Urbanization has intensified environmental and infrastructure challenges, including conflicts between urban trees and sidewalks. Although previous studies have addressed trunk flare diameter (TFD), predictive models for uncontrolled tree growth remain scarce. We developed models to estimate TFD from variables DBH, total height, and crown diameter, using data from 400 trees of 10 species planted along sidewalks. Linear models (LM), Random Forest (RF), and XGBoost (XG) were tested, including approaches based on TFD/DBH ratio classes, using cross-validation procedures. The mean TFD/DBH ratio was 2.36, with the highest minimum values of 3.66 and 2.79 for Ficus benjamina and Eugenia uniflora, and the lowest minimum values of 1.64 and 1.51 for Ficus auriculata and Syzygium jambolanum, respectively. Species-specific models performed better than general models, and classification into TFD/DBH classes improved estimation accuracy. Model performance followed the order LM < RF < XG, with XGBoost providing the most robust predictions. The precision of the models varied substantially for LM (R-2 : 0.24-0.87; RMSE: 5.71-22.89) and RF (R-2 : 0.76-0.95; RMSE: 3.39-12.29), but not for XG (R-2 : 0.99; RMSE: 0.001-0.11). The models offer practical support for urban planning, particularly in designing tree beds and sidewalk strips.

Crown diameter of H. heptaphyllus and P. acerifolia stabilizes around 40 years, reaching 15 m and 13 m respectively, and models guide spacing planning and ecosystem service estimates in urban forests. The growth pattern of urban trees influences both planning of urban forest composition and estimating ecosystem services, with crown diameter (CD) being the most important variable. However, there is a lack of models that relate diameter at breast height (DBH) growth to crown diameter, especially under the environmental conditions of Brazilian cities. In this study, we fitted models to estimate the temporal growth of DBH and CD for two species widely planted in southern Brazil: H. heptaphyllus and P. acerifolia. Models relating CD and DBH, DBH growth models, and CD growth curves over time were developed. The best models for estimating CD based on DBH showed the following goodness-of-fit statistics: adjusted R2 = 0.56, Syx(

The floristic composition and forest structure have been extensively documented as a well-established basis for ecological studies. However, distinctions along the urban-to-rural gradient are limited for neotropical ecosystems. Therefore, we analyzed the floristic, diversity, and spatial distribution patterns of tree species along an urban-to-rural gradient of forest fragments in the Atlantic Forest Biome. Thus, a 1.0 ha area was sampled in each fragment (urban, peri-urban, and rural) based on 50 unit samples of 20.0 x 10.0 m. Data on species, diameter at breast height (DBH), total height, and position (x and y coordinates) were collected. Analyses were conducted on the secondary succession stage, phytosociology, data distribution, floristic similarity, diversity indices, and spatial distribution (total and main species). A significant floristic difference was found among the fragments along the urban-to-rural gradient (p<0.01), with the rural forest in a late-successional regeneration stage and the others in an intermediate stage. Urban and rural forests differed significantly in diversity (p<0.01). The urban fragment exhibited an aggregated species distribution up to 50.0 m, while the peri-urban fragment showed up to 30.0 m aggregation. Spatial distribution in the rural fragment was completely random. However, the distribution pattern of a considered species varies depending on the fragment type. We identified differences among the three forest fragments (floristics, diversity, and spatial distribution of species) due to the influence of the urban ecosystem. The procedures adapted to assess the secondary forest succession stage were found to be reliable to mitigate the subjectivity in Conama Resolution 02/1994.

Urban planning can show deficiencies in implementing infrastructure, especially green infrastructure, resulting in disparities between urban development, environmental quality, and quality of life. However, effective management of green infrastructure and consequently urban forests is crucial for enhancing essential ecosystem services. This study focused on analyzing the composition and configuration of the urban landscape in two scenarios: (1) the overall landscape and (2) tree vegetation landscape, based on land use and land cover (LULC) maps in southeastern Paran & aacute; cities, including Irati (IRT), Prudent & oacute;polis (PRD), Rebou & ccedil;as (RBC), and S & atilde;o Mateus do Sul (SMS), comparing them with the state capital, Curitiba (CWB). We used LULC maps generated through classifying PlanetScope Dove imagery by machine learning techniques, using six LULC classes: water, built-up area, bare soil, tree vegetation, non-tree vegetation, and shadow. Landscape metrics described area, fragments, edges, aggregation, and shape. The metrics CA, TE, and NP were the most important to analyze city landscapes. CWB stood out with greater tree vegetation coverage and aggregation, reflecting effective public policies. RBC, SMS, and PRD displayed disaggregated fragments, highlighting a lack of adequate management. IRT showed positive results, approaching CWB. The lack of effective public policies in southeastern Paran & aacute; cities resulted in less qualified urban forest characteristics compared to CWB. Our findings offer insights into regions experiencing rapid urbanization in developing countries and highlight the importance of promoting management strategies that prioritize preserving and expanding green infrastructure to ensure greater environmental sustainability and improved quality of life.

ABSTRACT The factors and their levels influencing the seed germination process are well-known for most traditional forest species. But, for Jacaranda micrantha, a native and aesthetically appealing species, some factors influencing the germination process are not well described. So, we evaluated the effect of different light conditions and soaking on the germination of seeds. Four light intensity treatments (5, 25, 50, and 100%) and four soaking times were tested (0, 12, 24 and 48 hours). In both procedures, a completely randomized design was applied, with four treatments of four replicates containing 25 seeds each. Daily evaluations were performed to determine the germination percentage and the germination speed index (IVG). Seeds of J. micrantha presented a better germinative potential in lower light intensities, but more abnormal seedlings were observed at very low-intensity light (5%). The imbibition of seeds was efficient in accelerating the germination process, and the 12-hour soaking time in the water was the most efficient, contrary to what is described in the literature.

Backgrounds: Urban and peri-urban fragments are vital for biodiversity conservation, requiring genetic assessment of tree species in fragmented forests. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic variability and diversity for adult individuals of J. micrantha along an urban-rural gradient in the Araucaria Forest. Fifteen individuals were sampled, with five from each remaining forest type. Initially, 10 ISRR primers were tested. Five mother trees were chosen from each site (urban, periurban, and rural) with a minimum distance of 100 m. The experimental design was a RCBD with 15 progenies, three provenances, three blocks, and 20 plants per plot, totaling 900 seedlings. Results: The average percentage of polymorphic loci was 93.33%. The urban population showed a greater loss of genetic diversity (H=0.1806). 79% of the genetic diversity was found within populations. The observed gene flow value (Nm) was 1.8790, indicating that there were no random losses of alleles within populations. The fragments did not exhibit significant differences, but there were significant differences among the progenies. The stem diameter (SD) and the height-diameter relationship (H/SD) emerged as the key traits for selecting new individuals due to their higher heritability (< 0.50), accuracy (< 0.70), and relative coefficient of variation (< 7%). Conclusion: The urban fragment is the most affected, but gene flow between fragments prevents the random loss of alleles. The analysis suggests that these fragments form a unique population, despite geographic barriers. Thus, the three fragments can be considered when choosing superior individuals for future progeny tests in genetic improvement programs for the species.

Global studies on urban forests (UFs) have extensively covered both environmental and social aspects, including concerns about public health and green solutions provided by trees and forests in cities. However, this trend has not been widely observed in South America, particularly in cities located outside and distant from capital cities and wealthier regions. So, this study examines disparities in socioenvironmental justice of cities in the poorest region of Paraná State, Brazil, comparing to Curitiba (CWB), the capital and one of the greenest cities of Brazil, and proposes a methodology to surpass the scarcity of adequate dataset. A four-dimensional analysis covers the configuration of UF landscapes, the provision of ecosystem services, accessibility to UF, and their interrelation with socioeconomic indicators. We used high-resolution multispectral images from PlanetScope Dove and employed a machine learning algorithm to accurately map UF. We quantified landscape patterns of UFs using a variety of landscape metrics (LM), including mean patch area (AREA_MN), percentage of the landscape class (PLAND), largest patch index (LPI), mean shape index (SHAPE_MN), and the percentage of similar adjacencies (PLADJ). Additionally, we estimated ecosystem services such as total biomass (TB), carbon stock (TCS), carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq), urban heat island (UHI), and available public green areas (PGA). We created accessibility maps to PGA at distances of 300 and 800 meters. A Mann-Kendall correlation analysis was employed to explore the relationships between these variables and various socioeconomic indicators, including the percentage of people in households without adequate water supply and sewage (TAEE), the percentage of the population living in urban households without garbage collection service (TPSL), the illiteracy rate of the population aged 15 years or older (TANAL), the proportion of people with per capita household income equal to or less than half minimum wage at year of 2010 (TVULNER), the number of schools (SCHOOLS), and the number of permanent residents (MPERM). The Sen's slope test was performed to determine the magnitude of these correlations. Our four-dimensional analysis revealed significant disparities in the distribution and accessibility of ecosystem services within the cities of southeastern Paraná State when compared to CWB. Correlation analyses revealed significant discrepancies between different socioeconomic conditions and the availability of ecosystem services. Financial vulnerability is positively correlated with ecosystem services, while the lack of sanitation negatively impacts their availability. The results highlight the urgent need for equitable distribution of UF ecosystem services.

Herein, an in vitro multiplication protocol for Prunus campanulata was evaluated. The effects of 15.0, 30.0, and 45.0 g L−1 sucrose and three flask sealing methods (PVC film, rigid polypropylene lid, and rigid lid with membrane) were analyzed at the multiplication, rooting, and acclimatization stages. For in vitro multiplication, shoot tips of approximately 1 cm in length containing two pairs of leaves from seedlings germinated in vitro in Woody Plant Medium (WPM) were used. Evaluations considered the multiplication of shoot apexes in three subcultures (at 40, 80, and 120 d) for survival, number of shoots, shoot length, number of leaves, and multiplication rate. In the rooting phase, the rooting percentage, number of roots, and root length were assessed. In the acclimatization phase under shaded and full sun conditions, seedling survival and biometric characteristics were evaluated, including stem diameter, height, and number of leaves. The addition of sucrose to the medium, at a concentration of 45.0 g L−1, associated with sealing using PVC plastic film, showed inadequate results for in vitro multiplication of P. campanulata. The addition of sucrose to the culture medium in concentrations ranging from 15.0 to 30.0 g L−1 favored in vitro rooting. The use of a permeable membrane for sealing enabled the growth of more vigorous shoots in terms of percentage of rooting and root length, and these seedlings stood out in the acclimatization phases with greater rates of survival and improved biometric characteristics.

The compatibility between the built environment and trees is also a challenge for urban planning. However, there are few guidelines related to the space for tree growth on sidewalks. This research aimed to analyze the space occupied by trees on sidewalks in the city of Frederico Westphalen, RS, Brazil. We used data from 400 trees of 10 species (dendrometric and qualitative variables) and from the urban structure (width of sidewalks and tree bed area) to analyze the relationship between the species according to the soil capacity and pedestrian’s accessibility. It was found that 90.25% of the trees are in places where the sidewalks promote accessibility to pedestrians and that 60.25% of them tree bed areas with adequate capacity, being possible to increase their size to improve the development of the trees in 39.75% of the cases. Regarding the amount of soil required for each tree, it was found that most species (72.25%) would not have an adequate amount of soil, (Situation 1 – sidewalk width x 4). For Situation 2 (tree bed width x 1), 100% of the individuals would not have an adequate amount of soil. We concluded that the method to evaluate the compatibility between soil area and sidewalk accessibility is easy to replicate and helpful for studies on urban trees and urban planning.

The search for means to improve urban forest inventories is challenging for small communities and cities with a limited budget. Mobile applications on iPad or iPhone seem promising equipment to make some inventory practices cheaper and faster, although procedures of use are still limited. So, we tested the LiDAR scanner application on an iPad Pro 2020 for trunk perimeter measures and the position for 10 different groups of species in the Polish Airmen Park, Krak ' ow (Poland). For each group, in 10 trees, we measured the perimeter at breast height (PBH) and relative tree trunk position. The first procedure tested the estimation of PBH according to the distance of an iPad Pro from the trunk, the time of 3D data acquisition and the number of turns around trees. The second procedure tested PBH estimations according to the number of trees scanned in just one try (3, 6 and 10 trees). The third procedure tested the estimation of the relative position of tree trunks from other trees. In each procedure, we compared 3D point clouds generated by an App running on iPad Pro with data from a measuring tape and FARO FOCUS 3D (TLS) point clouds. The results showed that the shorter the distance from the iPad Pro to the trunk surface, the more precise the PBH estimation, not significantly different (p > 0,01) from TLS values. Distances between 1.0 and 2.0 m would be most suitable for the iPad Pro application but performing two turns around the tree trunk would improve results for PBH measurements. Trees scanned as 3-tree groups with the iPad Pro presented the smallest PBH differences compared to TLS point clouds. No significant differences (p > 0,01) were found between the methods for estimating the distance among trees, which shows that the iPad Pro can deliver a precise relative position of tree trunks.

The urban forest generates diverse ecosystem services for people. Among the components of the urban forest, public garden squares are different for having a smaller area but a greater quantity and better distribution across cities, acting as small forests that provide benefits. However, these benefits may not be shared by the entire population, due to the variability in the vegetation cover of the squares and the inequality concerning areas with better or worse socioeconomic conditions. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between the squares and the mean monthly income in the 40 clustered neighborhoods of Curitiba, aiming at supporting urban planning to maintain equal distribution of benefits to the population or reduce inequalities, if any. Thus, quantitative and qualitative data from the squares were compared to the mean monthly income through descriptive and correlation statistical analysis and spatial data visualization. Results indicate that neighborhoods with lower income have fewer squares concerning the neighborhood total area and fewer tree species in total and per square. Neighborhoods with higher incomes have better indicators of quantity and quality, in general, except for the mean square area and permeability. We concluded that the benefits are not equally distributed to the entire population of Curitiba, with a loss of access to the benefits generated by the squares and their ecosystem services for the population with worse socioeconomic conditions.

Backgrounds: Urban forests can provide citizens with various types and quantities of ecosystem services. However, the contribution of isolated forest fragments to this process and its value are not well understood. Therefore, our main goal was to analyze the patterns of ecosystem service delivery by three forest fragments along an urban-to-rural gradient. Carbon storage was estimated using three different models (general and local), with input variables such as diameter at breast height (DBH), total height, and wood density. Rainfall interception was assessed using water collectors placed inside the forest fragment, at the border, and outside, throughout the four seasons. Data were collected from three forest fragments of different types (urban, periurban, and rural), each covering an area of 1.0 hectare.Results: Isolated forest fragments did not significantly differ (p>0.01) in terms of carbon stocks compared to a protected area. The urban fragment had a carbon stock of 33.70 mg.ha(-1), while the rural fragment had a carbon stock of 37.19 mg.ha(-1). Regarding rainfall interception, there were no significant differences (p>0.01) among the forest fragments. The highest average rainfall interception percentage (58.65%) was observed during the summer. The capacity for rainfall interception changed from the border (lower) to the center of the fragment (higher) in a similar manner for both isolated and connected forest fragments.Conclusion: Isolated Forest fragments can provide ecosystem services (carbon storage and rainfall interception) in the same way as connected forest fragments in the periurban and rural places, like in protected areas. It highlights the importance of promoting the protection of forests fragments in cities.

Cities have been experiencing environmental and social issues due to urban expansion processes, be them planned or not. However, several environmental solutions have been proposed and sidewalk tree planting stands out among them. The aim of the current research is to assess the process to estimate ecosystem services under different sidewalk tree composition scenarios in Irati and Curitiba cities, Paraná State. In order to do so, 10 street segments from neighborhoods sampled in city-wide inventories were selected. Information about sidewalk length, curb ramps’ width, and number of utility poles was collected for each street segment. The number of trees to be fit in each segment and sampled neighborhood was determined based on safety recommendations for these urban structures. Tree dimensions (Diameter at Breast Height - DBH, total height and crown diameter) were projected for the 55th year post-planting, based on using minimum dimensions of seedlings from small, medium and large-sized species. It was done to estimate ecosystem services in i-Tree Eco software. Significant differences among floristic composition scenarios (p<0.05) were observed for all ecosystem services in both cities. Compositions featuring large-sized species have show higher ability to provide ecosystem services, as well as higher monetary valuation, despite fitting a smaller number of trees in the assessed street segments. The herein formulated scenarios have shown the potential to increase the number of planted trees and to select compositions capable of maximizing ecosystem services’ provision and trees’ monetary value.

A floresta urbana gera diversos serviços ecossistêmicos para as pessoas. Dentre os componentes da floresta urbana, as praças se diferenciam por geralmente possuírem menor área, mas maior quantidade e melhor distribuição pelas cidades, agindo como pequenas florestas geradoras de benefícios. Esses benefícios, entretanto, podem não ser compartilhados por toda a população, tanto devido à variabilidade na cobertura vegetal das praças, quanto pela desigualdade de distribuição das praças em relação às áreas com melhores ou piores condições socioeconômicas. Por isso, buscou-se investigar a relação entre as praças e o rendimento médio mensal nos 40 bairros agrupados de Curitiba visando a subsidiar o planejamento urbano para manter a distribuição igualitária de benefícios à população ou diminuir desigualdades, caso existam. Assim, dados quantitativos e qualitativos das praças foram comparados ao rendimento médio mensal por meio de análises estatísticas descritivas e de correlação, e da visualização espacial dos dados. Os resultados indicam que bairros com menores rendimentos possuem menos praças em relação à área do bairro e menos espécies arbóreas no total e por praça. Bairros com maiores rendimentos têm melhores indicadores de quantidade e de qualidade, em geral, exceto quanto à área média das praças e à permeabilidade. Conclui-se que os benefícios não estão igualmente distribuídos para toda a população de Curitiba, com prejuízo no acesso aos benefícios gerados pelas praças e seus serviços ecossistêmicos pela população com pior condição socioeconômica.

Sampling inventories are strategies to gather qualified information for managing urban forests, given the scarcity of budgetary resources for a complete inventory and lack of public engagement to reduce costs. However, procedures for testing sampling sufficiency can be unspecified in researches related to urban forest inventories and do not follow any specific pattern. Hence, to determine the sampling sufficiency, we tested different variables related to the trunk, crown, number of trees, and species, focusing on different aims of an inventory of trees on sidewalks. At a level of 10% of the total number of plots, each measuring 50.0 m x 3.0 m, we performed a stratified inventory of a city streetscape whose composition and quality represents most South American cities, with a non-patterned tree compostion. Sampling sufficiency was analyzed considering a limit of error of 10% and 15% by using 12 different variables. The stratification process was necessary for most of the variables analyzed (p > 0.01), with errors ranging from 5.87% to 15.28%. Sampling sufficiency was achieved for 10% of the total population of trees on sidewalks, at a 10% error limit for seven variables: diameter at breast height (DBH), crosssection area, crown diameter, crown area, number of species, and number of species per square meter of sidewalk and per kilometer of the street. However, this result was influenced by the variability of the variables used to estimate sampling sufficiency. As it is not possible to achieve different goals (tree registration, benefits, and diversity) with just one variable like the number of trees per kilometer of street, the sampling sufficiency estimation should be based on the use of at least the DBH, crown diameter, number of trees, and number of species. It would be a better strategy to ensure more reliable data estimations for sampling inventories of trees on sidewalks.

O planejamento e manejo da arborização viária são indispensáveis para o desenvolvimento urbano sustentável e requerem o conhecimento da situação existente. A identificação e a distribuição das espécies florestais presentes nas vias públicas são fundamentais para subsidiar o planejamento adequado da arborização viária. A partir dessas informações, pode-se realizar a caracterização geral do local de interesse e identificar áreas prioritárias para ações de manejo. Dessa maneira, o presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar áreas prioritárias para intervenções na arborização viária de São Pedro do Sul e verificar a influência das espécies vegetais exóticas no índice de diversidade. Realizou-se um censo quantitativo coletando-se informações sobre a posição geográfica das árvores e arbustos e identificação das espécies vegetais. Determinaram-se as frequências para famílias e espécies e calculou-se o índice de Shannon-Wiener (H’) para diversidade de espécies. A espacialização das árvores dentro dos limites dos bairros e vias foi realizada por meio de um mapa de Kernel. Por fim, obteve-se a densidade de indivíduos por quilômetro de via em cada bairro. Foram catalogados 3365 indivíduos, dos quais 98 não foram passíveis de identificação. Registrou-se a presença de 91 espécies, distribuídas em 34 famílias. A família Fabaceae obteve a maior densidade de indivíduos (19,55%). As espécies exóticas concentraram 63,98% da população, sendo a espécie Ligustrum lucidum a mais frequente (15,66%). O município obteve valores médios de 41,18 árvores por quilômetro de via e índice de diversidade de 3,22. O índice de atenção possibilitou identificar os bairros com maiores necessidades de adequação quanto à densidade da arborização viária. O mapa de Kernel possibilitou a visualização da distribuição da arborização viária. Observou-se também que a diversidade de espécies vegetais mensurada em cada bairro está representada essencialmente por espécies vegetais exóticas invasoras e que, à medida que os valores de diversidade aumentam, a composição da arborização com árvores de espécies invasoras se destaca.

The planning and management of street trees are indispensable for sustainable urban development and requires knowledge of the existing situation. The identification of forest species which are present on streets and their distributions is essential to support the adequate planning of street afforestation. This information enables to carry out the general characterization of the place of interest and identify priority areas for management actions. Thus, the present study aimed to identify priority areas for interventions in urban street trees of Sao Pedro do Sul and to verify the influence of exotic species on the diversity index. A census was carried out collecting information about the tree species and their geographic positions, checking it with the specialized literature. The frequencies for families and species were obtained, the Shannon-Wiener index (H ') was calculated for species diversity. The spatialization of trees within the limits of neighborhoods and roads was carried out using a Kernel map. Finally, the density of individuals per kilometer of road in each neighborhood was obtained. 3365 trees were cataloged, of which 98 were not possible to be identifiable. The presence of 91 species was registered, distributed in 34 families. The Fabaceae family obtained the highest density of individuals (19.55%). Exotic species concentrated 63.98 % of the population, with Ligustrum lucidum being the most frequent species (15.66%). The municipality obtained average values of 41.18 trees per kilometer of road and a diversity index of 3.22. The attention index made it possible to identify the neighborhoods with the greatest need for adaptation in terms of the density of road afforestation. The Kernel map made it possible to visualize the distribution of the road afforestation. It was also observed that the diversity of tree species measured in each neighborhood is represented essentially by invasive alien species and that as the diversity values increase, the composition of afforestation with invasive species trees stands out.

The rule of thumb “the right tree in the right place” is a common idea in different countries to avoid damages caused by trees on sidewalks. Although many new planting techniques can be used, the estimation of the trunk flare diameter (TFD) could help the planning process to give tree roots more space to grow over the years. As such, we compared the applicability of point clouds based on iPad Pro 2020 image processing and a precise terrestrial laser scanner (TLS FARO) for the modeling of the TFD using different modeling procedures. For both scanning methods, 100 open-grown and mature trees of 10 different species were scanned in an urban park in Cracow, Poland. To generate models, we used the PBH (perimeter at breast height) and TFD variables and simple linear regression procedures. We also tested machine learning algorithms. In general, the TFD value corresponded to two times the size of a given DBH (diameter at breast height) for both methods of point cloud acquisition. Linearized models showed similar statistics to machine learning techniques. The random forest algorithm showed the best fit for the TFD estimation, R2 = 0.8780 (iPad Pro), 0.8961 (TLS FARO), RMSE (m) = 0.0872 (iPad Pro), 0.0702 (TLS FARO). Point clouds generated from iPad Pro imageries (matching approach) promoted similar results as TLS FARO for the TFD estimations.

The development of devices capable of generating three-dimensional (3D) point clouds of the forest is flourishing in recent years. It is possible to generate relatively dense and accurate 3D data not only by terrestrial laser scanning but also mobile laser scanning, personal laser scanning (hand-held or in a backpack), photogrammetry, or even using smart devices with Time-of-Flight sensors. Each of the mentioned devices has their limits of usability, and different method to capture and generate 3D point clouds needs to be applied. Therefore, the objective of our experiment was to compare the performance of low-cost technologies capable of generating point clouds and their accuracy of tree detection and diameter at breast height estimation. We tested a multicamera prototype (MultiCam) for terrestrial mobile photogrammetry constructed by authors. This device is capable of capturing images from four cameras simultaneously and with exact synchronization during mobile data acquisition. Secondly, we have designed and conducted a data collection with iPad Pro 2020 using the new built-in LiDAR sensor. Then we have used mobile scanning approach applied a hand-held personal laser scanning (PLShh) using GeoSlam Horizon scanner. Moreover, we have used terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) using FARO Focus s70. With all mentioned devices, we have focused on individual tree detection and diameter at breast height measurements by cylinder-based algorithm across eight test sites with dimensions 25x25 m. Altogether, 301 trees were located on test sites, and 268 were considered for the analysis and comparisons (DBH > 7 cm). TLS provided the most accurate and reliable data. Across all test sites, we achieved the highest accuracy (rRMSE ranged from 3.7% to 6.4%) and tree detection rate (90.6-100%). When we have considered only trees with DBH higher than 20 cm, the tree detection rate was 100% across all test sites (altogether 159 trees). When the threshold of trees considered in the evaluation was changed to 10 cm and then to 20 cm (from 7 cm), the accuracy (rRMSE) and tree detection rate increased for all devices significantly. Results achieved (DBH > 7 cm) by iPad Pro were closest to TLS results. The rRMSE ranged across test sites from 8.6% to 12.9% and tree detection 64.5% to 87.5%. PLShh and MultiCam, the rRMSE ranged from 13.1% to 24.9% and 14% to 38.2%, respectively. The tree detection rate ranged from 55.6% to 75% and 57.1% to 71.9%, respectively. The time needed to conduct data collection on a test site was fastest using MultiCam (approx. 8 min) and slowest using TLS (approx. 40 min).