as free from microorganisms to prevent the onset of health complaints. This paper aimed to identify the pathogenic microorganisms and recreational water illness in natural hot spring users from worldwide studies. Method: This systematic review analysis use PRISMA Protocol as a guide to provide this article and PEO Framework to specified the criteria. Various database used to find those article is NCBI, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. In total of 10 eligible articles to analyse from 2010 -2020. Discussion: The result showed that hot spring users experienced health complaints after using hot springs contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. The microorganisms identified were Naegleria spp, Naegleria fowleri, Legionella pneumophila, Vittaforma corneae, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex (MAC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium phocaicum. Recreation water illnesses identified were Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), Legionella pneumonia, Pseudomonas foliculitis, Pseudomonas mastitis, Microsporidial keratitis, Hot tub lung (HTL), and P. aeruginosa pneumonia. Besides the water quality, age, comorbid, and frequency of visiting hot springs were risk factors of recreational water illness. Conclusion: The onset of recreational water illness in users of hot springs was influenced by the quality of water microbiology and age.

Extreme utilization of pesticides for agricultural purposes increases the level of pesticide content in water. Seasonal use of pesticides can cause increased concentrations at potable water abstraction sites as a shock load, which can be difficult for conventional treatment processes to deal with. Choosing the right water treatment method to remove pesticides hangs on the nature of pesticides and the effectiveness of the technique. The focus of this review is to discuss the current developments and progress in the use of various techniques for possible removal of pesticides from wastewater. Some of these processes include advanced oxidation, adsorption, activated sludge treatment, bioreactors and membrane technologies. The solo and mixed treatment techniques have been reviewed in detail and analyzed rigorously. The utilization of hybrid disposal technologies exhibit potential for the development of innovative pesticide removal techniques. Form the process effectiveness point of view, it is very important to thoroughly analyze the composition of the influent and identify the best removal technique. Furthermore, study emphasizes on designing of water treatment plant, the decentralization of water treatment and economical approaches for removal of various types of pesticides from wastewater are discussed.

Introduction: Recreational Water Illnesses (RWIs) are diseases caused by pathogenic contaminants and harmful chemicals spread through direct contact with contaminated recreational water. Between 2011-2012, 1,700 cases caused by recreational water or Recreational Water Illness (RWIs) were recorded by the American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This study aims to analyzed the quality of water in public baths and the health problems based on current discussions of the previously published research. Discussion: This study was a literature review conducted by searching, selecting, synthesizing, and studying existing scientific articles and papers relevant to the topics discussed. These articles and papers were then objectively summarized and critically analyzed. There were 11 articles included (articles with appropriate topics published after 2010, original, systematic, and those located in Asia and Europe). This study found that the quality of water was an indicator key of health problems in public bathing. It caused various kinds of diseases such as disorders in the digestive system and respiratory as well as irritations in the skin, eye, and ear. Conclusion: This study concluded that water quality is crucial to several health problems complained about by public baths visitors. Future research is expected to use systematic literature review and meta-analysis methods to provide more solid scientific evidence based on the strong relationship between variables.Literature Review: Water Quality of Public Bathing, Potential Health Problems and Water Borne Diseases on Visitors