Deficit-accumulation Frailty Indices (FIs) have rapidly been integrated into health systems worldwide to quantify the state of reduced physiologic reserve to recover from a health insult in the aging population. Common data models (CDMs) have further enabled international, interinstitutional applications of FIs. However, the validity of such applications is unknown. We conducted an international network study comparing estimates of frailty from two electronic health record (EHR)-based FIs: United States (US)-based Veterans Affairs FI (VAFI) and United Kingdom (UK)-based electronic FI (eFI) across 5 research and clinical databases. US: All of Us (n=159,721), IQVIA Pharmetrics+ (n=5,099,557); UK: IMRD-THIN (n=3,036,003), IMRD-EMIS (n=832,455), and BioBank (n=207,202). In US databases, VAFI identified higher proportions of frailty ([VAFI; eFI] All of US: 10.3%; 2.5%, Pharmetrics+: 9.6%; 2%) while in UK databases, the eFI identified higher proportions (IMRD-THIN: <0.003%; 0.08%, IQVIA-EMIS: 0.09%; 0.4%, UK BioBank: 0.03%; 0.1%). Additional manipulations (alternative lookback periods, FI variations) were examined. FIs are likely dependent on their development context, such as local coding behaviors and incentives, limiting their external validity despite CDM harmonization. We suggest caution in the application of FIs outside of their development context and recommend further instrument development before more widespread use.

PURPOSE:The aim of this study was to explore posttraumatic growth (PTG) in people with aphasia. METHOD:As part of a larger multisite study, 23 people with aphasia (12 females, 11 males) each completed a 60-min semistructured interview during which they expanded on previously given questionnaire responses and then answered five additional open-ended questions about communication in their daily life. Interviews were transcribed orthographically, coded using reflexive codebook analysis, and synthesized into themes and categories by team members that included a person with aphasia. RESULTS:Reflexive codebook analysis revealed two themes. The first theme, "Moving Toward Growth" described the process of PTG, which included categories of "Grappling With New Reality," "Acceptance," "Goals and Effort," and "Improvement." The second theme identified "Perceived Areas of Growth," which included categories of "Perception of Self," "Relatedness," and "General Philosophy of Life." CONCLUSIONS:Findings suggest that people with aphasia experience PTG across all three primary domains: (a) changed perception of self, (b) changed relationship with others, and (c) changed general philosophy of life and that the challenging circumstances associated with aphasia were integral to the development of PTG. Findings also highlight that PTG does not necessarily develop in a linear trajectory for people with aphasia and that processes such as acceptance, exerting effort, striving for continued improvement, and slowing down may contribute to the overall development of PTG in this population. Overall, the construct of PTG is relevant to people with aphasia, and the process by which PTG is developed in people with aphasia involves similar components to what has been described in other populations. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL:https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.28394993.

Purpose: Aphasia rehabilitation is a learning process that unfolds over time. Previous group studies have examined aphasia treatment response using pre-to posttreatment comparison, largely ignoring the unfolding learning response that occurs session-to-session. We aimed to (a) characterize the shape of learning while individuals with aphasia received intensive anomia intervention and (b) identify the cognitive predictors of this learning response. Method: Individuals (N = 39) with chronic poststroke aphasia received intensive semantic feature analysis (SFA). Naming accuracy for trained and semantically related, untrained words was probed daily. We used Bayesian generalized linear mixed-effects models to estimate the shape of learning during SFA treatment and to measure the influence of key cognitive functions on treatment response. Results: Most treatment gains appeared early during treatment, after the first 4 hr of intervention. Verbal recognition and visuospatial memory were associated with the magnitude of those early treatment gains, favoring strong cognitive performers. Treatment generalization to untrained targets was present but modest, with some evidence suggesting that visuospatial recall performance may be associated with treatment generalization. Conclusions: Monitoring SFA treatment response early could help inform clinicians whether patients will respond optimally to intervention. Verbal recognition and visuospatial recall support learning during treatment, helping elucidate cognitive underpinnings of learning during aphasia rehabilitation. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.30213520

BackgroundEvidence suggests that communication-based aphasia group treatment may increase formal assessment scores and improve features of discourse production. The real-life interactions which occur during group treatment may increase use of grammatically complete and relevant utterances.AimsTo examine the effects of communication-based group treatment on production of complete utterances during structured and conversational discourse in adults with chronic aphasia.Methods & ProceduresWe analyzed structured and conversational discourse samples from 23 adults with chronic aphasia originally collected by Elman and Bernstein-Ellis (1999a). Bayesian generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate changes in use of complete utterances and its two components, syntactic completeness and relevance, at treatment exit and 4-6 weeks post-treatment.Outcomes & ResultsResults are presented with reference to the region of practical equivalence (ROPE, i.e., the range of effect sizes small enough to ignore) and in terms of the probability, derived from Bayesian model posterior distributions, that the effect in question exceeded, fell within, or fell below the ROPE. At the group level, syntactic completeness improved in structured discourse, but syntactic completeness, relevance, and complete utterances did not change during conversational discourse. Individual response to treatment varied and participants with mild aphasia and without concomitant apraxia of speech were more likely to demonstrate post-treatment change in complete utterances.ConclusionsUse of syntactically complete utterances during structured discourse increased at treatment exit and follow-up. Participants, especially those with severe aphasia and apraxia of speech, may have changed in ways not revealed by the complete utterance measure.

Objectives Despite easy-to-use tools like the Cohort Builder, using All of Us Research Program data for complex research questions requires a relatively high level of technical expertise. We aimed to increase research and training capacity and reduce barriers to entry for the All of Us community through an R package, allofus. In this article, we describe functions that address common challenges we encountered while working with All of Us Research Program data, and we demonstrate this functionality with an example of creating a cohort of All of Us participants by synthesizing electronic health record and survey data with time dependencies.Target audience All of Us Research Program data are widely available to health researchers. The allofus R package is aimed at a wide range of researchers who wish to conduct complex analyses using best practices for reproducibility and transparency, and who have a range of experience using R. Because the All of Us data are transformed into the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership Common Data Model (OMOP CDM), researchers familiar with existing OMOP CDM tools or who wish to conduct network studies in conjunction with other OMOP CDM data will also find value in the package.Scope We developed an initial set of functions that solve problems we experienced across survey and electronic health record data in our own research and in mentoring student projects. The package will continue to grow and develop with the All of Us Research Program. The allofus R package can help build community research capacity by increasing access to the All of Us Research Program data, the efficiency of its use, and the rigor and reproducibility of the resulting research.

BackgroundWhile many measures exist for assessing discourse in aphasia, manual transcription, editing, and scoring are prohibitively labor intensive, a major obstacle to their widespread use by clinicians (Bryant et al. 2017; Cruice et al. 2020). Many tools also lack rigorous psychometric evidence of reliability and validity (Azios et al. 2022; Carragher et al. 2023). Establishing test reliability is the first step in our long-term goal of automating the Brief Assessment of Transactional Success in aphasia (BATS; Kurland et al. 2021) and making it accessible to clinicians and clinical researchers.AimsWe evaluated multiple aspects of test reliability of the BATS by examining correlations between human/machine and human/human interrater edited transcripts, raw vs. edited transcripts, interrater scoring of main concepts, and test-retest performance. We hypothesized that automated methods of transcription and discourse analysis would demonstrate sufficient reliability to move forward with test development.Methods & ProceduresWe examined 576 story retelling narratives from a sample of 24 persons with aphasia and familiar and unfamiliar conversation partners (CP). Participants with aphasia (PWA) retold stories immediately after watching/listening to short video/audio clips. CP retold stories after six-minute topic-constrained conversations with a PWA in which the dyad co-constructed the stories. We utilized two macrostructural measures to analyze the automated speech-to-text transcripts of story retells: 1) a modified version of a semi-automated tool for measuring main concepts (mainConcept: Cavanaugh et al. 2021); and 2) an automated natural language processing "pipeline" to assess topic similarity.Outcomes & ResultsCorrelations between raw and edited scores were excellent, interrater reliability on transcripts and main concept scoring were acceptable. Test-retest on repeated stimuli was acceptable. This was especially true of aphasic story retellings where there were actual within subject repeated stimuli.ConclusionsResults suggest that automated speech-to-text was generally sufficient in most cases to avoid the time-consuming, labor intensive step of transcribing and editing discourse. Overall, our study results suggest that natural language processing automated methods such as text vectorization and cosine similarity are a fast, efficient way to obtain a measure of topic similarity between two discourse samples. Although test-retest reliability for the semi-automated mainConcept method was generally higher than for automated methods of measuring topic similarity, we found no evidence of a difference between machine automated and human-reliant scoring.

A large public nursing data set was used to determine whether orientation and/or preceptor programs impact job satisfaction among registered nurses in Maine and Massachusetts. There was no association between orientation and preceptor programs and satisfaction, nor evidence that new nurse status modified the relationship. There is a need for evaluation of orientation and preceptor programs’ structure and effectiveness, and innovation is needed in promoting job satisfaction, thereby increasing nurse retention.

Abstract Few large databases are representative of the US population of people living with HIV. In 2018, the All of Us (AoU) Research Program launched, with the goal of enrolling 1 million Americans under-represented in biomedical research such as PWH. This study aimed to establish the generalizability of data self-reported by PWH in AoU to U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) HIV surveillance statistics (2021). We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive analysis of AoU participants who self-reported as living with HIV. The ‘allofus’ R package extracted survey responses to the HIV-related questions with the relevant concept IDs (1384391, 43530505, 43528832, 43530347). We compared AoU demographic statistics to CDC HIV surveillance statistics using Pearson’s chi-squared tests. Of the 409,420 AoU participants 1,714 people self-reported having HIV. Most were male (n=1,282, 76.4%) and reported a non-heterosexual sexual orientation (n=1,239, 71.2%). Almost half were 55 and older (n=821, 47.9%) and the largest race/ethnicity group was non-Hispanic White (n=783, 45.7%). Compared to national surveillance data AoU was similar in gender/sex (US: 76.9% Male vs AoU: 76.4% Male, p-value 0.103), but different in age (US: 22.7% Age 45-54 vs AoU: 26.8% Age 45-54, p-value <0.001) and race/ethnicity (US: 39.8% Non-Hispanic Black vs AoU: 30.6% Non-Hispanic Black, p-value <0.001). AoU has successfully oversampled older ages, but self-reported PWH are Whiter than expected. As such, interpretations of AoU are limited in generalizability to the US HIV population. Future research is to redefine AoU HIV cohort (including health records and medication) and evaluate generalizability.

PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a self-administered naming treatment for one individual, B.N., presenting with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) and a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI).METHOD:Naming treatment included components of Lexical Retrieval Cascade Treatment and was self-administered using an adaptive spaced retrieval software, Anki. Using a multiple-baseline, single-case experimental design, naming accuracy probes were taken during pretreatment, treatment, posttreatment, and follow-up (through 12 months) for 60 trained words and 10 untrained words. Item-level Bayesian generalized mixed-effects models were used to estimate (a) the treatment effect for trained words, (b) change in untrained words, and (c) maintenance of treatment effects from posttreatment to each subsequent follow-up.RESULTS:Statistical analyses revealed that a gain of 35 out of 60 trained words (35.3; 90% CI [30.6, 39.5]) was directly attributable to treatment. Following treatment, evidence of generalization to untrained words was not observed. During the follow-up period, there was gradual decline in naming accuracy of trained items.CONCLUSIONS:The positive treatment results reported here support the use of self-administered naming treatments for those with svPPA and a history of TBI. Although the utility of this treatment approach is constrained by patient factors including motivation, self-administered naming treatments represent a unique opportunity to expand access to speech-language intervention for people with svPPA, including those with concomitant diagnoses.SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL:https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.25119080.

Purpose: Individuals with aphasia identify discourse-level communication (i.e., language in use) as a high priority for treatment. The central premise of most aphasia treatments is that restoring language at the phoneme, word, and/or sentence level will generalize to discourse. However, treatment-related changes in discourse-level communication are modest, are poorly understood, and vary greatly among individuals with aphasia. In response, this study consisted of a multilevel discourse analysis of archival, monologic discourse outcomes across two high-intensity Semantic Feature Analysis (SFA) clinical trials. Aim 1 evaluated changes in theoretically motivated discourse outcomes representing lexical–semantic processing, lexical diversity, grammatical complexity, and discourse informativeness. Aim 2 explored the potential moderating role of nonlanguage cognitive factors (semantic memory, divided attention, and executive function) on discourse outcomes. Method: This study was a retrospective analysis of archival monologic discourse outcomes after intensive SFA for n = 60 (Aim 1) and a subset n = 44 (Aim 2). Outcome measures included lexical–semantic processing (% semantic errors), lexical diversity (moving average type–token ratio), grammatical complexity (mean utterance length), and discourse informativeness (% correct information units). Bayesian generalized mixed-effects models were used to examine changes across four study time points: enrollment, entry, exit, and 1-month follow-up. Results: The present study found no evidence for meaningful or statistically reliable improvements in monologue discourse performance after SFA when measured using standard, general-topic discourse stimuli. There was weak and inconsistent evidence that nonlanguage cognitive factors may play a role in moderating treatment response. Conclusions: These findings indicate a clear need to pair theoretically informed treatments designed to facilitate generalization to discourse with intentional measurement paradigms designed to capture it. Furthermore, there is a clear need to examine how established treatments, restorative or compensatory, can better facilitate generalization to discourse-level communication. These priorities are critical for meaningfully improving everyday communication and reducing the profound communication and psychosocial consequences of aphasia. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.26524081

BACKGROUND: High-intensity therapy is recommended in current treatment guidelines for chronic poststroke aphasia. Yet, little is known about fatigue levels induced by treatment, which could interfere with rehabilitation outcomes. We analyzed fatigue experienced by people with chronic aphasia (>6 months) during high-dose interventions at 2 intensities. METHODS: A retrospective observational analysis was conducted on self-rated fatigue levels of people with chronic aphasia (N=173) collected during a previously published large randomized controlled trial of 2 treatments: constraint-induced aphasia therapy plus and multi-modality aphasia therapy. Interventions were administered at a higher intensity (30 hours over 2 weeks) or lower intensity (30 hours over 5 weeks). Participants rated their fatigue on an 11-point scale before and after each day of therapy. Data were analyzed using Bayesian ordinal multilevel models. Specifically, we considered changes in self-rated participant fatigue across a therapy day and over the intervention period. RESULTS: Data from 144 participants was analyzed. Participants were English speakers from Australia or New Zealand (mean age, 62 [range, 18-88] years) with 102 men and 42 women. Most had mild (n=115) or moderate (n=52) poststroke aphasia. Median ratings of the level of fatigue by people with aphasia were low (1 on a 0-10-point scale) at the beginning of the day. Ratings increased slightly (+1.0) each day after intervention, with marginally lower increases in the lower intensity schedule. There was no evidence of accumulating fatigue over the 2- or 5-week interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that intensive intervention was not associated with large increases in fatigue for people with chronic aphasia enrolled in the COMPARE trial (Constraint-Induced or Multimodality Personalised Aphasia Rehabilitation). Fatigue did not change across the course of the intervention. This study provides evidence that intensive treatment was minimally fatiguing for stroke survivors with chronic aphasia, suggesting that fatigue is not a barrier to high-intensity treatment.

OBJECTIVES:To understand how frailty and healthcare delays differentially mediate the association between sexual and gender minority older adults (OSGM) status and healthcare utilization. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Data from the All of Us Research Program participants ≥50 years old were analyzed using marginal structural modelling to assess if frailty or healthcare delays mediated OSGM status and healthcare utilization. OSGM status, healthcare delays, and frailty were assessed using survey data. Electronic health record (EHR) data was used to measure the number of medical visits or mental health (MH) visit days, following 12 months from the calculated All of Us Frailty Index. Analyses adjusted for age, race and ethnicity, income, HIV, marital status ± general MH (only MH analyses). RESULTS:Compared to non-OSGM, OSGM adults have higher rates of medical visits (adjusted rate ratio [aRR]: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.24) and MH visits (aRR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.91). Frailty mediated the association between OSGM status medical visits (Controlled direct effect [Rcde] aRR: 1.03, 95% CI [0.87, 1.22]), but not MH visits (Rcde aRR: 0.37 [95% CI: 0.06, 1.47]). Delays mediated the association between OSGM status and MH visit days (Rcde aRR: 2.27, 95% CI [1.15, 3.76]), but not medical visits (Rcde aRR: 1.06 [95% CI: 0.97, 1.17]). DISCUSSION:Frailty represents a need for medical care among OSGM adults, highlighting the importance of addressing it to improve health and healthcare utilization disparities. In contrast, healthcare delays are a barrier to MH care, underscoring the necessity of targeted strategies to ensure timely MH care for OSGM adults.

Abstract Older sexual and gender minority adults (OSGM) have a higher burden of frailty, mental health conditions, and healthcare delays compared to non-SGM older adults (non-OSGM). The study aimed to evaluate the impact of health disparities related to frailty and delays on the relationship between OSGM and healthcare utilization, we hypothesized that improving frailty and delays would reduce healthcare utilization. We used marginal structural models in the All of Us version 6 Controlled Tier Dataset to study the mediating role of frailty and delays on healthcare utilization (self-reported general doctor (PCP) and mental health (MH) visits) by SGM status. OSGM (n=4,763) compared to non-OSGM (n=68,146) were younger (mean [SD], 63 [8] vs 66 [8]), had higher frailty (26% vs 19%), reported more delays (30% vs 24%), less excellent mental health (23.2% vs 30.2%), and majority were insured (96% vs 97%). Minimal differences between the total effect and controlled direct effect between SGM status and visits for frailty (PCP -0.01, MH 0.15) and delays (PCP 0, MH 0.16), suggests visits would remain similar if all OSGM were not frail or reported no delays. Contrary to our hypothesis, improving frailty and delays did not impact healthcare utilization among OSGM. Factors other than frailty and healthcare delays may be influencing healthcare utilization among OSGM in All of Us. Further, bias due to self-report/volunteer bias may affect the ability to examine the association of interest. Future work should examine the consensus between survey and EHR reported healthcare utilization within All of Us.

Purpose: Small- N studies are the dominant study design supporting evidence-based interventions in communication science and disorders, including treatments for aphasia and related disorders. However, there is little guidance for conducting reproducible analyses or selecting appropriate effect sizes in small- N studies, which has implications for scientific review, rigor, and replication. This tutorial aims to (a) demonstrate how to conduct reproducible analyses using effect sizes common to research in aphasia and related disorders and (b) provide a conceptual discussion to improve the reader's understanding of these effect sizes. Method: We provide a tutorial on reproducible analyses of small- N designs in the statistical programming language R using published data from Wambaugh et al. (2017). In addition, we discuss the strengths, weaknesses, reporting requirements, and impact of experimental design decisions on effect sizes common to this body of research. Results: Reproducible code demonstrates implementation and comparison of within-case standardized mean difference, proportion of maximal gain, tau-U, and frequentist and Bayesian mixed-effects models. Data, code, and an interactive web application are available as a resource for researchers, clinicians, and students. Conclusions: Pursuing reproducible research is key to promoting transparency in small- N treatment research. Researchers and clinicians must understand the properties of common effect size measures to make informed decisions in order to select ideal effect size measures and act as informed consumers of small- N studies. Together, a commitment to reproducibility and a keen understanding of effect sizes can improve the scientific rigor and synthesis of the evidence supporting clinical services in aphasiology and in communication sciences and disorders more broadly. Supplemental Material and Open Science Form: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21699476

Background Evidence regarding the effect of conversationally based communication group treatment on discourse production in aphasia is limited. Given the rich, complex communication experiences provided in these groups, it seemed plausible that participation in them could result in improvement of simpler aspects of discourse production. Aims To examine the effects of group communication treatment on the informativeness and efficiency of structured and conversational discourse tasks in adults with chronic aphasia. Methods & Procedures The data for this study were discourses elicited prospectively from 23 adults with chronic aphasia by Elman & Bernstein-Ellis (1999a) as part of their randomised controlled trial, but never previously transcribed or analyzed. We evaluated changes in discourse informativeness and efficiency at treatment exit and follow-up with Bayesian generalised linear mixed-effects models. Individual effect sizes at exit and follow-up were estimated and a region-of-practical-equivalence approach was used to evaluate whether the posterior distributions at each timepoint for each participant were clinically meaningful. Outcomes & Results Results at the group level revealed that structured discourses became more informative and efficient after treatment, and that this improvement was at least maintained at follow-up. Informativeness of conversational discourse did not change from treatment entry to exit, but there was modest evidence of improvement at follow-up. There was no evidence of change to the efficiency of conversational discourse at either timepoint. There was wide variability in individual response to the treatment. Conclusions Participation in conversation-based communication group treatment was associated with more informative and efficient structured discourse production and modestly improved informativeness in conversational discourse. Examining individual responses to treatment provided additional insight about the group-level outcomes and provided some clues about factors that might have influenced performance for some of the participants.

BACKGROUND:Despite known disparities in health status among older sexual and gender minority adults (OSGM), the prevalence of frailty is unknown. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a deficit-accumulation frailty index (AoU-FI) for the All of Us database to describe and compare frailty between OSGM and non-OSGM participants. METHODS:Developed using a standardized approach, the AoU-FI consists of 33 deficits from baseline survey responses of adults aged 50+. OSGM were self-reported as "not straight" or as having discordant gender and sex assigned at birth. Descriptive statistics characterized the AoU-FI. Regression was used to assess the association between frailty, age, and gender. Validation of the AoU-FI used Cox proportional hazard models to test the association between frailty categories (robust <0.15, 0.15 ≤ pre-frail ≤ 0.25, frail >0.25) and mortality. RESULTS:There were 9 110 OSGM and 67 420 non-OSGM with sufficient data to calculate AoU-FI; 41% OSGM versus 50% non-OSGM were robust, whereas 34% versus 32% were pre-frail, and 26% versus 19% were frail. Mean AoU-FI was 0.19 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.187, 0.191) for OSGM and 0.168 (95% CI: 0.167, 0.169) for non-OSGM. Compared to robust, odds of mortality were higher among frail OSGM (odds ratio [OR] 6.40; 95% CI: 1.84, 22.23) and non-OSGM (OR 3.96; 95% CI: 2.96, 5.29). CONCLUSIONS:The AoU-FI identified a higher burden of frailty, increased risk of mortality, and an attenuated impact of age on frailty among OSGM compared to non-OSGM. Future work is needed to understand how frailty affects the OSGM population.

Introduction: There is a pressing need to improve computer-based treatments for aphasia to in-crease access to long-term effective evidence-based interventions. The current single case design incorporated two learning principles, adaptive distributed practice and stimuli variability, to promote acquisition, retention, and generalization of words in a self-managed computer-based anomia treatment.Methods: Two participants with post-stroke aphasia completed a 12-week adaptive distributed practice naming intervention in a single-case experimental design. Stimuli variability was manipulated in three experimental conditions: high exemplar variability, low exemplar vari-ability, and verbal description prompt balanced across 120 trained words. Outcomes were assessed at 1-week, 1-month, and 3-months post-treatment. Statistical comparisons and effect sizes measured in the number of words acquired, generalized, and retained were estimated using Bayesian generalized mixed-effect models.Results: Participants showed large and robust acquisition, generalization, and retention effects. Out of 120 trained words, participant 1 acquired-77 words (trained picture exemplars) and-63 generalization words (untrained picture exemplars of treated words). Similarly, participant 2 acquired-57 trained words and-48 generalization words. There was no reliable change in untrained control words for either participant. Stimuli variability did not show practically meaningful effects.Conclusions: These case studies suggest that adaptive distributed practice is an effective method for re-training more words than typically targeted in anomia treatment research (-47 words on average per Snell et al., 2010). Generalization across experimental conditions provided evidence for improved lexical access beyond what could be attributed to simple stimulus-response map-ping. These effects were obtained using free, open-source flashcard software in a clinically feasible, asynchronous format, thereby minimizing clinical implementation barriers. Larger-scale clinical trials are required to replicate and extend these effects.

PURPOSE:Specifying the active ingredients in aphasia interventions can inform treatment theory and improve clinical implementation. This secondary analysis examined three practice-related predictors of treatment response in semantic feature verification (SFV) treatment. We hypothesized that (a) successful feature verification practice would be associated with naming outcomes if SFV operates similarly to standard feature generation semantic feature analysis and (b) successful retrieval practice would be associated with naming outcomes for treated, but not semantically related, untreated words if SFV operates via a retrieval practice-oriented lexical activation mechanism. METHOD:Item-level data from nine participants with poststroke aphasia who received SFV treatment reported in the work of Evans, Cavanaugh, Quique, et al. (2021) were analyzed using Bayesian generalized linear mixed-effects models. Models evaluated whether performance on three treatment components (facilitated retrieval, feature verification, and effortful retrieval) moderated treatment response for treated and semantically related, untreated words. RESULTS:There was no evidence for or against a relationship between successful feature verification practice and treatment response. In contrast, there was a robust relationship between the two retrieval practice components and treatment response for treated words only. DISCUSSION:Findings were consistent with the second hypothesis: Retrieval practice, but not feature verification practice, appears to be a practice-related predictor of treatment response in SFV. However, treatment components are likely interdependent, and feature verification may still be an active ingredient in SFV. Further research is needed to evaluate the causal role of treatment components on treatment outcomes in aphasia.