The impact of long-term organic (ECO) versus conventional (CON) agricultural management on subsurface soil microbiota diversity and soil physicochemical properties remains unclear in Mediterranean vineyards. This study evaluated long-term ECO and CON effects in the Alt Penedès terroir (Spain), focusing on subsurface soil microbial diversity and soil characteristics. ECO increased the fungal-to-bacterial ratio and ammonium-oxidizing bacteria but reduced total subsurface soil bacterial populations and soil organic carbon. While ECO did not enhance annual yield production in the vineyard, fungal abundance, and ammonium-oxidizing archaea, it slightly increased the overall alpha diversity (Shannon and Inverse Simpson indexes) and significantly altered taxa composition in subsurface soil with a more robust and modular community. Crop management, soil texture, training system, and rootstock, but not vine variety, significantly influenced beta diversity in subsurface soil. The Mantel test revealed subsurface soil texture, Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio, and salinity as the main key soil drivers shifting the microbial community (beta diversity), while C/N and topsoil organic matter significantly correlated with bacterial abundance; NH4+ correlated with fungal abundance; and N-Kjeldahl, pH, and Mg2+/K+ correlated with alpha diversity. Integrating soil microbiota and physicochemical monitoring allowed us to confirm the positive effect of long-term agroecological practices on subsurface soil health and to identify the critical factors shaping their microbial communities in Mediterranean vineyards.

Climate change is expected to negatively impact agricultural production, leading to phenological and metabolic changes, increased water demands, diminished yields, and changed organoleptic characteristics, restricting the positive geographic productivity potential. As an adaptive strategy, agriculture in mountainous regions has gained prominence despite the fact that it entails new challenges. Indeed, mountain-specific conditions and limitations need to be considered, compared to the traditional productive regions. Consequently, there is a lack of information about the most suitable locations because the new conditions and limitations need to be accounted for. This study provides a crop suitability assessment approach to be used in mountainous regions where data about crop yield or development is scarce or nonexistent. Specifically, we evaluated the suitability of vineyards and apple orchards in the southern Pyrenees and Pre-Pyrenees. Using Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques, integrated with fuzzy logic and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), we combined traditional climatic, soil, and topographic indicators with factors relevant to mountainous regions. Our results indicated that the most suitable areas were primarily in lower basins and sunny hillsides, with smaller water needs. Vineyards would benefit from a very low risk of late spring frosts and elevated solar radiation, whereas apple orchards from a reduced risk of hailstorms, a very low risk of late spring frosts, and mild slopes. The fuzzy membership functions combined with the AHP facilitated the integration of indicators, effectively identifying areas with high potential for crop development. This approach contributes to landscape management and planning by offering a modifiable tool for assessing crop suitability in mountainous regions.

Climate change is expected to heavily impact agriculture in the Mediterranean region due to higher temperatures and droughts. Within the agricultural systems, vineyards are one of the most affected by climate. Here we provide a diagnosis of the main impacts of climate change in three protected designations of origin (PDOs) in Catalonia (NE Spain) in the 21st century. This is fundamental for assessing the future suitability of grapevine cultivation in the study area. For this purpose, we estimated the annual net water needs of the vineyard and a set of agroclimatic parameters of crop phenology and ripening. Climate change impacts were estimated at 1 km pixel resolution using temperature and precipitation projections based on the IPCC AR5 RCPs 4.5 and 8.5 climate change scenarios. Water needs would be 2 to 3 times greater than current water needs and a general advance and shortening of the ‘Budburst to Harvest’ period were estimated. The flowering date would advance from 3 to 6 weeks and the harvest from 1 to 2.5 months, resulting in a duration of the ‘Budburst to Harvest’ period from 10 to 80 days shorter. Changes in temperature during ripening were also estimated. Minimum temperature and daily thermal amplitude during ripening could increase from 1.4 to 2.9 °C and from 0.4 to 2.8 °C, respectively, by the end of the century. Additionally, the number of tropical nights (nights with T min > 20 °C) at ripening would increase from 2 to 23.7 days during the second half of the 21st century. Dynamics would be similar in the three PDOs studied although the magnitude of impact would differ, leading, in some cases, to significant limitations for grapevine cultivation and wine production if no adaptation strategies are applied in the near future. Increases in water needs were slightly greater in Empordà PDO, while the potential impact on crop phenology and grapevine quality was greater in the Pla de Bages PDO. These results, despite the limitations from simplified methods, incomplete data and unaddressed uncertainties, could serve as a basis for the design of specific adaptation strategies to improve and maintain vineyards in the PDOs studied and could be extrapolated to similar PDOs and regions.

The grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is a major fruit crop of economic importance worldwide. Commercial grapevine cultivars are susceptible to infection by pathogenic microorganisms that cause diseases both in leaves and fruits, and it is known that the leaf microbiome plays an important role in plant health and fitness. In this study, shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to characterize the microbial communities associated with grapevine leaves in three commercial varieties, Cabernet Sauvignon, Garnacha, and Marselan, grown in the same biogeographical unit. Metagenomic data revealed a differential enrichment of the microbial communities living inside grapevine leaves or on the leaf surface in the three varieties. The most abundant fungal taxa associated with grapevine leaves belong to the phylum Ascomycota, which included relevant pathogenic fungi for grapevines, such as Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotium, and Alternaria alternata, as well as several fungal species potentially pathogenic for grapevines (e.g., members of the Colletotrichum, Aspergillus, and Penicillium genera). Basidiomycota constituted a minor fraction of the fungal microbial communities. Grapevine leaves also harbored a diversity of bacterial taxa. At the phylum level, bacterial communities in all three varieties were primarily composed of Pseudomonadata, Bacillota, Bacteroidota, and a lower proportion of Actinomycetota. Differences in the fungal and bacterial community structures were observed between varieties, although they were more important in fungi. In particular, S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea were found to preferentially colonize leaves in the Marselan and Garnacha varieties, respectively. These findings further support that the host genotype can shape its own microbiome in grapevines. A better understanding of the leaf microbiome in grapevines will provide the basis for the development of tailored strategies to prevent diseases in vineyards while helping to increase sustainability in grapevine production.

Arxius del shapefile (format SHP de Esri) amb la distribució espacial del valor mitjà del nombre de nits tropicals a la fase de maduració de la vinya del territori de la D.O. Penedès als escenaris de canvi climàtic RCP 8.5 i RCP4.5 projectat per a les dècades del segle XXI i el període Control (1972-2005). A més, un arxiu Word amb les metadades del shapefile.

Carbon sequestration and storage in biomass is one of the most important measures to mitigate climate change. Mediterranean woody crops can sequestrate carbon in the biomass of their permanent structures for decades; however, very few studies have focused on an assessment of biomass and carbon sequestration in these types of crops. This study is the first to estimate above- and belowground biomass carbon stock in Mediterranean woody crops through a bottom-up approach in the NE Iberian Peninsula in 2013. Moreover, this is the first time that an assessment of the annual changes in carbon stock in the study area over a six-year period is presented. For this purpose, eight crop- and site-specific equations relating biomass or biometric variables to crop age were calculated. Most of the data were our own measurements, but unpublished data supplied from other authors as well as data from literature were also considered. Census of Agriculture data was used to scale results from individual data up to the municipality level at the regional scale. Results show that in woody cropland in NE Spain the total biomass carbon stock in 2013 was 5.48 Tg C, with an average value of 16.44 ± 0.18 Mg C ha −1 . Between 2013 and 2019, although there was a 2.8% mean annual decrease in the area covered by woody crops, the carbon stock in the biomass of these crops increased annually by 3.8% due to the growth of the remaining woody cropland. This new estimation of carbon stocks may contribute to better understand carbon balances and serve as a baseline to global inventories. It may also serve to assess and manage carbon storage as an ecosystem service provided by Mediterranean woody cropland for mitigating climate change and, in combination with adaptive strategies, for supporting a productive and resilient agro-food system.

In this study, the suitability of major crops currently growing in three case study basins in Catalonia (NE Spain) was assessed for the first half of the 21st century. For this purpose, an estimation was made of net hydric needs (NHN) and a set of agroclimatic parameters. Climate change impacts were estimated at sub-basin level using temperature and precipitation temporal series based on the Third Report on Climate Change in Catalonia under the RCP4.5 scenario. Potential crop evapotranspiration (ETc, FAO procedure) and monthly water balance considering soil water holding capacity were used to estimate actual evapotranspiration (ETa) and NHN. Over the period studied, NHN would generally rise, with small (+ 0.1%) to high (+ 6.6%) increases in the 2020 s and moderate (+ 3.9%) to high (+ 6.7%) increases in the 2040 s. Dynamics would be different for the three basins and general trends vary from crop to crop. At all events, a generalized increase in NHN together with lower water availability could severely limit crop productivity in the case of both rainfed and irrigated crops (irrigation restrictions). Phenological changes could represent a greater constraint for crop productivity. Overall, the number of frost days will decrease (from -0.1 days in March to -8.7 days in April) in the three basins, while extremely hot days will increase (from + 0.3 days in July to + 3.8 days in August). Growth cycles will begin earlier (from -1 days to -12 days for crops with a base temperature of 10 degrees C), and for some crops they will be shorter (from -8 days to -27 days in the case of maize and up to -10 days in the case of vines). The impacts of climate change in the three basins could result in significant limitations for crops if adaptive strategies beyond irrigation and growing cycle issues are not applied. The results of this study could serve as a basis for the development of adaptation strategies to improve and maintain agriculture in the case study basins and in similar regions.

espanolEl presente trabajo tiene como objetivo poner de manifiesto la importancia de la superficie de cultivo de secano en Cataluna (71 % de la superficie agricola) y su vulnerabilidad al cambio climatico, con especial referencia a las necesidades hidricas. Las practicas agronomicas, adoptando las ultimas innovaciones tecnologicas, y una buena seleccion del material vegetal que hay que cultivar son y seran las primeras herramientas para mantener estos sistemas de cultivo. En este articulo se discute que una posible transformacion en regadio podria no ser viable debido a una disponibilidad insuficiente de fuentes de agua (aguas subterraneas y aguas regeneradas), tanto en calidad como en cantidad, y a la creciente demanda de agua para usos no agricolas. Tambien se debe tener en cuenta que los secanos son una fuente de servicios ecosistemicos cuyo valor va mas alla de la estricta productividad del cultivo. Asi pues, se deben valorar y revalorizar los secanos y avanzar en su adaptacion a las condiciones climaticas de las proximas decadas, prestando mucha atencion a la gestion del suelo y del agua disponible para asegurar unos estandares mas cualitativos que productivos.PALABRAS CLAVE: cultivos de secano, necesidades hidricas, aguas subterraneas, manejo del suelo, adaptacion. catalaAquest treball te com a objectiu posar de manifest la importancia de la superficie de cultiu de seca que hi ha a Catalunya (71 % de la superficie agricola) i la seva vulnerabilitat al canvi climatic, especialment amb referencia a les necessitats hidriques. Les practiques agronomiques, adoptant les darreres solucions tecnologiques, i una bona seleccio del material vegetal per cultivar son i seran les primeres eines per a mantenir aquests sistemes de cultiu. En aquest article es discuteix que una possible transformacio en regadiu podria no ser viable degut a una disponibilitat insuficient de fonts d’aigua (aigues subterranies i aigues regenerades), tant en qualitat com en quantitat, i a la demanda creixent d’aigua per a usos no agricoles. Tambe s’hi destaca que els secans son una font de serveis ecosistemics i aporten valors mes enlla de l’estricta productivitat del cultiu. Cal, doncs, valorar i revalorar els secans i avancar en la seva adaptacio a les condicions climatiques de les properes decades, parant molta atencio a la gestio del sol i de l’aigua disponible per a assegurar uns estandards de produccio mes qualitatius que quantitatius.PARAULES CLAU: cultius de seca, necessitats hidriques, aigues subterranies, maneig del sol, adaptacio. EnglishThe aim of this study is to highlight the importance of the rainfed farming area in Catalonia (71% of the total cultivated land) and its vulnerability to climate change, especially with regard to water needs. Agronomic practices, including the latest technological innovations, and a good selection of the plant material to be cultivated are and will be the foremost tools for maintaining these cultivation systems. We discuss whether a possible transformation to irrigation would not be feasible due to insufficient water sources (groundwater or reclaimed water) in terms of quality or quantity, and to the increased demand of water for non-agricultural uses. It should also be borne in mind that drylands are a source of ecosystem services whose value goes beyond crop productivity alone. Consequently, drylands should be valued and enhanced, and progress should be made in adapting them to the climatic conditions of the coming decades, paying special attention to the management of soil and available water to ensure production standards that are more qualitative than quantitative in nature.KEYWORDS: rainfed crops, water requirements, groundwater, soil management, adaptation.

El principal recurso limitante en la sequía es el agua, en consecuencia, este recurso junto con otros factores edafoclimáticos afecta varios aspectos de crecimiento y desarrollo de los individuos. En este estudio, se evaluó la tolerancia al estrés hídrico y el crecimiento compensatorio de la leguminosa forrajera conocida como Calopo o Rabo de Iguana (Calopogonium mucunoides Desv) de dos procedencias; sometidas a defoliación y a déficit hídrico. En condiciones controladas de invernadero se realizó el experimento con arreglo factorial de ocho tratamientos con tres repeticiones. Los individuos de C. muconoides fueron sometidos a dos niveles de defoliación: plantas defoliadas cada quince días y plantas no defoliadas; así como dos niveles de régimen hídrico: plantas regadas cada dos días y planta regadas cada siete días; se usaron plantas procedentes de dos comunidades: Muy Muy y Rivas. Las variables evaluadas fueron biomasa aérea, biomasa de raíces, biomasa total, tasa de crecimiento relativo, potencial hídrico y conductancia estomática. Se utilizó un modelo lineal mixto ajustado por máxima verosimilitud restringida. Todos los análisis estadísticos se realizaron con el software estadístico R. Los resultados muestran una respuesta diferenciada y compleja en las características de producción de biomasa y fisiológicas de las procedencias de C. mucunoides ante el efecto combinado de la defoliación y el régimen hídrico. Las plantas defoliadas y de procedencia de Muy Muy presentaron un mayor crecimiento compensatorio en comparación a las plantas de Rivas. Hubo una disminución en el potencial hídrico y la conductancia estomática en plantas defoliadas y con estrés hídrico. En las condiciones de estudio la especie de C. mucunoides es tolerante a la defoliación y al estrés hídrico

Viticulture is facing emerging challenges not only because of the effect of climate change on yield and composition of grapes, but also of a social demand for environmental-friendly agricultural management. Adaptation to these challenges is essential to guarantee the sustainability of viticulture. The aim of this review is to present adaptation possibilities from the soil-hidden, and often disregarded, part of the grapevine, the roots. The complexity of soil–root interactions makes necessary a comprehensive approach taking into account physiology, pathology and genetics, in order to outline strategies to improve viticulture adaptation to current and future threats. Rootstocks are the link between soil and scion in grafted crops, and they have played an essential role in viticulture since the introduction of phylloxera into Europe at the end of the 19th century. This review outlines current and future challenges that are threatening the sustainability of the wine sector and the relevant role that rootstocks can play to face these threats. We describe how rootstocks along with soil management can be exploited as an essential tool to deal with the effects of climate change and of emerging soil-borne pests and pathogens. Moreover, we discuss the possibilities and limitations of diverse genetic strategies for rootstock breeding.

La sequía asociada al cambio climático y a la variabilidad climática es el principal factor que afecta la productividad y diversidad de los ecosistemas terrestres. El objetivo de este estudio evaluar la tolerancia a la sequía y el crecimiento compensatorio de dos procedencias de Paspalum notatum sometidas a defoliación y déficit hídrico. El experimento se llevó a cabo en condiciones de invernadero, ubicado en la Estación Experimental para el Estudio del Trópico Seco “El Limón”, adscrita a la UNAN Managua. Se realizó un experimento con arreglo factorial de tratamientos con tres repeticiones. Los individuos de dos procedencias de P. notatum fueron sometidos a dos niveles de defoliación y dos niveles de régimen hídrico. Las variables evaluadas fueron producción de materia seca, tasa de crecimiento relativo y potencial hídrico. Los principales resultados muestran las plantas de P. notatum en condiciones sin estrés hídrico presentaron un aumento en su biomasa aérea en un 15 %, la acumulación de biomasa de rizoma de plantas defoliadas fue menor en relación a las plantas no defoliadas, la biomasa de raíces estuvo en dependencia del régimen hídrico, la biomasa acumulada total aumentó en un 20 % en condiciones no defoliadas y las plantas defoliadas de Muy Muy mostraron una sobrecompensación y las plantas defoliadas de Rivas presentaron una compensación parcial. El potencial hídrico en plantas defoliadas no mostró diferenciación, indistintamente del régimen hídrico al que fueron sometidos. La sequía es un factor determinante que modifica la capacidad compensatoria de gramíneas sometidas a defoliación en biomasa aérea y rizomas.

Arxius del shapefile (format SHP de Esri) amb la distribució espacial del valor mitjà de les necessitats hídriques netes (NHN) de la vinya a la D.O. Pla de Bages per els escenaris de canvi climàtic RCP 8.5 i RCP4.5 projectat per a les dècades dels anys 2030, 2050, 2070 i 2090 i el període Control (1972-2005). A més, un arxiu Word amb les metadades del shapefile.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays an important role on improving soil conditions and soil functions. Increasing land use changes have induced an important decline of SOC content at global scale. Increasing SOC in agricultural soils has been proposed as a strategy to mitigate climate change. Animal manure has the characteristic of enriching SOC, when applied to crop fields, while, in parallel, it could constitute a natural fertilizer for the crops. In this paper, a simulation is performed using the area of Catalonia, Spain as a case study for the characteristic low SOC in the Mediterranean, to examine whether animal manure can improve substantially the SOC of agricultural fields, when applied as organic fertilizers. Our results show that the policy goals of the 4x1000 strategy can be achieved only partially by using manure transported to the fields. This implies that the proposed approach needs to be combined with other strategies.

espanolEn la region mediterranea se espera que la agricultura se vea altamente impactada por los aumentos de temperatura y sequias que se preven como consecuencia del cambio climatico (CC) generado por los gases de efecto invernadero. Estos factores inciden directamente en el ciclo del cultivo, en sus demandas hidricas y en sus rendimientos. Se hacen sobre todo necesarias decisiones estrategicas de amplio alcance en cuanto a la adaptacion y mitigacion del CC, dirigidas a mejorar la gestion del agua. En este estudio se han estimado las necesidades hidricas netas (NHN) hasta final de siglo en dos escenarios de CC para el parcelario de vid de la empresa Juve & Camps en el Alt Penedes. Los resultados sobre las proyecciones futuras de la temperatura y la precipitacion segun los modelos estudiados muestran que el tipo de suelo y, especialmente, su capacidad de retencion de agua disponible para las plantas pueden ser determinantes en el futuro para poder alcanzar o no, de manera optima, las necesidades hidricas de la vid a pie de planta en el Alt Penedes. En general, los valores medios anuales de NHN se veran incrementados a lo largo de todo el siglo y sobre todo a partir de mediados de siglo, junto con un aumento de la variabilidad interanual; todo ello indica que la viticultura de secano se encuentra y se encontrara ante importantes problemas asociados al CC, como la sequia. El mayor reto agronomico sera lidiar con la incertidumbre, lo cual solo se puede hacer desde la tecnificacion del secano para poder llegar a conocer las condiciones edafoclimaticas en las que crece y se desarrolla la vid. catalaA la regio mediterrania s’espera que l’agricultura es vegi fortament impactada pels augments de temperatura i les sequeres que es preveuen com a consequencia del canvi climatic (CC) generat pels gasos amb efecte d’hivernacle (GEH). Ambdos fets incideixen directament en el cicle del cultiu, les seves demandes hidriques i en els seus rendiments. Es fan necessaries decisions estrategiques d’ampli abast d’adaptacio i de mitigacio del CC, dirigides a millorar la gestio de l’aigua. En aquest estudi s’han estimat les necessitats hidriques netes (NHN) fins a final de segle en dos escenaris de CC per al parcel·lari de vinya de l’empresa Juve & Camps a l’Alt Penedes. Els resultats de les projeccions futures de la temperatura i la precipitacio segons els models estudiats mostren que el tipus de sol i, especialment, la seva capacitat de retencio d’aigua disponible per a les plantes poden ser determinants en el futur per a poder satisfer, o no, de manera optima, les necessitats hidriques de la vinya a l’Alt Penedes. En general, els valors mitjans anuals d’NHN es veuran incrementats al llarg de tot el segle i sobretot a partir de mitjan segle, juntament amb un augment de la variabilitat interanual; tot plegat indica que la viticultura de seca es troba i es trobara davant problemes importants associats al CC, com ara la sequera. El repte agronomic mes important sera fer front a la incertesa, la qual cosa nomes es pot fer des de la tecnificacio del seca per a poder arribar a coneixer les condicions edafoclimatiques en les quals creix i es desenvolupa la vinya. EnglishIn the Mediterranean region, agriculture is expected to be highly affected by temperature increases and droughts resulting from climate change (CC), which have a direct effect on crop cycles, crop water demands and crop yields. Above all, decisions are required to address the improvement of water management within the framework of wide-ranging CC adaptation and mitigation strategies. In this study, net water requirements (NWRs) were estimated at the end of the century in two CC scenarios for the vine plot of the Juve & Camps company in the Alt Penedes region. The results of future projections of soil type and, particularly, available soil-water holding capacity may be decisive in the future to optimally meet vine water requirements in the Alt Penedes region. Generally, the mean annual NWR values will increase over the course of the century and above all as from the mid-century, which together with a growth in interannual variability means that rain-fed viticulture faces and will be facing major problems associated with CC, such as drought. The biggest agronomic challenge will be how to deal with uncertainty, which can only be done by means of rain-fed cropland technification in order to learn more about the real edaphoclimatic conditions under which the grapevines grow and develop